Sugar Addiction ? !

Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or
idealism.

Carl Jung

Author
Prof. Hayk S. Arakelyan. Full Professor in Medicine,
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Ph.D , Grand Ph.D  .
Senior Expert of Interactive Clinical Pharmacology , Drug Safety,
Treatment Tactics, General Medicine and Clinical Research.
Indroduction.
Addiction. Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and

related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological,

social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing

reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors. Addiction is characterized by

inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished

recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a

dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of

relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is

progressive and can result in disability.

 Some researchers speak of two types of addictions: substance addictions (for example, 

alcoholism,food,drug abuse,smoking etc.

and process addictions (for example, gambling, spending, shopping, eating, and sexual activi
ty).There is a growing recognition that many addicts, such as polydrug 

abusers, are addicted to more than one substance orprocess.

The neurobiology of addiction encompasses more than the neurochemistry of reward.

The frontal cortex of the brain and underlying white matter connections between the frontal

cortex and circuits of reward, motivation and memory are fundamental in the manifestations of

altered impulse control, altered judgment, and the dysfunctional pursuit of rewards (which is

often experienced by the affected person as a desire to “be normal”) seen in addiction--despite

cumulative adverse consequences experienced from engagement in substance use and other

addictive behaviors. The frontal lobes are important in inhibiting impulsivity and in assisting

individuals to appropriately delay gratification. When persons with addiction manifest problems

in deferring gratification, there is a neurological locus of these problems in the frontal cortex.

Frontal lobe morphology, connectivity and functioning are still in the process of maturation

during adolescence and young adulthood, and early exposure to substance use is another

significant factor in the development of addiction. Many neuroscientists believe that

developmental morphology is the basis that makes early-life exposure to substances such an

important factor.

History. Centuries ago, well before a sugar industry first saw the light of day in Europe, sugar

was already a food in great demand. In the middle ages, honey above all was used to provide a

sweet taste to food. Later, sugar refineries were built in Europe, processing imported raw cane

sugar into white sugar. In this way, sugar cane came to be the first plant to supply the European
sugar market with sugar. The work to extract sugar from beets was started at the beginning of the

17th century by Olivier de Serres, a French agronomist. De Serres was the first to work on the

extraction of crystal sugar from beets, but without success. In 1745, the German chemist

Sigmund Marggraf became the first to extract and solidify the juice of this plant. Forty years

later, Franz Karl Achard took up Marggraf’s work once more. He improved beet cultivation

and in 1802 opened the first experimental factory, with such satisfactory results that several more

factories were built in Silesia and Bohemia.There are various types of sugar derived from

different sources.
Noli Nocere !!!!

Sugar induced diseases.

Role of sugar in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic

syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease.
Currently, we are experiencing an epidemic of cardiorenal disease characterized by increasing
rates of obesity, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and kidney disease.
Whereas excessive caloric intake and physical inactivity are likely important factors driving the
obesity epidemic, it is important to consider additional mechanisms. Sugar has a critical role in
the epidemic of cardiorenal disease. 
Glucose and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
Glucose can generate ROS through various ways including mitochondria, nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, sorbitol pathway, activated glycation, and insulin
pathway.

Mitochondrial Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.

The increase in glucose metabolism generates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and
reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide, which increases the generation of O2 − that is converted to
H2O2 and •OH in the mitochondria.[9] The increased metabolic flux of glucose via mitochondrial
glucose oxidation leads to an increased production of ROS.

Glucose and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Oxidase

The NADPH-oxidase system is a membrane-associated enzyme complex that lies dormant and is
present in the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, macrophages, and
neutrophils. Activated NADPH-oxidase catalyzes the reduction of O2 to O2 − by way of NADPH
derived from the pentose phosphate pathway.

Deadly Sugar Addiction Has Reached Epidemic Levels.!

To be continued ....

If you have any questions concerning    ’ Sugar Addiction ?!’,interactive clinical

pharmacology , or any other questions,please inform me.                                  

 Prof. Hayk S. Arakelyan