Preventive and Community Medicine

1. A
Reference: Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. (2009). Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf
2. A
Reference: PHA Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with
Coronary Heart Disease. (2014). Retrieved from: https://www.philheart.org/index.php/7-pha-news/528-
download-the-latest-cad-guidelines-2014-here
3. B
Reference: Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. (2009). Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf
4. C
Reference: Alejandria, M., et. al. (2016). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment,
Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Adult Filipinos". Treatment of Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary
Tuberculosis in Adults. Chapter 3. ISBN 978-971-93533-6-2.
5. A
Reference: Winer, John. (2014). An Update in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Autoimmune diseases. 2014.
793024. 10.1155/2014/793024.
6. D
Reference: Alejandria, M., et. al. (2016). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment,
Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Adult Filipinos". Treatment of Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary
Tuberculosis in Adults. Chapter 3. ISBN 978-971-93533-6-2.
7. C
Reference: Trickett, Edison & Beehler, Sarah & Deutsch, Charles & Green, Lawrence & Hawe, Penelope &
Mcleroy, Kenneth & Miller, Robin & Rapkin, Bruce & Schensul, Jean & Schulz, Amy & Trimble, Joseph.
(2011). Advancing the Science of Community-Level Interventions. American journal of public health. 101.
1410-9. 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300113.
8. C
Reference: Food and Water-Borne Disease Prevention and Control Program (FWBD-PCP) Strategic Plan.
(2019). Retrieved from:
https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/FWBD%20Strategic%20Plan%202019.pdf
9. A
Reference: Navarro, Annalyn & Tiongco, Raphael & Jr, Reynaldo. (2019). Knowledge, Attitude, Practices,
and Health Beliefs of Pregnant Women about Urinary Tract Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors: A
Local Filipino Community Experience. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal. 14.
10.21109/kesmas.v14i2.3111.
10. D
Reference: Winer, John. (2014). An Update in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Autoimmune diseases. 2014.
793024. 10.1155/2014/793024.
11. A
Reference: Reference: Alejandria, M., et. al. (2016). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis,
Treatment, Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Adult Filipinos". Treatment of Pulmonary and
Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Adults. Chapter 3. ISBN 978-971-93533-6-2.
12. D
Reference: Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. (2009). Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf
13. B
Reference: Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. (2009). Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf
14. B
Reference: Reference: Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. (2009).
Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf
15. C
Reference: Winer, John. (2014). An Update in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Autoimmune diseases. 2014.
793024. 10.1155/2014/793024.
16. C
Reference: PHA Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with
Coronary Heart Disease. (2014). Retrieved from: https://www.philheart.org/index.php/7-pha-news/528-
download-the-latest-cad-guidelines-2014-here
17. D
Reference: Alejandria, M., et. al. (2016). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment,
Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Adult Filipinos". Treatment of Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary
Tuberculosis in Adults. Chapter 3. ISBN 978-971-93533-6-2. p. 94.
18. D
Reference: Alday, P., et. al. (2018). Comprehensive Etiological and Epidemiological Study on Acute
Respiratory Infections in Children: Providing Evidence for the Prevention and Control of Childhood
Pneumonia in the Philippines. Journal of Disaster Research. 13. 740-750. 10.20965/jdr.2018.p0740.
19. D
Reference: Bondy, Jennifer & Thind, Amardeep & Koval, John & Speechley, Kathy. (2008). Identifying the
determinants of childhood immunization in the Philippines. Vaccine. 27. 169-75.
10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.042.
20. A
Reference: Navarro, Annalyn & Tiongco, Raphael & Jr, Reynaldo. (2019). Knowledge, Attitude, Practices,
and Health Beliefs of Pregnant Women about Urinary Tract Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors: A
Local Filipino Community Experience. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal. 14.
10.21109/kesmas.v14i2.3111.
21.D
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442/
https://www.publichealthontario.ca/apps/aspstrategies/data/pdf/ASP_Strategy_Dose_Optimization.pdf
22. D
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976190
23. A
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16362985
24. B
Adam and Victor’s Principles of Neurology 10th edition p. 1162
25. C
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/washing_hands.html
26. A
https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization
27. C
https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sites/default/files/migrated/chapter4_point-ofcare_interventions.pdf
28. D
https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/guide/hdl-cholesterol-the-good-cholesterol
29. A
Food Fortication by DOH: https://www.doh.gov.ph/food-fortification-program
30. D
National TB Program by Department of Health
31. C
Guidebook for a Disease Prevention and Control Program for Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections and
Diarrheal Disease page 16-17
32. C
Guidebook for a Disease Prevention and Control Program for Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections and
Diarrheal Disease page 3-9
33. B
https://research.library.gsu.edu/c.php?g=115558&p=1961608
34. B
http://ritm.gov.ph/fact-sheet-scabies/
35.C
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/prevent.html
36. C
Epidemiology of Study Design (2020) by Swapna Munnangi; Sameh W. Boktor.
37. A
Epidemiology in Practice: Case-Control Studies. 1998. Susan Lewallen and Paul Courtright. Community
Eye Health. 11(28): 57–58.
