Phycology

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Not to be confused with Psychology.

Kelp in Hazards Bay, Freycinet National Park, Tasmania, Australia

Phycology (from Greek φῦκος, phykos, "seaweed"; and -λογία, -logia) is the

scientific study of algae. Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life
science and often is regarded as a subdiscipline of botany.
Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae
are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are
distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do
not flower. Many species are single-celled and microscopic
(including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one
degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such
as kelp and Sargassum).
Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae
or cyanobacteria. A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.
Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within
those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.

Contents

 1History of phycology
 2Notable phycologists
 3See also
 4References
 5External links

History of phycology[edit]
Main article: History of phycology
While both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of algae, and the ancient
Chinese[1] even cultivated certain varieties as food, the scientific study of algae began
in the late 18th century with the description and naming of Fucus
maximus (now Ecklonia maxima) in 1757 by Pehr Osbeck. This was followed by the
descriptive work of scholars such as Dawson Turner and Carl Adolph Agardh, but it
was not until later in the 19th century that efforts were made by J.V.
Lamouroux and William Henry Harvey to create significant groupings within the
algae. Harvey has been called "the father of modern phycology" [2] in part for his
division of the algae into four major divisions based upon their pigmentation.
It was in the late 19th and early 20th century, that phycology became a recognized
field of its own. Men such as Friedrich Traugott Kützing continued the descriptive
work. In Japan, beginning in 1889, Kintarô Okamura not only provided detailed
descriptions of Japanese coastal algae, he also provided comprehensive analysis of
their distribution.[3] Although R. K. Greville published his Algae Britannicae as early as
1830, it was not until 1902 with the publication of A Catalogue of the British Marine
Algae[4] by Edward Arthur Lionel Batters that the systematic correlation of records,
extensive distribution mapping and the development of identification keys began in
earnest. In 1899-1900, Anna Weber-Van Bosse, a Dutch Phycologist travelled on
the Siboga expedition and later in 1904, published The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-
expedition.[5]
As early as 1803 Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher had published on the isogamy (sexual
conjugation) in the algae, but it was in the early 20th century that reproduction and
development began to be extensively studied. The 1935 and 1945 comprehensive
volumes of Felix Eugen Fritsch consolidated what was then known about the
morphology and reproduction of the algae. This was followed in the 1950s by the
development of area checklists, led by Mary Parke with her 1931 Manx Algae and
followed in 1953 by her "A preliminary check-list of British marine
algae"[6] Although Lily Newton's 1931 Handbook[7] provided the first identification key
for the algae of the British Isles, it was the 1960s before the development of such
keys became routine. The 1980s with the new emphasis on ecology [8] saw increased
study of algal communities, and the place of algae in larger plant communities, and
provided an additional tool for explaining geographical variation. [9][10]
The continent with the richest diversity of seaweeds is Australia, which has 2,000
species.[11]

Notable phycologists[edit]
 Isabella Abbott (1919–2010)
 Carl Adolph Agardh (1785–1859)
 Jacob Georg Agardh (1813–1901)
 M. S. Balakrishnan (1917–1990)
 Elsie M. Burrows (Dr.) (1913–1986)
 Margaret Constance Helen Blackler (1902–1981)
 Elsie Conway (1902–1992), Visited University of British
Columbia in 1969–1970 and researched there in 1972–
1974. President of the British Phycological
Society 1965–1967.
 E. Yale Dawson (1918–1966)
 Giovanni Battista de Toni (1864–1924)
 Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker (1901–1957)
 Nathaniel Lyon Gardner (1864-1937)
  Robert Kaye Greville (1794–1866)
 Lena Tracy Hanks (1879–1944)
 Eifion Jones (1925–2004)
 Vasudeva Krishnamurthy (1921–2014)
 Friedrich Traugott Kützing (1807–1893)
 Marie Lemoine (1887–1984)
 Diane S. Littler
 Hans Christian Lyngbye (1782–1837)
 Carola Ivena Meikle (1900-1970)
 Irene Manton (1904–1988)
 Valerie May (1916-2007)
 Carl Nägeli (1817–1891)
 Lily Newton (1893–1981)
 Friedrich Oltmanns (1860–1945)
 William J. Oswald (1919–2005)
 George Frederik Papenfuss (1903–1981)
 Mary Parke (1908–1989)
 Franz Josef Ruprecht (1814–1870)
 William Albert Setchell (1864–1943)
 Paul Silva (1922–2014)
 Milton Sommerfeld (1940–2017)[12]
 John Stackhouse (1742–1819)
 William Randolph Taylor (1895–1990)
 Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-
Léon (1818–1897)
 Gavino Trono,[13] awarded as a National Scientist of the
Philippines in 2014 for his research on seaweeds
 Máirin de Valéra (1912–1984)
 Anna Weber-van Bosse (1852-1942)
 George Stephen West (1876-1919)
 Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765–1812)
 M. O. P. Iyengar (1886-1986)

