University of Duhok

College of Engineering
Water Resources Department

Solid waste management and Its Economic

Impact in Duhok City

Prepared by:
Sipan Jalal Issa
Awkar Salah Hasan.
Aras Sabah Ahmed.
Ahmed Moayad Jamel.
Hedar Abdullrazaq Resheed.

Supervisor’s Name: -
Sayran Ahmed Ibrahim.

Submitted for in partial-fulfillment of the requirements for the

BSc in Water Resources Engineering Department
Discipline of Water Resources Engineering
 Approval Page

The department of Water Resources Engineering in College of Engineering, University

of Duhok has approved the final year project. The project is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Water
Resources Engineering.

Approval committees Member are as follows:

Signature: Signature:

Mr. Mr.

Date: 18 / 7 /2020 Date: 18 / 7/2020

Supervisor: Head of Department:

Sayran Ahmed Ibrahim Mr. Sherwan Muhammad zaki

Date: 18/ 7/2020 Date: 18 /7/2020

 Student Declaration
We as Sipan Jalal issa, Awkar Salah, Aras Sabah ahmed, Ahmed Moayed jameel, and
Hadar abdulrazaq the student of final year project group which is about study the solid
waste management in center of Duhok, declare that this report contains only work
completed by us except for information obtained in a legitimate way from literature,
company or university sources. All information from these other sources has been duly
referenced and acknowledged in accordance with the University of Duhok Policy on
Plagiarism.

Students’ Name and Signatures

Sipan Jalal Issa

Awkar Salah

Aras Sabah Ahmed

Ahmed Moayad Jameel

Hadar Abdulrazaq

/ /.

Supervisor’s Name and signature:

Sayran Ahmed Ibrahim

Signatures:

1- Mr. 2-Mr.
 Acknowledgements:

Thanks to god first, and special thanks to……….

1. General Directorate of Municipalities.

2. Duhok Municipality Department.
3. Artosh Company.
4. Kwashe Factory.
5. Eng. Sherzad Amin Ali (General Municipality).
6. Eng. Ziyad.
7. Eng. Sherzad Tayib (Municipality).
 Validation of Project:

We as a students of final year project group Sipan Jalal issa, Awkar Salah, Aras Sabah
ahmed, Ahmed Moayad jameel, and Hadar abdulrazaq, declare that this said project
shall be placed officially in the library of [Water Resources Department] with the
abiding interest and rights as follows:

 This Project/Thesis is the sole legal property of University of Duhok.

 The [Water Resources Department] has the lawful right to make copies for the
purpose of academic and research purposes.
 The [Water Resources Department] has the lawful right to digitalize the content
for the Local Content Database.
 The [Water Resources Department] has the lawful right to make copies of the
Project for academic exchange between Higher Learning Institute.
 No dispute or any claim shall arise from the student itself neither third party on
this Project once it becomes the sole property of the University of Duhok.
 This Project or any material, data and information related to it shall not be
distributed, published or disclosed to any party by the student except with [Water
Resources Department].
 List of figure
Figure Subjects page
Figure (2.1) component of waste solid management 6
Figure (2.2) collection of waste solid 8
Figure (2.3) process of transportation 9
Figure (2.4) factory of waste solid management 10
(processing the waste solid)
Figure (2.5) land filling the waste 11
Figure (3.1) relationship between number of truck, length of road 17

and cost of fuel

Figure (3.2) duhok city 19

Figure (3.3) measuring length 18
Figure (3.4) measuring length 20
Figure (3.5) the garbage vehicle is Moving vertically 23
Figure (4.1) location of kwashe waste 28
Figure (4.2) kwashe treatment plant 29
Figure (4.3) background of kwashe 29
Figure (4.4) garbage 30
Figure (4.5) track and machine of factory 31
Figure (4.6) in the right drawing machine of waste, in the left 31
Manually sorting of waste by working
Figure (4.7) prison machine 32
Figure (4.8) composting machine in the left, composting treatment 33
Are in the middle, compost in right
Figure (4.9) showing kwashe waste treatment layout. 33
 List of tables

Table Subject Page

Table (3.1) Fuel quantity for the crossed distance 15

Table (3.2) Shown how the fuel cost is determined 16

Table (3.3) Cost that is used of different thing 24

Table (3.4) The quantity of sorting material 25

Table (3.5) Cost of sorting material 25

Table (4.1) The percentage of materials after they have been sorted 32

Table (4.2) The quantity and capacity of waste 34

Table (4.3) chart 4.1 chart show compound of sorted wastes 35

 Contents
Chapter .1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1- Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.2- Purpose of project .......................................................................................................... 2