38. A
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section5.html
39. B
https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/public-health/infectious-diseases/disease-informationadvice/amoebiasis
40. A
https://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part5-ch18-phases-and-methods.shtml
41 C.
The department of health- Philippine cancer program (lung cancer control program) page 3
42 A.
Schwartz’s principle of surgery, 10th edition, chapter 12 patient safety
43 D.
Medical ethics and medical jurisprudence: the conceptual landscape pp 9-36
44 C.
www.doh.gov.ph/phlippine-cancer-control-pragram
45 D.
Harrisons internal medicine 19th ed page 21
46 D.
www.doh.gov.ph/newborn-screening
47 D.
www.art-of-patient-care.com/bedside-manner.html
48 C.
www.art-of-patient-care.com/bedside-manner.html
49 A.
Monitoring bathing waters – a practical guide to the design and implementation of assessments and
monitoring programs, WHO (2000)
50 D.
www.pcw.gov.ph/event/2016-national-breastfeeding-awareness-month
51 D.
www.doh.gov.ph
52 A.
Medical ethics and medical jurisprudence: the conceptual landscape pp 9-36
53 D.
Harrisons internal medicine 19th ed pp 21
54 A.
Harrisons internal medicine 19th ed pp 595
55 B.
www.who.int
56 B.
CPG on management of dengue infection in adults 2 nd edition 2010: page 9
57 B.
DOH basic principles of healthy cities: community diagnosis
58 A.
www.pcw.gov.ph/event/2016-national-breastfeeding-awareness-month
59 C.
Colorectal cancer screening: recommendations for physicians and patients from U.S. Multi-society task
force on colorectal cancer; Rex et. al., 2017
60 A.
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html#contraindications
61. A.
Source: Daniel, W., & Cross, C. Biostatistics : A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences (10th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 12, p. 643
Relative risk is the ratio of the risk of developing a disease among subjects with the risk factor to the risk
of developing the disease among subjects without the risk factor.
62. D.
Source: Feild, L., Pruchno, R. A., Bewley, J., Lemay, E. P., Jr., & Levinsky, N. G. (2006). Using probability
vs. nonprobability sampling to identify hard-to-access participants for health-related research: costs and
contrasts. Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 565–583.
Quota sampling is a method of non-probability sampling when the samples are selected based on the
probability proportionate to the distribution of a variable in the population. This sampling method is
used so that the proportion of samples for each category (such as female or under 25 years old) will
have the same proportion assumed to exist in the population. For example, suppose that a group of
researchers is going to identify the correlation between gender and health status in a city: they need a
total of 1,000 respondents and know that the proportion of females in the city population is 60 %. Using
quota sampling, the researchers can go anywhere in the city to collect interviews until they reach the
quota of 600 female respondents.
63. D.
Source: Bonita, R., Beaglehole R., Kjellstrom T. 2006. Basic Epidemiology (2nd edition). World Health
Organization. Chapter 3, p. 192.
Relative risk (RR) is used in prospective studies (e.g. cohort) while Odds Ratio (OR) is calculated in a casecontrol
(retrospective) study. In a casecontrol study, there are those who have the disease and those
who do not (including those who are exposed and those who are not).
64. C.
Source: Daniel, W., & Cross, C. Biostatistics : A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences (10th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 12, p. 645
A value of 1 indicates that there is no association between the status of the risk factor and the status of
the dependent variable. In most cases the two possible states of the dependent variable are disease
present and disease absent.We interpret an RR of 1 to mean that the risk of acquiring the disease is the
same for those subjects with the risk factor and those without the risk factor. A value of RR greater than
1 indicates that the risk of acquiring the disease is greater among subjects with the risk factor than
among subjects without the risk factor. An RR value that is less than 1 indicates less risk of acquiring the
disease among subjects with the risk factor than among subjects without the risk factor.
65. D.
Source: Bonita, R., Beaglehole R., Kjellstrom T. 2006. Basic Epidemiology (2nd edition). World Health
Organization. P. 137.
66. C.
Source: Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, page 47
In an experimental study, the investigator determines through a controlled process the exposure for
each individual (clinical trial) or community (community trial), and then tracks the individuals or
communities over time to detect the effects of the exposure. For example, in a clinical trial of a new
vaccine, the investigator may randomly assign some of the participants to receive the new vaccine,
while others receive a placebo shot.
67. A.
Source: Salkind, N. 2010. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Sage Method.
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n471.xml
Triple-blind (i.e., triple-masking) studies are randomized experiments in which the treatment or
intervention is unknown to (a) the research participant, (b) the individual(s) who administer the treatment
or intervention, and (c) the individual(s) who assess the outcomes. The terms blind and masking are
synonymous; both terms describe methods that heslp to ensure that individuals do not know which
treatment or intervention is being administered. The purpose of triple-blinding procedures is to reduce
assessment bias and to increase the accuracy and objectivity of clinical outcomes.
68. B.
Source: Bonita, R., Beaglehole R., Kjellstrom T. 2006. Basic Epidemiology (2 nd edition). World Health
Organization. Chapter 3, p. 45.
Case-control studies have been called retrospective studies since the investigator is looking backward
from the disease to a possible cause. This can be confusing because the terms retrospective and
prospective are also used to describe the timing of data collection in relation to the current date.
