Phylum

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For other uses, see Phyla.

The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more
phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic

rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has
been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for
algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on
definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia or Metazoa contains approximately 35
phyla; the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14, and the fungus
kingdom Fungi contains about 8 phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is
uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades,
like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

Contents

 1General description
o 1.1Definition based on genetic relation
o 1.2Definition based on body plan
 2Known phyla
o 2.1Animals
o 2.2Plants
o 2.3Fungi
 o 2.4Protista
o 2.5Bacteria
o 2.6Archaea
 3See also
 4Notes
 5References
 6External links

General description[edit]
The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the
Greek phylon (φῦλον, "race, stock"), related to phyle (φυλή, "tribe, clan").[4][5] Haeckel
noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few
consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished
them as a group ("a self-contained unity"). "Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und
vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer
und derselben gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie
z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)." which translates
as: However, perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the
aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same
common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate
[a] Stamm [i.e., race] (Phylon).) In plant taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883)
classified plants into five groups named divisions, a term that remains in use today
for groups of plants, algae and fungi. [1][6] The definitions of zoological phyla have
changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the
four embranchements of Georges Cuvier.[7]
Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general
specialization of body plan.[8] At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways:
as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental
similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of
evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition).[9] Attempting to define a level of
the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is
unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a
morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were. [citation needed]
Definition based on genetic relation[edit]
The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree"
that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The
minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely
related to one another than to any other group. [9] Even this is problematic because
the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data
become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to
determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it
becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example,
the bearded worms were described) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular
work almost half a century later found them to be a group of annelids, so the phyla
were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid family).[10] On the other hand,
the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla
(Orthonectida and Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are
probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[11]
This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a
phylum to be abandoned in favour of cladistics, a method in which groups are placed
on a "family tree" without any formal ranking of group size. [9]
Definition based on body plan[edit]
A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by
paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century
earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to
classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the
characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's
definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living
representatives.
This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters
common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also,
this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is
character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it
relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be
considered as phyla.
The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as
"stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only
on the taxonomically important similarities.[9] However, proving that a fossil belongs to
the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a
sub-set of the crown group.[9] Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum
can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary
to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct
body plan.[12]
A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival
of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be
otherwise.[13]

Known phyla[edit]
Animals[edit]
Main article: Animal
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Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least
because some are based on described species,[14] some on extrapolations to
numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of
nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of
nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. [15]

Protostome Bilateria
 Deuterostome

Basal/disputed

Others

Common Distinguishing
Phylum Meaning Species described
name characteristic

Thorny- Reversible spiny proboscis that

Acanthoceph Thorny
headed bears many rows of hooked 1,420
ala head
worms[16]:278 spines

Little Segmented
Annelida Multiple circular segment 17,000 + extant
ring [16]:306 worms

Insects, Segmented bodies and jointed 1,250,000+ extant;

Arthropoda Jointed foot
crustaceans limbs, with Chitin exoskeleton [14]
 20,000+ extinct

Arm Lampshells[16]: 300-500 extant;

Brachiopoda Lophophore and pedicle
foot[16]:336 336
12,000+ extinct

Moss
animals, sea Lophophore, no
Moss
Bryozoa mats, pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus 6,000 extant[14]
animals
ectoprocts[16]:33 outside ring of cilia
2

Longhair Arrow Chitinous spines either side of

Chaetognatha approx. 100 extant
jaw worms[16]:342 head, fins

Hollow dorsal nerve
Chordata With a cord Chordates cord, notochord, pharyngeal approx. 55,000+[14]
slits, endostyle, post-anal tail

Stinging
Cnidaria Cnidarians Nematocysts (stinging cells) approx. 16,000[14]
nettle
 Comb Comb Eight "comb rows" of fused
Ctenophora approx. 100-150 extant
bearer jellies[16]:256 cilia

Wheel Circular mouth surrounded by

Cycliophora Symbion 3+
carrying small cilia, sac-like bodies

Fivefold radial symmetry in
Echinoderma Echinoderms[1 living approx. 7,500 extant;[14] 
Spiny skin
ta 6]:348
forms, mesodermal calcified approx. 13,000 extinct
spines