1.3- Three (R) ........................................................................................................................ 2

1.3.1- Reduce ..................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.2- Reuse ........................................................................................................................ 2

1.3.3- Recycle/Compost ..................................................................................................... 3

1.4- Project objective ............................................................................................................. 4

Chapter .2. Solid waste management and operation ................................................................. 6

2.1- Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6

2.2- Various Sources of Solid Waste ..................................................................................... 7

2.2.1- Residential ............................................................................................................... 7

2.2.2- Industrial .................................................................................................................. 7

2.2.3- Commercial .............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.4- Institutional .............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.5- Construction and Demolition Areas ........................................................................ 7

2.2.6- Municipal services ................................................................................................... 7

2.2.7- Treatment Plants and Sites ....................................................................................... 7

2.2.8- Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 8

2.3- Component of solid waste management ........................................................................ 8

2.3.1- Collection ................................................................................................................. 8

2.3.2- Transportation .......................................................................................................... 9

2.3.3- Treatment ............................................................................................................... 10

 2.3.4- Disposing off.......................................................................................................... 11

2.4- Advantage of project .................................................................................................... 12

2.5- Disadvantage of project................................................................................................ 12

Chapter .3. Calculation ........................................................................................................... 14

3.1- introduction .................................................................................................................. 14

3.2- Data collection and cost calculation ............................................................................. 14

3.3- lowering the cost .......................................................................................................... 18

3.3.1- Reducing the number of truck ............................................................................... 18

3.3.2- reducing the distance of vehicle’s moving (length of road) .................................. 19

3.3.2.1- Measuring length of road .................................................................................. 20

3.4- lowering the expenses .................................................................................................. 24

3.5-benefit of materials that are sold ................................................................................... 25

Chapter .4. Solid waste treatment plant and it is role in the management .............................. 28

4.1- Introduction .................................................................................................................. 28

4.2- Kwashe waste treatment plant ...................................................................................... 28

4.3- Background of the task................................................................................................. 29

4.4- The process of waste treatment .................................................................................... 30

4.5- existing situation maps ................................................................................................. 33

4.6- Capacity........................................................................................................................ 34

Chapter .5. Dissection and conclusion .................................................................................... 37

5.1- discussion ..................................................................................................................... 37

5.2- Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 38

5.3- Reference ...................................................................................................................... 39

Chapter .1. Introduction

1.1- Introduction: -
The term, waste, has a different meaning for different people. In general waste is any
form of liquid, semi-liquid, solid or gaseous material which no longer serves the
purpose for which it was originally intended. The special: are wastes from residential
and commercial sources that includes Bulky items (large worn out or broken household,
commercial, and industrial items like, furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets ,etc.).
Consumer electronics (includes worn-out, broken, and other no-longer wanted items
such as radios, stereos, TV sets) White goods (large worn-out a broken household,
commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes
washers and dryers) .The Organic waste : food ,paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,
rubber, leather, wood, yard wastes. Inorganic waste: glass, crockery (cups, plates, etc.)
tin cans, aluminum, and other metals. Dead bodies: dead animals like doges, cows,
donkey etc. solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that
are normally solid and are discarded as useless or any wanted. solid waste management
may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner
economics, engineering, conservation, and that is also responsive to public attitudes.
Solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering and
legal function in the process of solving problems arising from waste materials. The
primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impacts
of waste material on human health and environment to support economic development
and superior quality of life.

1
1.2- Purpose of project: -
1. How to manage the solid waste in Duhok city with good economy.
2. To protect the environment from pollution.
3. Benefits of 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle).

1.3- Three (R): -

1.3.1- Reduce: -

 Take reusable bags to the grocery store instead of single-use plastic bags.

 Select items with limited or no packaging.

 Use a refillable container for water in place of bottled water.

 Think twice before printing material from the internet. When possible, print on
both sides of the paper.

 Set a goal for reducing the amount of trash generated each week.

1.3.2- Reuse: -

 Think of ways to use packaging materials and ways to reuse items that no
longer serve their function.

 Use cloth napkins and plates instead of paper.

