B.V. Sc & A.

H
IV-SEMESTER
LIVESTOCK BREEDING SYSTEM

Lecture X:- Rotational crossing, in-crossing, and incross-breeding

Rotational Crossing: Rotational crossing is the crossing of breeding groups of individuals

alternative group at each generation.

G1 (Group 1) X G2 (Group 2) Male

F1 X G1

F2 X G2 and so on

G1 and G2 may be inbred lines, or different strain of same breed, or different breed.

G1 and G2 may be specialized lines of beef breeds or dairy breeds, layer breeds or broiler breeds,
wool breed or meat breed, Dam lines crosses with mothering ability and sire line crosses with
special body size.

Single Cross - Rotational System

In swine there are several breeds, some of which are Yorkshire (Y), Landrace (L), Hampshire (H), and
Duroc (D). The Yorkshire and Landrace breeds are known for fast growth, while the Hampshire and
Duroc are known for their meat quality. A single cross is a mating between two breeds. For example,
females of the Duroc breed are mated to Yorkshire boars, and females of the Yorkshire breed are mated
to Duroc boars. Purebred boars are always used, but the female replacements will be crossbred. A
crossbred female who’s sire was Yorkshire, would be mated to a Duroc boar, and a crossbred female
who’s sire was Duroc would be mated to a Yorkshire boar. This system requires two housing systems if
natural matings are used, to make sure the female is mated to the correct breed of sire. Also, this
system requires a source of superior purebred boars.

The % of inheritance in two breed rotational/crisscrossing cross breeding system from the immediate
breed of sire is given by the expression of
(50 X 2n ) / (2n -1)
If n=2
The % of his inheritance stabilized at 67 %
If n=3,
The % of inheritance of immediate sire = 57 %
If n=4,

The % of inheritance of immediate sire = 53

Only the first cross achieves all of the possible hybrid vigor. Offspring of crossbred females will be more
than 50% of one breed, and so only a fraction of the heterosis will be expressed. How much? After about
7 generations of rotational matings, the equilibrium heterosis will be
Hˆ = 100 × (2n -2) / (2n -1)

Where n = number of breed/line involved in rotational/crisscrossing crossing

If n =2, the heterosis from such crossing will stabilized at 67 %
If n = 2, the heterosis from such rotational crossing will be 86 %

The following table illustrates the percentage of heterosis achieved in each cross up to generation 7.

Table 1. Breed Composition in Rotational Crossing System.

Two breed rotational crosses Three breed rotational crosses
Generation Male Progeny Heterosis Male Progeny Heterosis
0 Y (50) Y + (50) D 100 Y (50) Y + (50) D + (0) L 100
1 D (25) Y + (75) D 50 L (25) Y + (25) D + (50) L 100
2 Y (63) Y + (37) D 75 D (13) Y + (63) D + (25) L 75
3 D (31) Y + (69) D 63 Y (56) Y + (31) D + (13) L 88
4 Y (66) Y + (34) D 68 L (28) Y + (16) D + (56) L 88
5 D (33) Y + (67) D 66 D (14) Y + (58) D + (28) L 84
6 Y (66) Y + (34) D 67 Y (57) Y + (29) D + (14) L 86
7 D (33) Y + (67) D 66 L (29) Y + (14) D + (57) L 86

Following Illustration of Pedigree of progeny of a two breed rotational crossing system (crisscrossing)
showing the % of inheritance expected for progeny of successive generation

A X B

50A:50B X B

25A:75B X A

62.5A:37.5B X B

31.25A:68.75B X A

66A:34B X B

33A:67B

The prediction performance of the progeny R2 from crisscrossing

R2 = C2 – (C2 –P2)/3

Where
R2 = Performance of crisscrossing or rotational cross breeding of two breeds
C2 = Performance of single cross
P2 = Average performance of the two parental breeds
Note that the reduction in performances of the offspring in the rotational crossing from that of the
single cross performance is 1/3 of the expected heterosis.
Following Illustration of Pedigree of progeny of a three breed rotational crossing system (crisscrossing)
showing the % of inheritance expected for progeny of successive generation

A X B

50A:50B:0C X C

25A:25B:50C X A

62A:13B:25C X B

31A:56B:13C X C

16A:28B:56C X

58A:14B:28C

In the cases of three way rotational crossing (Crisscrossing of three breeds) the performance of such
three breed rotational crossing is

C3 - P3
R3 = C3 - ---------------
7

Where
R3 = Performance of three way rotational cross progeny
C3 = Average performances of three possible single crosses among the three breeds
P3 = Average performances of three parental breeds

Note that expected reduction in heterosis is 1/7th of the average heterosis of tree possible single crosses

Summary of percentage of expressed heterosis expected in progeny from alternative crossbreeding

system

Mating system Heterosis %

Individual Maternal
Two breed cross
AXB 100 0
Three breed cross
C X ( A X B) 100 100
Rotational crosses
2 breeds 33 67
3 breeds 86 86
4 breeds 93 93
Double cross

The cross of two F1 (two inbred lines crosses, or two breed crosses; AB and CD in the following table) is
the double cross.

A B C D
X X

AB X CD

ABCD

In-crossing: Developing inbred lines and crossing between lines is the in-crossing. Incross mean
(Biology) a plant or animal produced by continued inbreeding. Here in crossbred means is the
crossbred of two lines may be from the same breed or strains.
Incross:- mean
-a plant or animal produced by continued inbreeding
-a mating between organism that are homozygous for the same alleles
-an individual produced by crossing inbred lines of the same breed or strain
-a mating between individuals from the inbred lines of the same breeds or strain.

Incrossbred: The offspring from crossing of inbred parents of same breed or strain

In crossing of breeding groups (Lines/Breeds):

Two way crosses (2W): Two lines crosses/two breed

Three way crosses (3W): F1 crosses of two lines crossed with third lines
Four lines crosses (4W) Double crosses (DC): Double lines crossing (A X B) X (C X D)

Diallel Crosses: Crossing of all inbred lines derived from the same base population in all
possible combination is called the diallel crossing. A diallel crosses from (a) number of inbred
lines result in a2 combinations of which a are inbred, a(a-1) are crossbreds. When reciprocal
crosses are same or AB equal to BA, then the number of crosses can be reduce to a(a-1)/2.

The general combining ability: The performances of the offspring of all the crosses for which a
given line has supplied a parent is the general combining ability of that line.

Specific combining ability: denote the performance of crosses of a particular combination of

lines which differs from the sum of general combining ability of these lines.

G(AB) = GCA(A) + GCA (B) + SCA (AB)

Where:
G(AB) = Genotypic value of the cross
GCA(A) = Genera combining ability of Line A
GCA (B) = General combining ability of line B
SCA (AB) = Specific combining Ability of cross AB

The general combining ability is caused by additive effects and epistatic effects based on
additive gene combinations. For example additive by additive (AA)
The specific combining ability is caused by dominance effects epistatic effects based on
dominance combination. For example additive by Dominance, dominance by dominance (AD)

In-cross -breeding: Developing inbred lines from same breeds or different breeds and making
crosses between inbred lines either from the same breed or different breeds.

Q-1. Define inbreeding. Describe inbred lines and their crosses in diallele model to estimate
general combining ability and specific combining ability.