Entoprocta Inside anus[ Goblet worms Anus inside ring of cilia approx. 150

16]:292

Hairy Gastrotrich
Gastrotricha stomach[16]:28 Two terminal adhesive tubes approx. 690
8 worms

Gnathostomu Jaw
Jaw orifice approx. 100
lida worms[16]:260

Acorn
Hemichordat Half worms, Stomochord in
approx. 130 extant
a cord[16]:344 hemichordate collar, pharyngeal slits
s

Motion Eleven segments, each with a

Kinorhyncha Mud dragons approx. 150
snout dorsal plate

Corset Umbrella-like scales at each

Loricifera Brush heads approx. 122
bearer end

Micrognatho Tiny jaw Limnognathi Accordion-like

1
zoa animals a extensible thorax

Mollusks / Muscular foot 85,000+ extant;

Mollusca Soft[16]:320
molluscs and mantle round shell [14]
 80,000+ extinct[17]

Nematoda Thread like Round Round cross 25,000[14]

worms,
 thread
section, keratin cuticle
worms[16]:274

Horsehair
Nematomorp Thread worms,
approx. 320
ha form[16]:276 gordian
worms[16]:276

Ribbon
A sea worms,
Nemertea approx. 1,200
nymph[16]:270 rhynchocoela[
16]:270

Claw Velvet
Onychophora Legs tipped by chitinous claws approx. 200 extant
bearer worms[16]:328

Straight Single layer of ciliated cells

Orthonectida Orthonectids[1 approx. 26
swimming[1 6]:268
surrounding a mass of sex cells
6]:268

Zeus's Horseshoe
Phoronida U-shaped gut 11
mistress worms

Differentiated top and bottom

Plate Trichoplaxes [1 surfaces, two ciliated cell
Placozoa 3
animals 6]:242
layers, amoeboid fiber cells in
between

Platyhelmint Flat Flatworms[16]:26 approx. 29,500[14]

hes worm[16]:262 2

Porifera [a] Pore bearer Sponges[16]:246 Perforated interior wall 10,800 extant[14]

Little Priap
Priapulida Penis worms approx. 20
us

Lozenge Rhombozoan Single anteroposterior axial cell 

Rhombozoa 100+
animal s[16]:264 surrounded by ciliated cells

Rotifera Wheel Rotifers[16]:282 Anterior crown of cilia approx. 2,000[14]

 bearer

Mouth surrounded by invertible

Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms 144-320
tentacles

Water bears,
Tardigrada Slow step Four segmented body and head 1,000
Moss piglets

Bilaterian, but lacking typical

Strange Acoels,
Xenacoelomo bilaterian structures such as gut
form xenoturbellid 400+
rpha cavities, anuses, and circulatory
without gut s
systems[18]

Total: 34 1,525,000[14]

Plants[edit]
Main article: Plant
The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current
definitions of Plantae). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to
which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to
form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below follows the influential (though
contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida,[19] a
group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.
The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source
to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place
horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Pteridophyta, [20] while others
place them both in Pteridophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be
used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), [21] or for
conifers alone as below.
Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a
classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred
to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been
provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much
lower level, e.g. subclasses.[22]

Land plants

Viridiplantae
Green
algae
 Other algae (Biliphyta)[19]

Common Distinguishing Species

Division Meaning
name characteristics described

Anthocerotophyta[2 Anthoceros- Horn-shaped sporophytes, no

Hornworts 100-300+
3]
like plants vascular system

Bryum-like Persistent
approx. 12,00
Bryophyta[24] plants, moss Mosses unbranched sporophytes, no
0
plants vascular system

Chara-like
Charophyta Charophytes approx. 1,000
plants

(Yellow-)gree Chlorophyte
Chlorophyta approx. 7,000
n plants[16]:200 s

Cycas-like
Seeds, crown of compound approx. 100-
Cycadophyta[25] plants, palm- Cycads
leaves 200
like plants

