Exercise science is the study of the bodily movements that contribute to human fitness, holistic

wellness and longevity. While modern medicine has enabled people to live longer, many people
believe that it has not necessarily helped to improve the quality of life of those who rely on
conventional health care services.

Fitness is defined as the state of being physically fit and healthy. "Fitness" is a broad term that
means something different to each person, but it refers to your own optimal health and overall well-
being. Being fit not only means physical health, but emotional and mental health, too.

Energy transfer is the transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion.
(From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the
transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. 

Mechanical work and power - Work is the product of force and displacement. In physics, a force is
said to do. Work transfers energy from one place to another, or one form to another.

Power in mechanical systems is the combination of forces and movement. In particular, power is the
product of a force on an object and the object's velocity, or the product of a torque on a shaft and
the shaft's angular velocity.

Workload and Anaerobic power capacity – Workload is the amount of work to be done by someone
or something. Work capacity created when our muscles use aerobic energy system in exercises at
maximal and supramaximal levels is referred to anaerobic capacity.

Fitness test is simply taking measurements of the body and its responses to exercise so that we can work
out where a component of someone's fitness is, at any given moment in time.

II.

Anatomy - has evolved from this study of anatomy and physiology, and examines how our bodies
structures and functions are altered when we are exposed to acute and chronic bouts of exercise. It is
primarily the study of how the body adapts physiologically to the acute or short term stress of exercise,
and the chronic or long term stress of physical training.

Exercise Physiology – Both exercise science and exercise physiology are terms that describe a field of
study devoted to understanding the acute and chronic responses to exercise, physical activity and sport.

Biomechanics - The general role of biomechanics in Exercise science, is to understand the

mechanical cause-effect relationships that determine the motions of living organisms. In relation to
sport, biomechanics contributes to the description, explanation, and prediction of the mechanical
aspects of human exercise, sport and play. The general role of biomechanics is to understand the
mechanical cause-effect relationships that determine the motions of living organisms. In relation to
sport, biomechanics contributes to the description, explanation, and prediction of the mechanical
aspects of human exercise, sport and play.
Human Kinetics - Exercise science and kinesiology are two closely related fields of study, often
used interchangeably with one another. These sciences are concerned with the human body
and aspects of its movements. Exercise science focuses on the effects physical activity has on
the human body. Common areas of study in kinesiology might include biomechanics, exercise
physiology and motor control.

Fitness – “Physical activity" refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle which
requires consumption of energy. "Physical exercise," on the other hand, is defined as any planned,
structured, and systematic physical activity designed to improve or maintain one or more
components of physical fitness.

Energy transfer - Our bodies need a constant supply of energy to function properly to maintain health
and internal balance.The energy stored in these substrate molecules is then chemically released in
cells and stored in the form of a high-energy compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Mechanical work and power – learning about exertion of mechanical work and power is significant in
building recovery time into any training program is important because this is the time that the body
adapts to the stress of exercise and the real training effect takes place. Recovery also allows the body to
replenish energy stores and repair damaged tissues. Exercise or any other physical work causes changes
in the body such as muscle tissue breakdown and the depletion of energy stores (muscle glycogen) as
well as fluid loss.X

Recovery time allows these stores to be replenished and allows tissue repair to occur. Without sufficient
time to repair and replenish, the body will continue to breakdown from intensive exercise.

Application of Workload and Anaerobic power capacity - Exercise scientists refer to the combination
of volume and intensity in training as "workload." Most runners track volume only in their training
logs. But it's a good idea to monitor your workload as well as your Anaerobic power capacity,
because it gives you a more accurate picture of how hard you're really training.

Injury Prevention, Care and Therapy - Injury prevention, Care and Therapy is an important part of
every physical activity including exercise science, because it not only helps you achieve your training
goals but also keeps you healthy and safe. Performing complex mathematics without adequate
preparation can hurt your brain; running a marathon without adequate preparation can hurt your
body.

III.
Energy transfer refers to a process in which an excited atom or molecule (donor)
transfers its excitation energy to an acceptor atom or molecule during the lifetime of the
donor excited state. Figure 14 shows that as a result of energy transfer, the donor
returns to its ground state while the acceptor is promoted to its excited state. If the
acceptor is a luminescent species, it can emit by virtue of energy transfer, i.e. the
acceptor luminesces as a result of the excitation of the donor. Such a luminescence is
called ‘sensitized luminescence’, and some textbooks use the terms ‘sensitizer’ and
‘activator’ instead of ‘donor’ and ‘acceptor’. Many applications in chemistry, physics,
materials science and biochemistry are based on sensitized luminescence. A later
section provides an example of the application of energy transfer processes in biological
systems. Energy transfer processes occur via radiative or non-radiative mechanisms.

Figure 14.

Fitness testing helps the fitness professional to measure and review a client's

progress and develop a programme to suit. Measuring a client's progress is
an important part of personal training, whether it's noting when a client has
succeeded in lowering their blood pressure or measuring a decrease in body
fat.
The five components of physical fitness are cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance,
flexibility and body composition, according to Fit Day. There is unanimous agreement in the fitness
community that these are the five components of physical fitness, though the definition of what level of fitness
needs to be achieved is a personal one.
1. Muscular Strength
This is the “power” that helps you to lift and carry heavy objects. Without muscular strength, your body would
be weak and unable to keep up with the demands placed upon it. The way to increase strength is to train with
heavy weights, working in the 4 – 6 or 12 – 15 rep ranges. The heavier the weight, the fewer reps you should
perform!

2. Muscular Endurance
Endurance is the ability of your muscles to perform contractions for extended periods of time. Rather than just
lifting or carrying something for a few seconds, the muscles are used for minutes. The way to increase strength
is to train with light weights, working in the 20 – 25 rep range. Working with lighter weight will train the
muscle fibers needed for muscular endurance, and the higher rep range leads to a longer period of exercise.

3. Cardiovascular Endurance
Cardiovascular endurance is your body’s ability to keep up with exercise like running, jogging, swimming,
cycling, and anything that forces your cardiovascular system (lungs, heart, blood vessels) to work for extended
periods of time. Together, the heart and lungs fuel your body with the oxygen needed by your muscles,
ensuring that they have the oxygen needed for the work they are doing. The Cooper Run (running as far as
possible in 12 minutes) is a test commonly used to assess cardiovascular endurance, but many trainers use the
Step Test (stepping onto a platform for 5 minutes). Both are accurate measures of a subject’s
cardiovascular endurance.

4. Flexibility
Flexibility is one of the most important, yet often overlooked, components of physical fitness. Without
flexibility, the muscles and joints would grow stiff and movement would be limited. Flexibility training
ensures that your body can move through its entire range of motion without pain or stiffness. To test your
flexibility, lean forward and try to touch your toes. Those with good flexibility will usually be able to touch
their toes, while those with limited flexibility will not. The sit and reach test (sitting on the floor and reaching
toward your toes) is another good way to assess your flexibility. The more flexible you are, the closer you will
come to touching your toes and beyond.

5. Body Fat Composition

Body fat composition refers to the amount of fat on your body. For example, a 100-pound person with a 25%
body fat composition will have a lean body mass of 75 pounds.