 Shred or compost untreated wood and leaf wastes into chips and use them as
mulch on garden beds to prevent weed growth, retain moisture, regulate soil
temperature, and add nutrients back to the soil.

2
  Have a yard sale to find new homes for clothes, toys, appliances, books, and
other items.

 If you are remodeling, donate old cabinets, doors, fixtures and hardware to
local charity centers, such as Habitat for Humanity's

1.3.3- Recycle/Compost: -

 Make it a habit to separate out all items that are recyclable.

 Raise the cutting height of your lawn mower during the hot summer months to
keep grass roots shaded and cooler. This reduces weed growth, browning, and
the need for watering.

 When you mow, leave grass clippings on your lawn instead of bagging them or
use a mulching mower. The clippings will return nutrients to the soil instead of
taking up space in landfills.

 Check with local repair shops to see if they can use your old appliances for
spare parts.

 Use food scraps, yard trimmings, and other organic waste to create a compost
pile that can help increase water retention, decrease erosion, and replace
chemical fertilizers.

 Buy recycled-content gardening equipment and tools, such as garden hoses

made from old tires, stepping stones made from old glass bottles, or hand tools
made with recycled plastic. You can also find composite lumber made from
recycled plastic bottles and bags.

3
1.4- Project objective: -
1- Minimize waste generation

2- Safeguarding of public health.

3- The economic aspect: The source sorting operations will be of economic

importance in terms of obtaining recyclable materials of high quality.
4- Energy saving strategy in a long-term strategy and reducing thermal emissions
and polluting gases from the environment resulting from waste transfers and
sorting processes in laboratories and emitted from landfills due to their
decomposition, and to preserve the environment (atmosphere, soil, groundwater)
by sorting waste.-.
5- Reduce the volume of waste requiring disposal and maximize the economic value
of waste.
6- Sorting processes at the source will reduce the amount of waste that will be
buried in landfills at a high rate, and this result will reduce the amount of gases
emitted from the degradation of waste that produces gases causing environmental
pollution, as well as reduce the amount of polluted water leaking from waste to
water Subterranean in the earthen layers.

4
5
Chapter .2. Solid waste management and operation

2.1- Introduction: -
This chapter is talk about various sources of waste solid and their definitions in general
(Residential – industrial – commercial – Institutional - Construction and Demolition
Areas - Municipal services - Treatment Plants and Sites – agricultural – biomedical)

This waste can be managed with four operations as shown in (figure (2.1)) each step
will be explained briefs.

Also the advantage and disadvantage of solid waste management

Solid waste management operation

Collection Transportation Treatment disposing off

Figure (2.1): - component of solid waste management

6
2.2- Various Sources of Solid Waste: -
In duhok city the solid waste sources is form commercialese, residential industrial, plant
nursery, leftovers and other agricultural related. The following are major sources of
solid waste:

2.2.1- Residential: -
Residences and homes where people live are some of the major sources of solid waste.

2.2.2- Industrial: -
Industries are known to be one of the biggest contributors of solid waste. These
industries produce solid waste in form of housekeeping wastes, food wastes, packaging
wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special wastes, medical wastes as
well as other hazardous wastes.

2.2.3- Commercial: -
Commercial facilities and buildings are yet another source of solid waste today.

2.2.4- Institutional: -
The institutional centers like schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other
government centers also produce solid waste.

2.2.5- Construction and Demolition Areas: -

Construction sites and demolition sites also contribute to the solid waste problem.

2.2.6- Municipal services: -

The urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries
today.

2.2.7- Treatment Plants and Sites: -

Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce solid waste.

7
2.2.8- Agriculture: -
Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources of solid wastes.

2.3- Component of solid waste management

2.3.1- Collection: -

Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of solid
waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. Waste
collection also includes the curbside collection of recyclable materials that technically
are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program Proper solid-waste
collection is important for the protection of public health, safety, and environmental
quality. It is a labor-intensive activity, accounting for approximately three-quarters of
the total cost of solid-waste management.

In duhok each single person’s average rubbish per day is equal to approximately one
kilogram. Within the city, there are approximately 70 garbage trucks and approximately
300 laborers working on those garbage trucks. Garbage trucks collect the rubbish in
residential area every two days once, in commercial area 4 times in a day, in tourist area
every day once, and in external roads 3 times in a week.

Figure (2.2): - collection of waste solid

8
2.3.2- Transportation: -
The transportation of waste is the movement of waste over a specific area by trains,
tankers, trucks, barges, or other vehicles. The types of wastes that may be transported
range from municipal garbage to radioactive or hazardous wastes.

