Size Reduction & Particle Measurement Lab Report

Chemical Engineering Department
School Year 2017 - 2018
Experiment No. 08
Size Reduction and Particle Size Measurement by Screen Analysis
Unit Operations 2 Lab / 51036
14:00 – 17:00 Wednesdays / ChE Lab
Name Student Number Signature
1. Balberan, Marvie Christian C. 201311792

2. Dimaculangan, Jayvee E. 201310889
3. Isuan, Kelly A. 201311412
4. Palad, Ayra Patricia B. 201311047
5. Rato, Marvin A. 201310547
6. Yagin,Michael Andrew O. 201311132
Engr. Rugi Vicente DC. Rubi

Instructor
ABSTRACT:
The objectives of this experiment are to determine the screen analysis of the product
obtained from the jaw crusher, to construct plot of mass fraction and particle size, to plot
cumulative mass fraction and particle size, and to estimate the crushing efficiency of jaw crusher.
All the objectives were successfully carried out.
In general “size reduction” is taken to mean the disintegration of solid substances by
mechanical forces without altering their state. This also includes the division of liquids into drops
or gases into bubbles. However, the physical and chemical condition of the disintegrated material
may alter, particularly when in homogeneous substances are present.
The capability of the screener in creating a distinct weight distribution and size distribution
amongst the particles of the total amount utilized was experimented and tested in order to have a
vivid perspective with this respective unit operation. It was observed that majority of the particles
were distributed in each Mesh No. which would indicate the average diameter of the particles
remaining on top of the screener.
It is evident that the next set of students should utilize a different set of particles to work
on in order to determine the weight distribution of the said particles from those that have been
readily recorded since these distributions can be of sufficient data in other sources and in the field
of equipment design and classification of particles.

INTRODUCTION:
In general “size reduction” is taken to mean the disintegration of solid substances by
mechanical forces without altering their state. This also includes the division of liquids into drops
or gases into bubbles. However, the physical and chemical condition of the disintegrated material
may alter, particularly when in homogeneous substances are present. The preparation for
separation according to material components, e.g. dressing ores or grinding grain, is therefore one
of the classical tasks of size reduction techniques. Different substances such as minerals, ores and
coal, grain and cellulose, fertilizers, drugs, plastics and color pigments, to name but a few, must
be processed for a wide range of purposes. The state of dispersion of a collective, i.e. the particle
size or particle distribution, in many respects determines its properties and behavior. For example,
the internal friction, agglomeration behavior, solubility and miscibility, transportability as well as
color and taste are all functions of the mean fineness and particle distribution.
Size separation is a process in which particles of desired size are separated from other
fractions.
Objectives of size reduction
1. Size reduction leads to increase of surface area.
 Example-I: The rate of dissolution of solid drug particles increases many folds after
size reduction. Griseofulvin, an antifungal drug, when administered in its
micronized form shows around five times better absorption.
 Example-II: The absorptive power of charcoal and kaolin increases after size
reduction due to increase in surface area.
2. Size reduction produces particles in narrow size range. Mixing of powders with
narrow size range is easier.
3. Pharmaceutical suspensions require finer particle size. It reduces rate of

sedimentation.
4. Pharmaceutical capsules, insufflations (i.e. powders inhaled directly into the lungs),
suppositories and ointments require particles size to be below 60mm size.
Objectives of size separation
1. Any solid materials, after size reduction, never gives particles of the same size but
contains particles of varying sizes. The size-reduced particles are then passed through sieves to get
fractions of narrow size range.
2. During tablet granulation the granules should be within narrow size range, otherwise,
weight variation will take place during tablet punching.
Factors affecting size-reduction
The pharmaceutical industry uses a great variety of materials, including chemical

