CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work which is being presented in the seminar title
in partial fulfillment of the required for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of technology and submitted in Civil
Engineering Department, Govt. Hydro Engineering College, Bandla is an
authentic record of the work carried out by MOHIT CHOUDHARY
(1905011031) during a period from APRIL 2022 to JULY 2022 under the
supervision of Mrs. ANAMIKA GANDHI, Civil Engineering Department,
Govt. Hydro Engineering College, Bandla, Bilaspur
The above statement made is correct to the best of my knowledge.
Date- 11/07/2022

Mrs. Anamika Gandhi

Coordinator of Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
GHEC Bandla
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank our college

and the for giving
me the opportunity as well as lending me the resources to fulfill my work.
I am thankful to Civil Engineering Department, GOVT. HYDRO
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BANDLA. I also express my sincere thanks to,
Mrs. ANAMIKA GANDHI, Coordinator of Civil Engineering Department, for
their inspiration, suggestions, moral support and the guidance during the course
of my study. Last but not least, I heartily appreciate all those people who have
helped me directly or indirectly in making these tasks a success. In this context,
I would like to thank all the other staff members, both teaching and non-
teaching.

MOHIT CHOUDHARY
1905011031
 ABSTRACT

Wastewater Management is an important approach to protect water resources

and it is defined as the collection, treatment and reuse of wastewater.
Wastewater Treatment includes the processing of obtained from different
sources to generate a new water appropriate for other purposes like
groundwater replenishment, agriculture and land irrigation, potable water
supplies, industrial facilities, and environmental restoration.
Recycled water can be applied for diverse perspectives to share the burden of
freshwater sources. In many areas of the world, the entire potential of using
reclaimed water is not yet explored. Moreover, different national and
international bodies defined different guidelines for reclaimed water specific to
the particular use. This chapter details the sources, treatment technologies,
reusability, regulations/guidelines of different global authorities, and the
possible issues connected with economic, environment, and the public health.
 LIST OF CONTENT

..

Chapter- 01 Wastewater Management

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective

Chapter- 02 Literature Review

2.1 Research on wastewater land treatment
2.

Chapter-03 Types of Wastewater

3.1 Domestic Wastewater
3.1.1. Black water
3.1.2. Grey water
3.2. Industrial Wastewater
3.3 Stormwater .

Chapter-04 Sewage Pipes

4.1 Introduction .16

4.3 Selection of material

Chapter-05 Wastewater Treatment
5.1 .18
.18

Chapter-06 Wastewater Disposal

.23
.23
.23
..23
..24
24
6.3.2 Actions involved in self purification 25

Conclusion 27

28
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr.No. Title Page No.

01 Types of Wastewater 12
02 Source of black and grey water 13
03 Wastewater coming out from industries 14
04 Stormwater on road 15
05 Sewage Pipes 16
06 Layout of Treatment plant 20
07 Bar Screening 21
08 Zones of pollution 24
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr. No. Title Page No.

01 Unit operation and processes 19
 CHAPTER-01
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
1.1 Introduction

Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from

wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water
cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable
impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water
reclamation).
Water reclamation is the treatment or processing of wastewater to make it
reusable with definable treatment reliability and meeting appropriate water
quality criteria; water reuse is the use of treated wastewater (or reclaimed water)
for a beneficial purpose.
Water reclamation (also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water
recycling) is the process of converting municipal wastewater (sewage) or
industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of purposes.
Types of reuses include: urban reuse, agricultural reuse (irrigation),
environmental reuse, industrial reuse, planned potable reuse, de facto
wastewater reuse (unplanned potable reuse). For example, reuse may include
irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface water and
groundwater (i.e., groundwater recharge). Reused water may also be directed
toward fulfilling certain needs in residences (e.g. toilet flushing), businesses,
and industry, and could even be treated to reach drinking water standards.
Treated municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation is a long-established practice,
especially in arid countries

1.2 Objective

The principal of objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow humans

and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or
unacceptable damage to the natural environment.
Here in this seminar report we will put light on these topics:-
I. Treatment of Wastewater;
II. Wastewater Disposal.
 Chapter-02
Literature Review

2.1 Research on Wastewater land treatment

Leach, L.E.; Duan, Z.B.; Wang, S.T.