Ginkgo,
Ginkgo-like Seeds not protected by fruit only 1 extant;
Ginkgophyta[26] maidenhair
plants (single living species) 50+ extinct
tree

Blue-green Glaucophyte
Glaucophyta 15
plants s

Gnetum-like Seeds and woody vascular

Gnetophyta[27] Gnetophytes approx. 70
plants system with vessels

Lycopodium-
Lycopodiophyta,[21] Clubmosses
like plants Microphyll leaves, vascular
& 1,290 extant
system
Lycophyta[28] Wolf plants spikemosses

Flowering
Magnolia-like Flowers and fruit, vascular
Magnoliophyta plants, 300,000
plants system with vessels
angiosperms
Marchantiophyta, Marchantia- Liverworts Ephemeral approx. 9,000
[29]
like plants unbranched sporophytes, no
Hepatophyta[24] Liver plants vascular system

Pinus-like
Pinophyta,[21] plants
Cones containing seeds and
Conifers 629 extant
Coniferophyta[30] Cone-bearing wood composed of tracheids
plant

Use phycobiliproteins as accesso
Rhodophyta Rose plants Red algae approx. 7,000
ry pigments.
Total: 13

Fungi[edit]
Main article: Fungi

Distinguishing
Division Meaning Common name
characteristics

Tend to have fruiting bodies

(ascocarp).[31] Filamentous,
Bladder
Ascomycota Ascomycetes,[16]:396 sac fungi producing hyphae separated
fungus[16]:396
by septa. Can reproduce
asexually.[32]

Bracket fungi, toadstools,

Small base
Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes[16]:402 smuts and rust. Sexual
fungus[16]:402
reproduction.[33]

Offshoot
Blastocladiomycota branch Blastoclads
fungus[34]

Predominantly
Aquatic saprotrophic or
Little
parasitic. Have a
Chytridiomycota cooking pot Chytrids
posterior flagellum. Tend to
fungus[35]
be single celled but can also
be multicellular.[36][37][38]

Mainly arbuscular
mycorrhizae present,
Ball of yarn terrestrial with a small
Glomeromycota Glomeromycetes, AM fungi[16]:394
fungus[16]:394 presence on wetlands.
Reproduction is asexual but
requires plant roots.[33]
 Small
Microsporidia Microsporans[16]:390
seeds[39]

New Predominantly located in

beautiful digestive tract of herbivorus
Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycetes
whip animals. Anaerobic,
fungus[40] terrestrial and aquatic.[41]

Most are saprobes and

Pair
Zygomycota Zygomycetes[16]:392 reproduce sexually and
fungus[16]:392
asexually.[41]

Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact

relations remain uncertain,[42] and it is considered a protozoan by the International
Society of Protistologists[43] (see Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota
has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),
[44]
 which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a
proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between
phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain
placement): Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina,
and Zoopagomycotina.[42]
Protista[edit]
Main article: Protista taxonomy
Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom
model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants,
animals, or fungi.[16]:120 Protista is a polyphyletic taxon[45] (it includes groups not directly
related to one another), which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the
past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such
as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.[46]
Protist taxonomy has long been unstable,[47] with different approaches and definitions
resulting in many competing classification schemes. The phyla listed here are used
for Chromista and Protozoa by the Catalogue of Life,[48] adapted from the system
used by the International Society of Protistologists. [43]

Chromista

Protozoa
Phylum/Divisio Common Distinguishing
Meaning Example
n name characteristics
 Amorphous
Amoebozoa Amoebas Amoeba
animal

Bigyra Two ring

Cercozoa

Choanozoa Funnel animal

Parameciu
Ciliophora Cilia bearer Ciliates
m

Cryptista

True eye
Euglenozoa Euglena
animal

Complex shells with one or

Foraminifera Hole bearers Forams Forams
more chambers

Haptophyta

Loukozoa Groove animal

Metamonada Giardia

Microsporidia Small spore

Suckling
Myzozoa
animal

Mycetozoa Slime molds

Ochrophyta Yellow plant Diatoms Diatoms

Oomycota Egg fungus[16]:184 Oomycetes

Percolozoa

Radiozoa Ray animal Radiolarians

Sarcomastigophora

Sulcozoa

Total: 20

The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae,

[48]
 but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista. [49]
Bacteria[edit]
Main article: Bacterial phyla
Currently there are 29 phyla accepted by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in
Nomenclature (LPSN)[50]