substances, animal tissues and vegetable drugs.
A. Factors related to the nature of raw materials
 Hard materials: Hard materials like pumice and iodine are most difficult to
comminute. During size reduction these types of materials will produce abrasive
wear of milling surfaces, which will then contaminate the material.
 Fibrous materials: Crude drugs obtained from plants like glycyrrhiza, rauwolfia,
ginger etc. are fibrous in nature and cannot be crushed by pressure. So they may be
size-reduced by cutter mill.
 Friable materials: Sucrose and dried filter cakes are friable (i.e. brittle) hence they
are easy to comminute by hammer mill or fluid energy mill.
 Plastic materials: Synthetic gums, waxes and resins become soft and plastic during
milling. These low melting substances should be chilled (made cold) before milling.
These types of materials are milled by using hammer mill and fluid energy mill.
 Hygroscopic materials: Hygroscopic materials absorbs moisture rapidly hence
they must be comminuted inside a closed equipment like ball-mill.
 Thermolabile materials: Thermolabile materials like vitamins and antibiotics are
milled inside chilled equipment.
 Inflammable materials: Fine dust, such as dextrin, starch and sulphur, is a
potential explosive mixture under certain conditions. All electrical switches should
be explosive proof and the mill should be earthed properly.
 Particle size of the feed: For a mill to operate satisfactorily, the feed should be of
proper size.
 Moisture content: Presence of more than 5% moisture hinders the milling process
and produces a sticky mass.
B. Factors related to the nature of the finished product
 Particle size: Moderately coarse powders may be obtained from various impact
mill. If very fine particles like micronized particles of griseofulvin may be obtained
from fluid energy mill.
 Ease of sterilization: When preparations are intended for parenteral (injection)
purpose and ophthalmic uses, size reduction must be conducted in a sterile
environment. Mills should be sterilized by steam before use.
 Contamination of milled materials: In case of potent drugs and low dose
products, contamination of the products should be avoided. Equipment free from
wearing (e.g. fluid energy mill) may be used in this case.
Equipments for Size Reduction
Impact size reduction incorporates striking to

pulverize material. The primary types of impact
crushers include -- horizontal shaft impactors (HSI),
cage mill pulverizers, and vertical shaft impactors
(VSI). Each impactor can be further designated as
primary and secondary rotor crusher as well as tertiary
and quaternary crushers. This particular designation is
dependent on which processing stage the equipment is
being utilized.
A hammer mill is a crusher that can grind, pulverize,

and crush a wide range of materials. This rock crusher
machine employs a rain of hammer blows to shatter and
disintegrate the material.
The number and kind of grinding mills are as diverse

as the materials they are designed to reduce. The earliest
examples are as simple a mortar and pestle and have evolved
to include the horse mill, windmill and watermill.
Laws governing energy and power requirements of mills
During size reduction energy is supplied to the equipment (mill). Very small amount of
energy (less than 2%) actually produce size reduction. Rest of the energy is dissipated (wasted) in:
(i) Elastic deformation of particles
(ii) Transport of material within the milling chamber
(iii) Friction between the particles
(iv) Friction between the particles and mill
(v) Generation of heat
(vi) Vibration and noise.
(vii) Inefficiency of transmission and motor.

I. OBJECTIVES
 To determine the screen analysis of the product obtained from the jaw crusher
 To construct plot of mass fraction and particle size
 To plot cumulative mass fraction and particle size
 To estimate the crushing efficiency of jaw crusher
II. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED
 Rocks and stones
 Top Loading Balance
 Jaw crusher
 Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker

III. EQUIPMENT SET UP

IV. THEORY
Raw materials often occur in sizes that are too large to be used and, therefore, they must be reduced in
size. This size-reduction operation can be divided into two major categories depending on whether the
material is a solid or a liquid. All depend on the reaction to shearing forces.
1. The Mechanism of Size Reduction
In the grinding process, materials are reduced in size by fracturing them. In the process, the material
is stressed by the action of mechanical moving parts in the grinding machine and initially the stress is
absorbed internally by the material as strain energy.
Stress Strain Fracture in lines of Weakness Released Heat
When the local strain energy exceeds a critical level, which is a function of the material, fracture
occurs along lines of weakness and the stored energy is released. Some of the energy is taken up in the
creation of new surface, but the greater part of it is dissipated as heat. Time also plays a part in the fracturing
process and it appears that material will fracture at lower stress concentrations if these can be maintained
for longer periods.
Grinding is achieved by mechanical stress followed by rupture and the energy required depends upon:
1. the hardness of the material
2. the tendency of the material to crack (friability).
The force applied may be compression, impact, or shear, and both the magnitude of the force and the time
of application affect the extent of grinding achieved.