1991-01-01

The study was conducted to evaluate the rapid infiltration (R.I.) method of land
treatment as a partial solution to wastewater treatment and reuse for the 0.45
billion cu m/yr. (15.75 billion cu ft/yr.) of safe irrigation water needed by the
year 2000.

Chinese environmental scientists and water supply managers are considering the
use of the technology for diluting high concentrations of nitrate in the ground
water while simultaneously recharging severely over drafted aquifers. The
wastewater used in the study contained synthetic organic compounds found on
EPA's list of priority pollutants.

During the development of EPA's Land Treatment Design Manuals, research

was more » terminated before a thorough evaluation of the treatability of these
compounds could be completed. Therefore, during the study, an evaluation of
R.I. systems ability to treat selected priority pollutants as well as fecal coliform
bacteria was carried out in the interest of RSKERL's research objectives.

Even though the research was focused on operations to optimize the removal of
various nitrogen species from primary effluent, the normal wastewater
parameters of BOD, COD, SS, Total - P, and TOC were also studied. The
volatile organic compounds most prominent in the wastewater, di chloroethene,
dichloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were also evaluated for
treatability in the cooperative study.
2.2 Research on the treatment of Wastewater containing heavy
metal

By NASA Astrophysics Data System

Chen, Zixuan; Nan; Xianog, Jingfang; Zhang, Hangguo

01-02-2018

With rapid development of social economy, serious problem has been caused by
wastewater containing heavy metals, which was difficult to be treated by many
kinds of traditional treatment methods, such as complex processes, high cost or
easy to cause secondary pollution.

As a novel biological treatment technology, microbial fuel cells (MFC) can

generate electric energy while dealing with wastewater, which was proposed
and extensively studied.

This paper introduced the working principle of MFC, the classification of

cathode, and the research progress on the treatment of wastewater containing
Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ag(I), Mn(II) and Cd(II) by MFC. The study found that different
cathode, different heavy metals and different hybrid systems would affect the
performance of the system and removal effect for heavy metal in MFC.

MFC was a highly potential pollution control technology. Until now, the
research was still in the laboratory stage. Its industrial application for recovery
of heavy metal ion, improving the energy recovery rate and improvement or
innovation of system were worthy of further research.
 Chapter-03
Types of Wastewater

Wastewater can be broadly categorized into two types, namely domestic and
industrial wastewater.

Fig.1. Types of Wastewater

3.1 Domestic Wastewater

Originating from households, domestic wastewater might include water coming
from hospitals, industries, and other commercial facilities. Water collected
during a storm might also qualify as domestic wastewater. Its common sources
include liquid discharges from our regular sanitary uses like bathing, cooking,
washing meat, vegetables, and clothes. Despite being heavily impure, domestic
wastewater can be duly treated.

3.1.1. Black Water

Black water is the wastewater from bathrooms and toilets that contains faeces
matter and urine. Water from kitchens and dishwashers are also considered
blackwater due to the contamination by pathogens and grease. It is also referred
to as sewage or brown water and can carry disease and bacteria, both of which
could be harmful.

Fig.2. Sources of black and grey water

3.1.2. Grey Water

Greywater is the wastewater that comes from sinks, washing machines, bathtubs
and showers. It contains lower levels of contamination, making it easier to treat
and process.
Recycled greywater is commonly used in irrigation and constructed wetlands
as long as no harmful chemicals are present. Greywater that contains food
particles can nourish plants, it can also be used for washing and flushing toilets.
Where water is scarce - greywater is valuable.

3.2 Industrial Wastewater

Industrial wastewater is the aqueous discard that results from substances having
been dissolved or suspended in water, typically during the use of water in an
industrial manufacturing process or the cleaning activities that take place along
with that process. The objective of industrial wastewater treatment is to remove
those dissolved or suspended substances. The best approach to working out an
effective and efficient method of industrial wastewater treatment is to
understand how substances are dissolved or suspended in water and then to
deduce plausible chemical or physical actions that would reverse those
processes. However, before we enter into a discussion on how solutions and
mixtures are formed, it is important to understand the second law of
thermodynamics, which is often the driving force behind these phenomena.