In Duhok, garbage trucks do not go directly to the kwashe region, they will go first to
the Malta area behind the old amusement park, and then the garbage is transported to
large trucks, and then transferred to the kwashe area. Per a day about (450-550) tons of
garbage were transported to the kwashe area.

Figure (2.3): - process of transportation

9
2.3.3- Treatment: -
Processing technic are used in solid waste management system, improve the efficiency
of solid waste disposal system and to recover resource and to prepare material for the
recovery of conversion product and energy. Processing can be done by sorting the
garbage’s in the source or treatment plant. If the sorting is done, this leads to get a waste
with high quality with a less harm impact on environmental which means less of
leachate.

Figure (2.4): - factory of waste solid management (Processing the waste solid)

10
2.3.4- Disposing off: -
1- Burning
2- Landfill
A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Landfill is the oldest
form of waste treatment, although the burial of the waste is modern; historically, refuse
was simply left in piles or thrown into pits. Historically, landfills have been the most
common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the
world.

When a good management is available the landfill well be with longer life with reducing
the cost of managing and maintenance of it.

Figure (2.5): - land filling the waste

11
2.4- Advantage of project: -
 This practice is highly lucrative
 Keeps the environment clean and fresh
 Saves the Earth and conserves energy
 Reduces environmental pollution
 Waste management will help you earn money
 Creates employment

2.5- Disadvantage of project: -

 The process is not always cost-effective
 The resultant product has a short life
 The sites are often dangerous
 The practices are not done uniformly
 Waste management can cause more problems

12
13
Chapter .3. Calculation

3.1- introduction: -
The purpose of the Waste Management Program is to ensure solid waste is managed in
such a way that protects both public health and the environment. The Waste
Management Program works hard to help all Duhok city better manage their solid
wastes. Through the cooperative efforts of citizens, businesses, industry and
government, Duhok can continue to increase material reuse and recycling from all solid
waste sources. Reducing the amount of solid wastes generated remains the program's
primary goal.

The best management for waste solid is include many sector, some of them
(government, company that responsible of collecting, company that sorting waste and
human) this sector decide to if the process of waste management is well or not well and
this sector is responsible to increasing the profit of waste management.

In this chapter we will invention some way to increasing the profit and decreasing the
waste.

3.2- Data collection and cost calculation: -

The data and the information about the wastes management in Duhok City are
collected from Duhok general directorate of municipalities, Duhok municipality
directorate and Artosh company which manages all the solid waste processes with
the cooperation of the mentioned directorates.
Collection and transportation processes calculation are summarized in table (3.1, 3.2
and 3.3) also table (3.4 and 3.5) shown the benefits of solid materials of the waste.

14
 Table (3.1) shown how to determine the quantity of fuel that is used by truck and all
device that collect and transport the wastes, the calculation shown that the quantity of
fuel is too much and it is equal to (804062 liters per month)

this table shown the goal of this project which is decreasing the cost and increasing the
profit. The number of vehicle and the quantity of fuel that are used by vehicle have
effect to increasing the cost because the vehicle is in different sizes and the quantity of
fuel that is used by vehicle is different according to shape and size of vehicle.

Table (3.1) : fuel quantity (liters ) for the crossed distance by all the vehicles work in
collection and transportation processes in Duhok districts for year (2018-2019)

The annual Quantity of Solid waste (ton)

156000t/year

The daily Quantity of Solid waste (ton)

500 t/d
Total length of the Streets in the district
in (Km) 627 km
The average daily travel distance for the
collection of Garbage 5.2km
The average daily travel distance to
the Landfill and back to the main
26 km
Location
The daily The Diesel of each
List the Garbage fleet with their daily
distance Consumptions Quantity of type of truck in
travel and fuel consumptions
travel per Km in liter Vehicles (liter)per year
31.2*0.7*10*26
- Garbage vehicles 12ton 31.2 0.7 10
*12=68141 liter
- Garbage vehicles 8ton 31.2 0.5 18 87610

- Garbage vehicles 6ton 31.2 0.4 57 221944

- truck 5ton
31.2 0.3 13 37964
- Medium to large trucks > 4ton
Truck 40ton
31.2 1.6 11 171325
- Medium to large trucks > 4ton
- truck20ton
31.2 0.9 7 61327
- Medium to large trucks > 4 ton
-heavy water 10ton
31.2 4.0 4 155750
- Medium to large trucks > 4ton