2. Energy for Size reduction
For efficient grinding, the energy applied to the material should exceed, by as small a margin as
possible, the minimum energy needed to rupture the material. Excess energy is lost as heat and this loss
should be kept as low as practicable.
Grinding is a very inefficient process and it is important to use energy as efficiently as possible. A
three theories depend upon the basic assumption that the energy required to produce a change dL in a
particle of a typical size dimension L is a simple power function of L:
𝑑𝐸
= 𝐾𝐿𝑛
𝑑𝐿
Where:
dE is the differential energy required
dL is the change in a typical dimension
L is the magnitude of a typical length dimension
K, n are constants.
1) Kick: assumed that the energy required to reduce a material in size was directly proportional to the size
reduction ratio dL/L.
This leads to n= -1 and K=KkfC , then ;
𝑑𝐸 𝐾𝑘 𝑓𝐶
=
𝑑𝐿 𝐿
Where:
Kk is called Kick's constant
fC is called the crushing strength of the material

which , on integration gives:
𝐿1
𝐸 = 𝐾𝑘 𝑓𝐶 𝑙𝑛 Kick's Law (1)
𝐿2
2) Rittinger: assumed that the energy required for sizereduction is directly proportional, not to the change
in length dimensions, but to the change in surface area .
This leads to n= -2 and K= KRfC then ;
𝑑𝐸 𝐾𝑅 𝑓𝐶
=
𝑑𝐿 𝐿
where KR is called Rittinger's constant, which, on integration gives:
1 1
𝐸 = 𝐾𝑅 𝑓𝐶 ( 𝐿 − 𝐿 ) Rittinger's Law (2)
2 1
As the specific surface of a particle (the surface area per unit mass) is proportional to 1/L, equation
(2) postulates that the energy required to reduce L for a mass of particles from 10 cm to 5 cm would be the
same as that required to reduce, the same mass of 5 mm particles down to 4.7 mm. This is a very much
smaller reduction in terms of energy per unit mass for the smaller particles, than that predicted by Kick's
Law.
It has been found, experimentally, that for the grinding of coarse particles in which the increase in
surface area per unit mass is relatively small, Kick's Law is a reasonable approximation. For the size
reduction of fine powders, on the other hand, in whichlarge areas of new surface are being created,
Rittinger's Law fits the experimental data better.
3) Bond has suggested an intermediate course, in which he postulates that n = -3/2 and this leads to:
100 1
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑖 √ 𝐿 ( 1 − ) Bond's Law (3)
2 √𝑞
where:
L: is measured in microns
Ei: (the Work Index) is the amount of energy required to reduce unit mass of the material from an
infinitely large particle size down to a particle size of 100 μm.
q is the reduction ratio where q = L1/L2 .
Note that all of these equations (1), (2) and (3) are dimensional equations and so if quoted values
are to be used for the various constants, the dimensions must be expressed in appropriate units. The greatest
use of these equations is in making comparisons between power requirements for various degrees of
reduction.
Grinding Media
Wet or dry grinding is usually accomplished by the use of high-density alumina spheres or cylinders
and zirconia cylinders.
High Density Alumina Spheres and Cylinders – Commercially available with specific gravities
from 3.6 to 3.8 and an alumina content between 85 and 99 percent, this media provides faster grinding than
is usually obtained with porcelain balls or flint pebbles, and may be used with any lining. High-density
media will out wear standard-density porcelain, grind faster, finer and cut milling time in half.
The choice between spheres and cylinders depends upon the application and milling needs such as
particle uniformity and hardness of the material being ground.
Zirconia Cylinders – With a specific gravity of 5.5 equivalently sized zirconia grinding media
generally will mill twice as fast as high alumina. Zirconia media is 1.6 times denser than high alumina, has
a hard nonporous surface that is chip resistant and easily cleaned. It is unaffected by most chemicals, is