Fig.3. Wastewater coming out from industries

3.3 Stormwater Runoff

Stormwater runoff is rainfall that flows over the ground surface. It is created
when rain falls on roads, driveways, parking lots, rooftops and other paved
surfaces that do not allow water to soak into the ground. Stormwater runoff is
the number one cause of stream impairment in urban areas. Where rain falls on
paved surfaces, a much greater amount of runoff is generated compared to
runoff from the same storm falling over a forested area. These large volumes of
water are swiftly carried to our local streams, lakes, wetlands and rivers and can
cause flooding and erosion, and wash away important habitat for critters that
live in the stream.
Stormwater runoff also picks up and carries with it many different pollutants
that are found on paved surfaces such as sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus,
bacteria, oil and grease, trash, pesticides and metals. These pollutants come
from a variety of sources, including pet waste, lawn fertilization, cars,
construction sites, illegal dumping and spills, and pesticide application.
Researchers have found that as the amount of paved surfaces (a.k.a. impervious
cover) in the watershed increases, stream health declines

Fig.4. Stormwater runoff on road

 Chapter-04
Sewage Pipes
4.1. Introduction
A sewage pipe is a pipe used to transport wastewater or sewage from homes and
industries, i.e. it is a pipe for carrying off water or sewage. Sewage pipes are
affected by corrosion that reduces the longevity of the pipes and breaks down
the sewage network.
A sewer network consists of many pipes, and one hopes that it will last for
many years. But increased urban pressure causes high concentrations of sewage
that produces corrosive acid, which ultimately corrodes these pipes more
quickly.

Fig.5. Sewage Pipes

4.2. Material used for Sewer pipes
Sewers may be made up of following materials: -
a. Reinforced cement concrete;
b. Brick;
c. Asbestos cement;
d. Plastic;
e. Steel;
f. Cast iron.

4.3 Selection of Material

1. Hydraulic efficiency: - The material selected should be such that value of

efficient
surface is available.

2. Resistance to abrasion: - The flowing sewage may contain a lot of solids

such as grit and sand particles. At a high velocity at the sewage invert,
erosion of sewer material may take place due to abrasion. For a longer life,
the sewer material must possess high degree of resistance to abrasion.

3. Resistance to corrosion: - The composition of sewage may be such that

the sewer material may get corroded. For longer life, the sewer material may
get corroded. For longer life, the sewer material should possess enough
resistance to corrosion.

4. Strength: - The sewers are generally laid underground and hence they are
subjected to a number of external forces, including the weight of overburden
and the vehicular/live loads. The material should of strong enough to resist
all such external forces.

5. Durability: - The sewer material should be durable so that expenditure due

to its frequent replacement is minimum.

6. Cost: - The cost of the material should be less so that overall economy is
minimum.
 Chapter 05
Wastewater Treatment

5.1. Introduction
Wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It
includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical,
chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste
(or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).
Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for
drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to implement such
technology on a production scale in its production of water.

The layout of the conventional waste water treatment plant is as

follows:

House service connection

Sewers

Sewerage treatment plant

Safe disposal of effluent

5.2 Process Overview

UNIT OPERATIONS/PROCESSES, THEIR FUNCTIONS AND
UNITS USED FOR DOMESTIC WASTE WATER
TREATMENT

Unit Functions Treatment devices

Operations/Processes
Screening Removal of large Bar racks and screens of
floating, suspended and various description
settle able solids
Grit removal Removal of inorganic Grit chamber
suspended solids
Primary Sedimentation Removal of Primary sedimentation
organic/inorganic settle tank
able solids
Aerobic Biological Conversion of colloidal, Activated sludge process
Suspended Growth dissolved and residual units and its
Process suspended organic matter modifications, Waste
into settle able bio-flock stabilization ponds,
and stable inorganic Aerated lagoons
Aerobic Biological Same as above Trickling filter, Rotating
Attached Growth Process biological contactor
Anaerobic biological Conversion of organic Anaerobic filter, Fluid
growth processes matter into CH4 & CO2 bed submerged media
and relatively stable anaerobic reactor, Up
organic residue flow anaerobic sludge
blanket reactor,
Anaerobic rotating
biological contactor
Anaerobic Stabilization Same as above Anaerobic digest