∑ 804062 liter

15
Table (3.2): - shown how the fuel cost is determined: -

Table (3.2): - Cost of diesel of truck

Diesel of each type of truck Total cost of diesel of each
in (liter)per year Cost of one liter of diesel ($) type of truck per year ($)

68141 0.5 34070.5

87610 0.5 43805

221944 0.5 110972

37964 0.5 18982

171325 0.5 85662.5

61327 0.5 30663.5

155750 0.5 77875

∑ 402030.5 $

16
As shown in above table, table (3.2) the cost of diesel is (402030.5$ per year) this cost
is too much, there are many ways too decreasing the cost, it will be calculated using
another way to decreasing the cost.

From the previous computation, the following notes are got it: -

1- The relation between number of truck and quantity of full that are used by truck
is straight if we decreased the number of truck the full automatically will be
decreased (see figure (3.1))

2- It is concluded that the fuel quantity depends directly on the road length, if the
length of road is short the quantity of fuel that is used will be decreased (see
figure (3.1))

length of road (m)

12

10

8
cost of full ($)

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number of truck

Figure (3.1): - relationship between number of truck, length of road and cost of fuel

17
3.3- lowering the cost
3.3.1- Reducing the number of truck: -

To reduce the number of trucks as shown below for example, if it is assumed that

One Garbage vehicles (6 ton)

One Garbage vehicles (12 ton)

 -The Consumptions per Km in liter that are used by Garbage vehicles 6ton =0.4 liter
/ km

 -And The Consumptions per Km in liter for Garbage vehicles 12ton = 0.7 liter / km

 -To determine the quantity of diesel, if each vehicle works with an assumed distance
=10 kilometers then: -

For vehicle 6 ton = 10 * 0.4 = 4 liter of diesel per 10 kilometer

for vehicle 12 ton = 10 * 0.7 = 7 liter of diesel per 10 kilometer

 -the cost for two type of vehicle in table (3.2) shows that the Cost of one liter of
diesel ($) = 0.5 for both type of vehicle (6 ton) and (12 ton)

 -The cost of both vehicle is:-

for vehicle 6 ton = 4 * 0.5 = 2 $

for vehicle12 ton = 7 * 0.5 = 3.5 $

to reduce the number of vehicles, the type of it should be changed according the
quantity of fuel, as we calculated the type of it should be changed by choosing a vehicle
12 ton instead 6 ton

18
3.3.2- reducing the distance of vehicle’s moving (length of road): -
To decreasing the distance of road one zone of duhok city is used, because it is difficult
to measure all road in duhok city because the update of application is ancient, for
example the zone of (Baroshke) is measured using (google earth map) as shown in
figure (3.2)

Total length of roads is equal to: -

9295.09 + 8094.13 = 17389.22 m approximately =17.4 km

Baroshke zone

Figure (3.2): - duhok city (baroshke zone)

19
3.3.2.1- Measuring length of road: -
Measuring the length of road in order to decrease the length of moving garbage

Figure (3.3): - measuring length vertically (baroshke zone)

Figure (3.4): - measuring length horizontally (baroshke zone)

the purpose of figure (3.3) and (3.4) is that, the garbage working in one direction, only

horizontally or only vertically too decreasing the road length.

20
The length (17.4 km) is the distance of moving garbage vehicles during collecting the
wastes at each residential or commercial unit.

So it is necessary to estimate the fuel cost that consumed by a vehicle that works in the
chosen zone (figure (3.4) and (4.3))

 -If garbage vehicle (12 ton) is assumed that it is working

And as known that the total length is (17.4 km) as shown in figures (3.2) and (3.3)

And the Cost of one liter of diesel is equal (0.5 $) table (3.2)

So the The Consumptions per Km in liter for Garbage vehicles (12ton) = 0.7 table (3.2)

 (1.15) percentage of stopping garbage.

Diesel quantity is = 1 * 0.7 * 17.4 = 12.18 liter of diesel per 17.4 kilometer

Diesel cost is = 12.8 * 0.5 * 1.15 = 7.36 $ cost of diesel per day

The cost of vehicle garbage of this zone in duhok city is about (7.36 $) this cost is high
therefore, if the road length is decreased then the cost will be decreased.