nonconductive and nonmagnetic, and has outstanding resistance to mechanical and thermal shock.
Specialty grinding media is also available in alumina and zirconia for ultrafine grinding and
dispersing. Sizes starting at .2mm for zirconia media and .4mm for the alumina media. Standard sizes for
cylindrical grinding media are ¼”, ½”, 13/16” and 1 ¼”. High density alumina spheres sizes include ¼”,
½”, ¾”, 1”, 1 ¼”, 1 ½” and 2” and the ZIrconia radiused end media is available in ¼”, 3/8”, ½” and ¾”
sizes. Estimated charge factors for alumina media is 9 pounds per gallon and 14 pounds per gallon for
zirconia.
Milling Procedures
Speed of Rotation – The action of the grinding inside a mill is determined be the speed at which
the mill cylinder is rotating.
It is generally accepted that a speed that creates a cascading action of the media is most desirable.
Cascading usually occurs when the mill speed is such that the media charge breaks away from the mill wall
at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees above the horizontal.
Cascading is the case where grinding media from the outer edge falls and rolls in a coherent, mobile
mass as suggested be a waterfall. The impact fractures the grains or the charge. Moreover, there are
secondary actions as the media not on the periphery cataract downward and cause further attrition through
their own rotational and rubbing action. These secondary effects occur between the media, the cylinder wall
and the material being ground. Such actions lead to intensive disintegrations, better dispersion, and in wet
milling, more complete particle wetting, due to the high rate of shear from the spinning of the grinding
media.
When mills are rotating at too fast a rate, centrifuging will occur. Individual media are thrown clear
of the media mass and move independently until they rejoin the charge at the bottom of the mill. Un-ground
material is held with the centrifuging balls and result in uneven disintegration or dispersion.
When too slow speeds slipping of the media occurs. Here the grinding media acts as a static unit
in relation to the walls of the rotating mill. This leads to grooving of the mill walls and flattening of the
media. The same action can result in mills operating at optimum speed if low media charge or low
consistency is used in the mill.
The use of lifter bars welded or bolted to the mill cylinder in unlined mills reduces media slippage
in mills whose rotational velocity is slow. Lifter bars are recommended when the grinding media charge is
below 45 percent of the mill volume. Even with lifter bars, it is not practical to go below a 33 percent media
charge. Critical speed in RPM is calculated by this relationship:
Nc = 54.2 / (square root of R) = 76.6 / (square root of D) where R and D are the inside radii and
diameters of the mill in feet, respectively.
Depending on the job being done and on plant preference, speed usually ranges from 35 to 115
percent of Nc. Where particle size reduction is quite critical, a variable speed drive is recommended. This
permits the operator to control his mill speed to suit. Most mills rotate at 60 to 65 percent of critical speed
(Nc). This formulation is for wet milling where as dry milling needs to be adjusted by 2 to 5 RPM faster.
These speeds hold true for any media regardless of shape for density.
Generally, lower rates of rotation are used for wet milling of paint materials and dry milling of soft
materials than are used for wet milling of ceramic frits and glazes. At higher mill speeds slip between media
and mill lining is low and media wear is minimized.
An illustration of the practical use of greater than usual rotational speeds comes form the
manufacturers of bronze and aluminum powders which often resort to critical or near critical speeds. The
balls fly across the top of the mill striking the other side with hammer-like blows which tend to flake the
metal instead of grinding it.