Table- 01

The layout of the conventional waste water treatment plant is as

follows: -
 Fig. 6 Layout of treatment plant

5.2.1 Preliminary Treatment

The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other
large materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is
necessary to enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment
units. Preliminary treatment operations typically include coarse screening, grit
removal and, in some cases, comminution of large objects. In grit chambers, the
velocity of the water through the chamber is maintained sufficiently high, or air
is used, so as to prevent the settling of most organic solids. Grit removal is not
included as a preliminary treatment step in most small wastewater treatment
plants. Comminutors are sometimes adopted to supplement coarse screening
and serve to reduce the size of large particles so that they will be removed in the
form of a sludge in subsequent treatment processes. Flow measurement devices,
often standing-wave flumes, are always included at the preliminary treatment
stage.
1. Screening: - Screening is the removal of large size floating matters by a series
of closely spaced bars placed across the flow inclined at 30 o 60o. These
floating materials, if not removed, will choke the pipes or adversely affect the
working of the sewage pumps.
 Fig.7. Bar Screening

2. Comminutors: - Comminutors can be used in wastewater treatment to cut

up and grind the coarse solids into smaller sizes so that this will eliminate the
problems caused towards downstream operations especially clogging
happening in pumps.
3. Grit chamber:- Grits are heavy inorganic solids such as sand, metal
fragments, egg shells of specific gravity ranging from 2 -2.65. They cause
excessive wear during different treatment stages and therefore must be
removed. A grit chamber may be horizontal flow or vertical flow and is
manually or mechanically cleaned. Grit of a properly designed and operated
chamber is free from organic matters which may be used as land fill.

5.2.2. Primary Treatment

In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks,

commonly called "primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentation tanks." The
tanks are used to settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are
skimmed off. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically
driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in
the base of the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities. Grease
and oil from the floating material can sometimes be recovered for
saponification.
The dimensions of the tank should be designed to effect removal of a high
percentage of the floatable and sludge. A typical sedimentation tank may
remove from 60 to 65 percent of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 percent of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from the sewage.

5.2.3. Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is where waste is broke down by aerobic bacteria

incorporated into the wastewater treatment system. Secondary treatment is
designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which is
derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of
municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological
processes. To be effective, the biota requires both oxygen and food to live. The
bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants
(e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of
the less soluble fractions into flock.

As aerobic bacteria decompose waste only in the presence of

air(oxygen). So aeration is the process by which air is circulated through,
mixed with or dissolved in a liquid. Aeration brings water and air in close
contact.

5.2.4. Tertiary Treatment

Tertiary treatment is the next wastewater treatment process after secondary

treatment. This step removes stubborn contaminants that secondary
treatment was not able to clean up. Wastewater effluent becomes even
cleaner in this treatment process through the use of stronger and more
advanced treatment systems.
Tertiary treatment technologies can be the extensions of conventional
secondary biological treatment to further stabilize oxygen-demanding
substances in the wastewater or to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Tertiary
treatment may also involve physical-chemical separation techniques such as
carbon adsorption, flocculation/precipitation, membranes for advanced
filtration, ion exchange, dichlorination, and reverse osmosis.
 Chapter-06
Wastewater Disposal

6.1. Wastewater Disposal

Effluent coming out from the treatment plant can be disposed of by various
methods. The study of source of disposal is important, because the amount of
treatment required to be given to sewage depends very much upon the source of
disposal, its quantity, quality and capacity to tolerate the impurities present in
the sewage effluent.
It aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is
suitable for discharge to the surrounding environment.

6.2. Methods of Disposal

There are two general methods of disposing of effluent: -

6.2.1. Disposal by Dilution

Disposal by dilution is the process whereby the treated sewage or the effluent
from sewage treatment plant is discharged into river stream, or a large body of
water, such as lake or sea.

The discharged sewage in due course of time is purified by what is known as

self purification.

The degree and amount of treatment given to raw sewage before disposing it of
into the river stream is depend upon: -
(a) Quality of raw sewage;
(b) Self purification capacity of river stream.

6.2.2. Effluent irrigation

Properly treated sewage effluent becomes an alternative source of irrigation

water, and at the same time it provides a convenient means of sewage disposal
through land treatment to prevent potential health and environmental hazards
caused by uncontrolled flow of wastewater.

6.3. Self-Purification of Wastewater

When wastewater is discharged into a natural stream or river, the BOD of mix
increases initially and DO level starts falling
As river water travels further BOD gradually reduces and DO increases and
reaches its saturation level.
The river gets purified on its own. This phenomenon is known as self-
purification of stream.