Approximate area of duhok city (36 km2) and the total cost that company using to clean

the city is (650,000,000 ID), and area of broshke zone that we mentioned above is

approximate (0.735 km2) figure (3.3.2)

 Calculate the cost that company using to clean the baroshke zone figure (3.3.2)

according artosh company.

650,000,000 𝑋
=  X = 13,270,000
36 0.735

21
  Calculate the cost that company using to clean the baroshke zone figure (3.3.2)
according the data that we achieved.
 Cost of baroshke zone = 7.36 $ ≅ 7$

 Assume cost of (1 driver and 3 worker) = 2000 $

 Assume cost of Maintenance = 500 $

 Determine the cost of management: -

The cost of management of company (40800$) table (3.3) Approximate area of

duhok city (36 km2) and area of broshke zone that we mentioned above is
approximate (0.735 km2) figure (3.3.2)
40800 𝑋
=  X = 833 $
36 0.735

 cost of management = 833 $

 total cost of baroshke zone = (7 * 30) + 2000 + 500 + 833 = 3543 $

 total cost of baroshke zone in ID

3543 * 1200 = 4,251,600 ID

 If we assume that the benefit of company equal to 15%

4,251,600 * 1.15 = 4,889,340 ID

 And if we increase the amount of fuel of garbage = 4

4 * 210 = 840

4,889,340 + 840 = 4,890,180 ID

The cost that we determined to clean baroshke zone is about (5,000,000 ID) but the

cost that company using for cleaning the baroshke zone is about (13,270,000 ID)

if we compare between two cost it clears for us the cost that company using is 2.6 times
greater than the cost that we determined

22
As a suggestion to reduce the length of transport distance in this zone the vehicle must
be move only in vertically or horizontal then the distance length will be decreased

To estimate the distance for a vehicle which it is moving in vertical distances

W E

Figure (3.5): - the garbage vehicle is moving vertically

 - As shown in figure (3.3) the length is equal to (9295.09 m) = (9.3 km)

 - If we assume that the car that was used is one garbage vehicle (12 ton)

 - Cost of one liter of diesel is equal (0.5 $) table (3.2)

 - The Consumptions per Km in liter for Garbage vehicles (12ton) = 0.7 table (3.2)

- To determine the quantity of diesel: -

1 * 0.7 * 9.3 = 6.51 liter of diesel per 6.51 kilometer

- The cost is: -

- 6.51 * 0.5 = 3.255 $ cost of diesel per day

As shown if the care is moving horizontally and vertically the total cost of diesel is
about (7.36$) per day but as we decreased the length if the car is moving only vertically
the cost is decreased to (3.2$)

23
3.4- lowering the expenses: -

of workers, employee, number of machine, maintenance of machine as shown in table

below (table (3.3))

Table (3.3)-cost that is used of different thing

Number of workers Cost of each worker ($) Total cost of workers ($0

(Monthly) (Monthly)

600 500 300000

Number of Employee Cost of each Employee $ Total cost of Employee ($)

(monthly) (Monthly)

51 800 40800

Number of machine Cost of each machine ($) Total cost of machine ($)

120 -------------- 4500000

Total cost of maintenance

Maintenance of ------------- machine ($)
machine

-------------- --------------- 10000

lowering the cost in the above table is very important by keeping the city clean, if the
city remain clean, the number of workers will have decreased for example from (600
workers) to (400 workers) and then the cost will have decreased.

24
3.5-benefit of materials that are sold: -
Table (3.4)- The quantity of sorting material
Paper and Organic
Glass Metal Plastic Other
Solid waste composition Cardboard Waste

Percentage 20% 2% 5% 10% 55% 8%

Recycle percentage 0 0 1% 2% 10% 0

Sorting percentage 40% 40% 60% 50% 50% 0

Example for Sorting in the source: -

Paper and carton =20% * 500ton/day =100ton/day Sorting percentage = 40% * 100
ton/day = 40ton/day

The quantities of sorting percentage can be seen in table (3.5) in tons

Table (3.5)-Cost of sorting material

Cost of each Total cost of
ton of material
Type of material Weight of sorting (ton)
material ($) ($)
Carton and paper 40 70 2800
Glass 4 ------ ------
Plastic 25 150 3750
Metal 15 200 3000
Organic 138 30 4140
∑ 13690 $
 The total cost that are used for solid waste yearly
= 402030.5+( 300000*12) + (40800*12) + 4500000+ 10000 = 9,000,000$

 The cost of sorting of material that company is selling = 13690 $

25
The solid waste management is costed yearly a lot of money, so if the mentioned

methods for improvement the management is applied, the cost can be reduced to a

certain extent.

in other hand the cost of sorting of material that company is selling is very low, so if

the benefits or incoming money can be increased by increasing the sorting ratios about

80% for each material during next ten years, because of the quick growth of the people

economic situation.