Size of Grind Media: The size of the media to be employed will depend on the milling conditions.
Most effective grinding will be accomplished b the smallest media that will do the job. Smaller
media offers more contact per mill revolution. More uniformly fine-ground particles will result since the
smaller voids will determine the size of particles that can exist as well as assure more physical contact and
decrease distance through which shear forces must act.
Larger media will have greater impact energy and may generate excessive heat in the mill if this
energy is not efficiently consumed in the grinding action. However, this extra energy will be useful when
large or tough particles are to be ground or when the wet mixture is thixotropic.
Viscosity of Batch: The grinding of a solid in a liquid to reduce particle size or to make a dispersion
should be carried out at optimum consistency or viscosity, commensurate with the media size and density
used. This is necessary to achieve maximum production yet keep media wear to reasonable rates, such as
20 percent per year. Pigment contents of paints being milled with high density media should be increased
25 percent because of the greater impact energy imparted be the high density media over that of porcelain
or flint media.
If the viscosity is too high the grinding media will not have the freedom of movement within the
mill, but will cling together in a mass which rotates with the mill and produces no grinding action.
An increase in operating viscosity is necessary when a large diameter mill is considered. A heavier-
bodied cushion is required to prevent wear due to greater media weight. Since more horsepower is needed
to rotate a larger mill, and as some of this power is transformed into heat lowering the operating viscosity,
some compensation is required.
When milling paint, the paste consistency should match the media size and the density used. A
Stormer viscometer with the 52.2mm seep flat paddle (Krebs’ modification), may be used for measuring
consistency. For most efficient grinding with flint pebbles and porcelain balls, the batch should be
comparable to a free flowing slurry with a viscosity 600 to 1100 cps (70 to 90 KU). When using high-
density media, a viscosity over 2200cps (110 KU) is recommended. (Water at room temperature has a
viscosity of 1 centipoise).
Amount of Grinding Media: Good practice calls for mills to be filled from 45 to 55 percent of the
total volume. With high-density ceramic media a 45 to 50 percent charge is typical, while a 50 to 55 percent
charge is typical with flint pebbles or standard porcelain. For wet milling porcelain enamel frit, the
Porcelain Enamel Institute recommends a 50 to 55 percent charge from both standard and high-
density media. They also recommend that the frit charge (slip), expressed in pounds, equal three to four the
total volume of the mill, expressed in gallons. If standard porcelain is used, the ratio should be about 3 to
1. if high density alumina media is used, the ratio should be between 3.5 to 4.5 to 1. When steel balls are
used, 33 percent and 45 to 50 percent ball charges are common, depending upon the desired mill output.
With 33 percent ball charges, lifter bars are usually recommended.
To minimize excessive ball and shell wear, full charges (50 to 55 percent) or charges no less than
45 percent are recommended. At values lower than 45 percent media tends to slip on the shell unless lifter
bars are used.
Amounts of Material to be Ground: For dry milling it is generally agreed that a material charge
occupying 25 percent of the mill cylinder will give the best results. This loading permits the grinding media
(50 percent charge) to make effective contact with the material charge.
The rule of thumb for wet milling is to fill the mill to about an inch over the media level. A
minimum charge of 25 percent total mill volume should be maintained with food results obtained be filling
the mill from 30 to 40 percent of its total volume.

A charge of balls has an apparent volume of approximately 60 percent solid and 40 percent voids,
thus a mill 50 percent full of media would have a capacity in the voids of 20 percent of the total mill volume.
Greater capacity at lower cost per unit mill load can be obtained in the same mill if a high product
charge is used, but at the cost of longer grinding time. When it is desirable to regulate the length of milling
time to fit in with shift changes or other factors, this can be accomplished by altering the product charge.
Increasing the product charge results in longer milling time and decreasing the product charge reduces the
milling time. Changing the amount could result in excessive temperature rise and increased media wear.
Grinding with low consistency increases abrasion in the mill, but this is not as harmful as running
undercharged. It the charge is not large enough for the mill it should be increased.
Wet Grinding and Dry Grinding: Wet grinding a material may be faster thandry grinding, if
properly handled. Dry grinding may result in the material packing up as it becomes finer unless the fines
are removed or unless a grinding aid is used.
Another factor to consider is dry grinding the problem of discharging the product. In order to collect
the dry milled product (unless it is extremely free flowing) without removing the media, the mill must be
rotated, and if the mill id rotated to discharge the product, a discharge housing must be used.
V. PROCEDURE
1,592 grams of rocks and stones was collected. The collected sample were crushed and
pulverized to the jaw crusher. The weight of the crushed and pulverized sample was noted. After
noting the weight of the sample, a set of sieves with specific mesh number was assembled. The
stack of sieves was placed in a Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker in order to sieve the samples well. The weight
of the samples retained in each sieve were recorded after sieving.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM (SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE)
Collect rocks and stones and weigh it using

