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The Development of Harmony in Scriabin´s Works

Copyright © 2001 Peter Sabbagh


All rights reserved.

Universal Publishers/uPUBLISH.com
USA • 2003

ISBN: 1-58112-595-X

www.uPUBLISH.com/books/sabbagh.htm
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