26
27
Chapter .4. Solid waste treatment plant and it is role in the management

4.1- Introduction: -
This chapter is dealing with Kwashe factory and Artosh company about how they
managing the solid in Dhouk city. Duhok is one of four cities in Kurdistan region
northing Iraq. Kwashe waste treatment plant is located in sumel within Kwashe area
which is mix of residential and industrial zoning. Kwashe waste treatment plant is
approximately 20km northwest of the capital of the city of Duhok, this information
about Kwashe waste treatment plant is mentioned because it is playing an important
role in solid waste management specially the role that related with outcome money from
sornny and comoshny the garbages the second role is environment preservation it is
important to remember that the distance from duhok city an kwashe has a role in the
fuel consumed by vehicle case.

Figure (4.1): - location of kwasha waste treatment plant. Source

4.2- Kwashe waste treatment plant: -

The waste treatment plant belonging to Duhok province in the kwashe area, it was
decided, with the help of an Egyptian company and UNICEF, to build a waste treatment
plant in the kwashe area. In 2010, the provincial government began to build a waste
treatment plant but with one line of sorting and one line of damping with an open area
for burial. In 2011, the plant started working and processing waste with a capacity of
500-550 tons per day. In 2019, the government sector built another factory line, sanitary
28
landfill with waste water tank. and the waste treatment plant could only sort about 250
tons of waste per day because of factory machines most of them not work , (daily waste
size=1.5kg).

Figure (4.2): - Kwashe treatment plant

4.3- Background of the task: -

According to the manager of the plant, now the plant is operating 24 hours per day 5
days in a week, and the factory works with 2 shifts. The first shift belongs to the
government and the 2nd, belongs to the private companies (artosh company) that took
over the factory. First shift, Work begins from 6 am to 2 pm and second working period
from 2 pm to 8 pm, both shift full capacity can sort 250 tons of waste per day and 400
workers are engaged in the treatment of solid waste. (figure 4.3)

Figure(4.3):- background of kwashe

29
4.4- The process of waste treatment: -
The waste treatment plant is linked with the MWS within 5 private companies one of
them (artosh company) who are responsible for collecting and transforming waste from
Duhok to Kwashe waste treatment plant. This kwashe waste treatment plant only treats
the municipal solid waste treatment (MWS), but sometimes the directorate of general
health brings expired material such as food and hazardous material from hospitals to
the waste treatment plant.

Sorting of solid waste goes through several stages.

First the waste trucks are weighted up in the weight station as they reach to the treatment
plant by private companies (artosh company). see figure (4.4)

Figure (4.4): - garbage

After that, the waste truck takes the waste to the storage building in the factory and
excavator take out the waste from waste truck and put it in the storage of the factory.
This storage is connected with machines of the factory. See figure (4.5)

30
 Figure (4.5): - track and machine of factory

The machines pull the wastes from the storage to cabins, to be sorted according to their
properties. Some wastes are sorted manually by workers that are hard to machines to
sort them like: (liquid foods, glasses, or papers) while the others go to machines of the
factory that could be sorted by machines easily. See figure (4.6).

Figure (4.6): - In the right drawing machine of waste, in the left manually sorting of
waste by workers

Then after, the wastes have been sorted manually by workers. The machine can sort the
types of wastes properly, and machine takes out each type of waste to a selected area.
See Table (4.1).

31
Table (4.1): - table shows the percentage of materials after they have been sorted.

After the wastes have been sorted according to their type and properties. The wastes go
through press machine that is called "Prisona" . This machine press all selected type of waste together
into a smaller size. See figure (4.7)

Figure (4.7): - Prison machine

After sorting process is finished, all the type of wastes is taken to sorting storage area
but except organic material. This waste will be stored about 1 or 2 months. Until The
Turkish and Iran companies buy these wastes.

32
About organic waste the workers take the organic material to composting treatment &
composting is produced within 3 to 4 weeks. An Area is constructed by treatment plant
to store rain water because the composting treatment process needs water. see figure
(4.8)

Figure (4.8): - composting machine in the left, composting treatment area in the
middle, compost in the right.