top loading balance
Crush the sample collected and pulverize to the

jaw crusher
After noting the weight of the sample, place a set

of sieves in Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker in order to sieve
the samples well
Record the weight of the samples retained in each

sieve after sieving
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Screen Analysis of the Product
Mesh Number Diameter of the Weight of Particles Mass Fraction
Particle (mm) (g)
¾ 18.85 26 0.0163
1 26.67 20 0.0126
4 4.699 998 0.6269
6 3.327 110 0.0691
8 2.362 78 0.0490
10 1.651 330 0.2073
>10 1.168 30 0.0188
DISCUSSION:
Table 1 shows the accumulated data regarding the amount of particles gathered in each
screener dependent on the average size of the particle. It can be observed that most of the particles
utilized in this experiment are in the fraction included for Mesh 4 wherein a total 998 g was
collected which accounts for 0.6269 of the mass fraction. The lowest amount of particles that make
up the utilized particles was those particles collected at Mesh 1 which contributes to about 20 g of
the total and a mass fraction of 0.0126. Through the use of screening, the remainder of the other
were also separated accordingly to the Mesh No. used for this experiment.
Screen Aperture vs. Mass Fraction

1.2
0.8
Mass Fraction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
Screen Aperture (mm)
Figure 1. Screen Aperture (mm) vs. Mass Fraction
DISCUSSION:
Figure 1 depicts the relationship between the screen aperture of the screeners utilized and
the accompanying mass fraction of the particles that were collected in each respective screen. It
can be seen that as the screen aperture of the screener decreases, the amount of particles that are
retained in that said screen also tends to increase with the exception for the skewed data obtained
at a screen aperture in proximity to 18 mm which could be accounted by the faulty equipment
utilized or through human error. When the screen aperture was decreased in proximity to zero,
majority of the particles were retained in the screener indicating that most of the particles used for
this experiment are large in comparison to the screeners Mesh No. It is then evident that the
classification of each particle in the source must undergo screening in order to dictate a vivid
description.
Table 2. Cumulative Screen Analysis of the Product
Mesh Number Diameter of the Weight of Particles Mass Fraction
Particle (mm) (g)
¾ 18.85 26 0.0163
1 26.67 20 0.0289
4 4.699 998 0.6558
6 3.327 110 0.7249
8 2.362 78 0.7739
10 1.651 330 0.9812
>10 1.168 30 1.0000
DISCUSSION:
Table 2 is the accumulated data regarding the cumulative analysis of the screen product. It
can be observed that most of the particles obtained for the experiment possess an average diameter
of 26.67 mm which makes up 20 grams of the total amount utilized which takes into account a
mass fraction of 0.0289. In terms of mass distribution, the particles that have the highest
contribution would be the particles with a 4.699 mm average diameter which has a total mass of
998 g with a mass fraction of 0.6558. The distribution amongst the particles using the screener
allows the students to have a distinct perspective with the products implications.
Screen Aperture vs. Cumulative Mass Fraction

1.2
0.8
Cumulative Mass Fraction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
Screen Aperture (mm)
Figure 2. Screen Aperture (mm) vs. Cumulative Mass Fraction
DISCUSSION:
Figure 2 represents the graphical representation of the screen aperture in mm and that of
the accompanying cumulative mass fraction. It can be observed that the lower the screen aperture
of the screener, the higher the mass fraction of the particles of the product remain in that said
screener since most of the particles would likely not pass through the said screener. Similar to the
data collected in the previous tables, there is also a skewed data among them which could be
attributed to two separate occurrence or both which is the faulty equipment utilized for the unit
operation or it could be due to human error. Depending on either occurrence, it can be determined
that majority of the particles can still undergo classification by size.