1. Acidobacteria, phenotypically diverse and mostly

uncultured
2. Actinobacteria, High-G+C Gram positive species
3. Aquificae, only 14 thermophilic genera, deep
branching
4. Armatimonadetes
5. Bacteroidetes
6. Caldiserica, formerly candidate division
OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
7. Chlamydiae, only 6 genera
8. Chlorobi, only 7 genera, green sulphur bacteria
9. Chloroflexi, green non-sulphur bacteria
10. Chrysiogenetes, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes
arsenatis, Desulfurispira
natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
11. Cyanobacteria, also known as the blue-green algae
12. Deferribacteres
13. Deinococcus-Thermus, Deinococcus
radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly
known" species of this phyla
14. Dictyoglomi
 15. Elusimicrobia, formerly candidate division Thermite
Group 1
16. Fibrobacteres
17. Firmicutes, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such
as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic)
and Clostridia (anaerobic)
18. Fusobacteria
19. Gemmatimonadetes
20. Lentisphaerae, formerly clade VadinBE97
21. Nitrospira
22. Planctomycetes
23. Proteobacteria, the most known phyla, containing
species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
24. Spirochaetes, species include Borrelia burgdorferi,
which causes Lyme disease
25. Synergistetes
26. Tenericutes, alternatively class Mollicutes in
phylum Firmicutes (notable genus: Mycoplasma)
27. Thermodesulfobacteria
28. Thermotogae, deep branching
29. Verrucomicrobia
Archaea[edit]
Main article: Archaea
Currently there are five phyla accepted by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in
Nomenclature (LPSN).[50]

1. Crenarchaeota, second most common archaeal

phylum
2. Euryarchaeota, most common archaeal phylum
3. Korarchaeota
4. Nanoarchaeota, ultra-small symbiotes, single known
species
5. Thaumarchaeota

See also[edit]

 Biology portal

 Cladistics
 Phylogenetics
 Systematics
 Taxonomy

Notes[edit]
 1. ^ Paraphyletic

References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information
related to Phylum

Look up Phylum in
Wiktionary, the free
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  Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number
of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?
 Major Phyla Of Animals

Taxonomic ranks

m/Superd Superclass Legion Magnorder Section (zoo.) Supertribe

Class Cohort Superorder Superfamily Tribe
vision Subclass Order Family Subtribe
Infraclass Suborder Subfamily Infratribe
m Subterclass Infraorder Infrafamily
um Parvclass Parvorder

Extant life phyla/divisions by domain

ermus

tes
 acteria

ond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms

eterokontophyta

aptophyta

ryptophyta

iliophora

picomplexa

inoflagellata

uglenozoa

ercolozoa

Metamonada

adiolaria

oraminifera

ercozoa

hodophyta

laucophyta

moebozoa

hytridiomycota

lastocladiomycota

eocallimastigomycota

lomeromycota

ygomycota

scomycota

asidiomycota

hlorophyta

harophyta

Marchantiophyta

nthocerotophyta
Moss

ycopodiophyta

eridophyta

ycadophyta

inkgophyta

nophyta

netophyta

owering plant

ponge

tenophora

acozoa

nidaria

enacoelomorpha

hordata

emichordata

chinodermata

haetognatha

inorhyncha

oricifera

riapulida

ematoda

ematomorpha

nychophora

ardigrada

rthropoda

atworm

astrotricha

rthonectida

icyemida

otifera

canthocephala

nathostomulida

Micrognathozoa

ycliophora

emertea

horonida

ryozoa
 ntoprocta

rachiopoda

Mollusca

nnelida

Categories: 
 Phyla
 Plant divisions
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