69. C
Source: Daniel, W., & Cross, C. Biostatistics : A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences (10th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 11, p. 572
The odds ratio is a measure of how much greater (or less) the odds are for subjects possessing the risk
factor to experience a particular outcome. This conclusion assumes that the outcome is a rare event. For
example, when the outcome is the contracting of a disease, the interpretation of the odds ratio assumes
that the disease is rare.
Suppose, for example, that the outcome variable is the acquisition or nonacquisition
of skin cancer and the independent variable (or risk factor) is high levels of exposure to the
sun. Analysis of such data collected on a sample of subjects might yield an odds ratio of 2,
indicating that the odds of skin cancer are two times higher among subjects with high levels
of exposure to the sun than among subjects without high levels of exposure.
70. C.
Source: Bonita, R., Beaglehole R., Kjellstrom T. 2006. Basic Epidemiology (2 nd edition). World Health
Organization. Chapter 3, p. 44.
Cross-sectional studies are relatively easy and inexpensive to conduct and are useful for investigating
exposures that are fixed characteristics of individuals, such as ethnicity or blood group. In sudden
outbreaks of disease, a cross-sectional study to measure several exposures can be the most convenient
first step in investigating the cause.
71. C.
Source: Bluman, A. Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach. McGrawHill. Chapter 1, p. 7
The nominal level of measurement classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping) categories in
which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. The next level of measurement is called the
ordinal level. Data measured at this level can be placed into categories, and these categories can be
ordered, or ranked
72. B.
Source: Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Chapter 3 page 58
73. A.
Source: Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, page 36
Surveillance for a disease or other health-related problem should be evaluated periodically to ensure
that it is serving a useful public health function and is meeting its objectives. The evaluation usually
begins by identifying and interviewing key stakeholders and by collecting background documents, forms,
and reports.
74. C
Source: Bonita, R., Beaglehole R., Kjellstrom T. 2006. Basic Epidemiology (2nd edition). World Health
Organization. Chapter 6, p. 112.
75. C.
Source: Bluman, A. Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach. McGrawHill. Chapter 1, p. 14
The independent variable in an experimental study is the one that is being manipulated by the
researcher. The independent variable is also called the explanatory variable. The resultant variable is
called the dependent variable or the outcome variable.
76. D.
Source: Bonita, R., Beaglehole R., Kjellstrom T. 2006. Basic Epidemiology (2 nd edition). World Health
Organization. P. 137.
77. C.
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Punchi_Bandage_Dharmasena/contributions
Research objective is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A wellworded
objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time- bound. •
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal (very clear) &
Measurable. • Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &
with the available resources.
78. C.
Source: https://salve.libguides.com/researchandwriting/primarysecondarytertiary
79. D.
Source: Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, page 49
In this third type of observational study, a sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their
exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously. The cross-sectional study tends to assess
the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at that point of time without regard to duration.
80. C.
Source: Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, page 48
In a cohort study the epidemiologist records whether each study participant is exposed or not, and then
tracks the participants to see if they develop the disease of interest. Note that this differs from an
experimental study because, in a cohort study, the investigator observes rather than determines the
participants’ exposure status. After a period of time, the investigator compares the disease rate in the
exposed group with the disease rate in the unexposed group.
81. A
82. D
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2004/ra_9288_2004.html
Republic Act No. 9288 ARTICLE 3
SEC. 7. Refusal to be Tested. - a parent or legal guardian may refuse testing on the grounds of religious
beliefs, but shall acknowledge in writing their understanding that refusal for testing places their
newborn at risk for undiagnosed heritable conditions. A copy of this refusal documentation shall be
made part of the newborn's medical record and refusal shall be indicated in the national newborn
screening database.
83. D
https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/webpages/RETCCR/en/RH/Training/trainmat/ethicscurr/RETCCREn/s
s/Contents/SectionV/b5sl54.htm
84. C
https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/policies_and_laws/RA09288.pdf
85. D
http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/chi-square.html
86. D
https://nurseslabs.com/primary-health-care/
87. D
Explaining Odds Ratios, Magdalena Szumilas, MSc1
88. C
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/case-fatality-rate
89. D
90. C
https://www.who.int/management/facility/ReferralPhilippines.pdf
91. B
Jawetz’ Medical Microbiology 27th edition, Chapter 42 pages 607-608
92. A
https://grants.nih.gov/policy/clinical-trials/good-clinical-training.htm
93. C
https://www.cebm.net/2014/03/number-needed-to-treat-nnt/
94. B
Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Todd A Lee,
PharmD, PhD and A Simon Pickard, PhD., Chapter 4
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK126191/
95. B
Vulnerable population and methods for their safeguard, Preethi Shivayogi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601707/
96. B
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/primary-health-care
97. C
https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/policies_and_laws/RA10152.pdf
98. C
REPUBLIC ACT No. 9709 Section 5, Section 6 https://www.senate.gov.ph/republic_acts/ra%209709.pdf
99. B
https://www.who.int/healthsystems/EN_HSSkeycomponents.pdf
100. A