The MendelIan Rules

If the transmission of individual hereditary factors (genes) is followed

From generation to generation, the distribution of chromosomes during
Maturation division (meiosis; see Chapter 1) will be seen to follow certain
Laws. These pertain to the random distribution of the homologous
Chromosomes during meiosis and the combinatory possibilities when a
Sperm cell meets an ovum. The Augustinian monk Greger Johann Mendel
(1822−1884) recognized these laws in 1866 during cross-breeding studies
With garden peas, even though he did not know about the processes
That occurs during meiotic maturation division.
To discover the rules for the distribution of hereditary characters,
Certain conditions must be met: the crossbreeding experiments must be
Performed with purebred (homozygous) organisms, so that all germ
Cells receive the same hereditary characters; the hereditary characters
Studied must be visible externally (genes were unknown at the time);
And the factors or genes that determine these characters must be located
On different chromosomes. For crossbreeding studies, the first generation
Is known as the parental generation (P generation), the first offspring
As the first filial generation (F1 generation), and the next offspring as the
Second filial generation (F2 generation).

1- Mendel’s first law: the law of uniformity (dominance)

*(phenotypic uniformity of the F1 generation)
2- Mendel’s second law: the law of segregation
* (phenotypic segregation In the F2 generation)
* (intermediate hereditary Transmission)

3-Mendel’s third law: the law of independence

* (independent transmission of non-linked genes)