Fig.8. Zones of pollution

6.3.1. Zone of pollution in river stream

1. Zone of Degradation: - This zone is found a certain length just below a

point where discharged into river stream. This zone is characterized by
water become dark and turbid with formation of sludge deposits at bottom.
 DO is reduced to about 40% of the saturation level. This increase in CO2
reoxygenation occur but in slower than deoxygenation.

2. Zone of active decomposition: - This zone is marked by heavy pollution. It

is characterized by water becoming greyish then in previous zone. DO
concentration falls to zero and anaerobic condition may set in with the
evolution of gases like methane, CO2.
In this zone fungi will first disappear and then reappear.

3. Zone of recovery: - In this zone, the river stream tries to recover from it
degraded condition to it form an appearance. The water become clearer, so
the algae reappears while fungi decrease BOD falls down and content rises
above 40% of saturation level.

4. Zone of cleaner water: - In this zone the river attains the original condition
with D.O. rising up to the saturation value. Water become attractive in
appearance and usual aquatic life prevails.

6.3.2. Actions involved in self-purification of stream

Dilution: - When sewage is discharged into a large volume of water flowing

in a natural stream or river, it is dispersed and dilution takes place. Due to
dilution the concentration of various constituents such as organic matter,
BOD, suspend solids, etc., is reduced and thus the potential nuisance of
sewage is also reduced.
When dilution factor (or dilution ratio) is quite high, large quantities of
dissolved oxygen will be always available which will reduce the chances of
putrefaction and pollution effects. Thus because of dilution aerobic
conditions will always exist. This will, however, not be so if dilution factor
(or dilution ratio) is small, i.e., when large quantity of sewage is discharged
into a small stream or river.

Sedimentation: - The settleable solids contained in sewage drop down to the

bottom of stream or river and are thus easily separated. Further the settleable
solids are deposited in the form of sludge in which anaerobic decomposition
may take place. The sedimentation in this way helps the process of self-
purification of stream or river polluted by sewage discharged into it.

Sunlight: - The sunlight has bleaching and stabilizing effects on bacteria. It

also helps certain micro-organisms to derive energy from it, and through
biological action convert themselves into food for other forms of life, and
absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen by a process known as
photosynthesis.
Further sunlight acts as a disinfectant and stimulates the growth of algae
which produce oxygen during daylight but utilize oxygen at night. Hence
wherever there is algal growth water may be supersaturated with dissolved
oxygen during daylight hours. However, during night anaerobic conditions
exist. All such effects of sunlight assist in self-purification of stream or river
polluted by sewage discharge into it.

Oxidation: - When sewage is discharged into a stream or river the organic

matter present in the sewage is oxidized by aerobic bacteria utilizing
dissolved oxygen of the water flowing in the stream or river. The deficiency
of oxygen so created is filled up by atmospheric oxygen. The process of
oxidation continues till the organic matter gets completely oxidized, the
oxygen demand is then fully satisfied and the stream or river is said to have
purified itself.
The stream or river heavily polluted by sewage gets purified in short time if
it is capable of absorbing more oxygen rapidly as compared to the one which
cannot absorb oxygen easily. Oxidation is the most important action
responsible for effecting self-purification of stream or river polluted by
sewage discharged into it.

Reduction: - The organic matter of sewage settled at the bottom is

reduced to liquids and gases due to hydrolysis either chemically or
biologically. Anaerobic bacteria split the complex organic matter or
sewage into liquids and gases, and thus pave way for their stabilization by
oxidation. Such reduction of complex organic matter assists the process
of self-purification of stream or river polluted by sewage discharged into
it.
 Conclusion
Water is one of the most important sources on earth. It is known as universal
solvent. We must not waste the water. The wastewater that we obtain from our
daily purposes and from industries must be treated in a treatment system s in
order to reduce pollution.
Wastewater can be reused to improve the scarce supply of fresh water and hold
off future investments in water treatment plants. Wastewater management
should be done together with environmental and health risk management.
Our Govt. must provide facilities and infrastructures to avoid water pollution
and manage wastewater.

Bibliography
Books Referred

Websites Referred
[3] www.google.com
[4] www.science.gov
[5] www.sciencedirect.com
[6] www.savenvironment.com

Article by

[7] Leach, L.E.; Duan, Z.B.; Wang, S.T.

01-01-1991,
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/w/wastewater+treatment+research

[8] Chen, Zixuan Treatment of

Wastewater containing heavy metal 01-02-2018,
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/w/wastewater+treatment+research