4.5- existing situation maps: -

This map can show you a clear image of kasha waste treatment including sorting factory
sorting storage area, composting plant with rain water storage area, open dumbing area,
leachate and stream pool which have been made from open dumping area naturally. It
also shows unconstructed sanitary landfill with waste water tank and unconstructed
water waste treatment. See Figure(4.9)

Figure (4.9): - Showing Kwashe Waste treatment layout. Prepared by the authors
using ArcMap based one ACTED data

33
4.6- Capacity: -
The waste that receives to waste treatment plant from Duhok center is about 500-550
tons per day. The factory with full capacity sorts about 250 tons per day. The waste that
remains unsorted per day is between 300-350 tons. Because of lack of recycling
facilities, all sorted wastes are sold to abroad companies, but the compost that has been
produced by the treatment of organic material is sold to local farmers within Kurdistan
region. See table (4.2) and (4.3).

Table (4.2): - Table shows the quantity and capacity of waste in Kwashe waste
treatment plant Source municipality of duhok

Amount of waste Sorting capacity Non sorting material

(ton per day) (ton per day)
per day (tons)
received

550 250 300

100% 45% 55%

Table (4.3): - Table shows the quantity and capacity of Recyclable and organic
materials and non –organic materials in Kwashe waste treatment plant Source
municipality of duhok

Non-recyclable Organic
Recyclable materials Non- organic martials
material material
175 75 105 70
70% 30% 60% 40%

34
The pie charts below show the 70% of sorted wastes are recyclable materials and 40%
of sorted wastes are non-recyclable materials. And recyclable materials are 60%
organic materials and 40% non-organic materials.

30%
recycable
70% non-recycable

40% organic

60% non-organic

Chart (4.1): - Chart show compound of sorted wastes

35
36
Chapter .5. Dissection and conclusion

5.1- discussion: -
Waste management is one of the most important tasks that must be done in the province
of Dohuk, in terms of health and economic methods. in this study calculated in a
specific area of Dohuk Governorate, to show the costs that are spent on the whole
province based on that area that studied in the third chapter. In this calculations work
on the shorten the distance that the whole car cuts during that period when waste is
collected and transportation the diesel costs will be reduced from (8400 ID) to (3600
ID).

The total monthly costs that obtained during this study were (5,000,000) and they were
almost before this (13,270,000). It is clear in this research the total cost that is spent in
the city of Dohuk monthly, which is (650,000,000 ID) and after the study the costs are
(250,000,000 ID) and in This shows the big difference in costs that are spent in
collecting and transporting solid waste before and after this process.

The benefit that kwashe factory achieved by selling material is about (16,428,000 ID)

It can also develop a sort field using a number of different containers for every kind of
waste. In this way, it helps to improve, facilitate and increase profits that get by sorting.
And worked to spread awareness in the adult and child community, on how to maintain
hygiene in the city through the media, the government and the Ministry of Education,
in order to create a conscious society in maintaining a clean environment. By working
on this project, also it suggested a second place to collect waste and sorting. this method
facilitates transportation and waste management and reduces transportation costs
because the geographical location of Duhok Governorate is increasing the directions
from the west and east.

37
5.2- Conclusion: -
During our investigations, we noticed the way we can reduce the cost, and the largest

cost we have paid is the cost of the worker

 Increase and improve sorting by set the number of different container

 worked to spread awareness specifically to the younger generation

 Shorten the distance of truck

 Legal audacity for those who have not complied with it

 Add a new place to collect and sort waste

38
5.3- Reference: -
 Director of the municipality of Duhok Governorate
 Waste solid factory kwashe
 Artosh company
 Duhok Municipality Department.
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-management/Composting
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - CASE STUDY Ashish R Mishra, Shweta
A. Mishra, Anurag V. Tiwari
 Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization
Hussein I. Abdel-Shafya, Mona S.M. Mansour
 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID MANAGEMENT WASTE COSTS:
SOME EVIDENCE FROM GALICIA, SPAIN by Germà Bel and Xavier Fageda
 Solid Waste Management and Recycling Actors, Partnerships and Policies in
Hyderabad, India and Nairobi, Kenya edited by ISA BAUD University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands JOHAN POST University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands and CHRISTINE FUREDY York University, Toronto, Canada

39