See also[edit]
 Algaculture – Aquaculture involving the farming of algae
 Algae fuel – Use of algae as a source of energy rich oils
 History of phycology – The history of the scientific study
of algae
 Paleophycology – The study and identification of fossil
algae
 Phycological Society of America – Professional society
for the advancement the study of algae
References[edit]
1. ^ Porterfield, William M. (1922) "References to the algae in the
Chinese classics" Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49:
pp. 297–300
2. ^ "About Phycology" Lance Armstrong Foundation
3. ^ Tokida, Jun and Hirose, Hiroyuki (1975) Advance of Phycology
in Japan Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, page 241, ISBN 90-6193-
026-X
4. ^ Batters, Edward Arthur Lionel (1902) A catalogue of the British
Marine Algae being a list of all the species of seaweeds known to
occur on the shores of the British Islands, with the localities where
they are found Newman, London, OCLC 600805992, published as
a supplement to Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
5. ^ Weber-Van Bosse, A.; Foslie, M. (1904). The Corallinaceae of
the Siboga-expedition. F. J. Brill.
6. ^ Parke, Mary W. (1953) "A preliminary check-list of British marine
algae" Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Journal of
the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 32(2):
pp. 497–520; revised and corrected through the third revision of
1976
7. ^ Newton, Lily (1931) A Handbook of the British Seaweeds British
Museum, London
8. ^ Walter, Heinrich and Breckle, Siegmar-Walter (1983) Ökologie
der Erde:  : Geo-Biosphäre: Band 1, Ökologische Grundlagen in
globaler Sicht (Ecology of the Earth: the geobiosphere: Volume 1,
Ecological principles in a global perspective) Fischer, Stuttgart,
Germany,ISBN 3-437-20297-9; in German
9. ^ Stevenson, R. Jan; Bothwell, Max L. and Lowe, Rex L.
(1996) Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems Academic
Press, San Diego, California, page 23, ISBN 0-12-668450-2
10. ^ Figueiras, F. G.; Picher, G. C. and Estrada, M. (2008) "Chapter
10: Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical
Processes" page 130 In Granéli, E. and Turner, J. T.
(2008) Ecology of Harmful Algae Springer, Berlin, pp. 127–
138, ISBN 3-540-74009-0
11. ^ "Marine algae". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust.
Archived from  the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 21
September  2014.
12. ^ "Remembering Milton Sommerfeld, ASU's 'Wizard of
Ooze'". asu.edu. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 20 September  2018.
13. ^ "Dr. Trono is the New National Scientist". Retrieved August
25,2014.

External links[edit]
 Algae: The World's Most Important "Plants"  video
lecture by Russell Chapman from 2006.
 British Phycological Society
 International Phycological Society
 Algological Studies is an international journal of
phycology which publishes peer reviewed scientific
papers of international significance from the entire field
of algology (phycology)
  AlgaeBase
 Seaweed Site
 ANSP Phycology Section
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