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
For this experiment, the capability of the screener in creating a distinct weight distribution
and size distribution amongst the particles of the total amount utilized was experimented and tested
in order to have a vivid perspective with this respective unit operation. It was observed that
majority of the particles were distributed in each Mesh No. which would indicate the average
diameter of the particles remaining on top of the screener. This is the reason why the relationship
between the screen aperture and that of the mass fraction of the particles was determined to have
an inverse relationship with one another, the lower the aperture of the screener, the larger the
particles that are to remain on that screener which would indicate that majority of the particles are
larger than the opening and are prevented from going through. Both sets of data collected for this
experiment came out with the same conclusion which would show a capacity for replication and
validation amongst one another and the data collected as a cumulative whole. There is however an
observable skewed data in the graphs which is a precursor for two possible sources of error, first
of which is due to faulty equipment or due to its old age that some of the aperture or openings are
larger than those originally intended for the experiment while the other source of error is through
human error which could be in the form of erroneous data collection or mistaken computation.
Either way both occurrences can be easily rectified accordingly.
As a recommendation, it is evident that the next set of students should utilize a different
set of particles to work on in order to determine the weight distribution of the said particles from
those that have been readily recorded since these distributions can be of sufficient data in other
sources and in the field of equipment design and classification of particles.

VIII. REFERENCES
https://www.stedman-machine.com/particle-size-reduction.html
http://4my6969.blogspot.com/
http://www.retsch.dk/pdf/pdf_applikationer/size_reduction_basics.pdf
http://ceng.tu.edu.iq/ched/images/lectures/chem-lec/st4/c5/lec%203.pdf
http://www.usstoneware.com/PDF/Theory%20and%20Practice.pdf
Appendices
Appendix A. Experimental Data
Mesh Number Diameter of the Particle Weight of Particles (g)

(mm)
¾ 18.85 26
1 26.67 20
4 4.699 998
6 3.327 110
8 2.362 78
10 1.651 330
>10 1.168 30
Appendix B. Sample Computations
Total grams of stones and rocks collected: 1,592 grams
Weight of Particles in ¾ mesh number: 26 grams
3 26 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟: = 0.0163
4 1,592 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛

> 10 𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟: 0.9812
+ 0.0188 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 > 10 𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 1.00
Appendix C. Attendance Sheet
DATE: February 28, 2018
NAME STUDENT NUMBER SIGNATURE
Balberan, Marvie Christian C. 201311792
Dimaculangan, Jayvee E. 201310889
Isuan, Kelly A. 201311412
Palad, Ayra Patricia B. 201311047
Rato, Marvin A. 201310547
Yagin, Michael Andrew O. 201311132
Engr. Rugi Vicente DC. Rubi
Instructor

Size Reduction & Particle Measurement Lab Report

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Size Reduction & Particle Measurement Lab Report

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Chemical Engineering Department

School Year 2017 - 2018

Size Reduction and Particle Size Measurement by Screen Analysis

Unit Operations 2 Lab / 51036

14:00 – 17:00 Wednesdays / ChE Lab

Name Student Number Signature

1. Balberan, Marvie Christian C. 201311792

Engr. Rugi Vicente DC. Rubi

All the objectives were successfully carried out.

In general “size reduction” is taken to mean the disintegration of solid substances by

may alter, particularly when in homogeneous substances are present.

remaining on top of the screener.

of equipment design and classification of particles.

In general “size reduction” is taken to mean the disintegration of solid substances by

Objectives of size reduction

1. Size reduction leads to increase of surface area.

3. Pharmaceutical suspensions require finer particle size. It reduces rate of

Objectives of size separation

Factors affecting size-reduction

The pharmaceutical industry uses a great variety of materials, including chemical

A. Factors related to the nature of raw materials

B. Factors related to the nature of the finished product

Equipments for Size Reduction

Impact size reduction incorporates striking to

A hammer mill is a crusher that can grind, pulverize,

The number and kind of grinding mills are as diverse

Laws governing energy and power requirements of mills

(i) Elastic deformation of particles

(ii) Transport of material within the milling chamber

(iii) Friction between the particles

(iv) Friction between the particles and mill

(v) Generation of heat

(vi) Vibration and noise.

(vii) Inefficiency of transmission and motor.

 To construct plot of mass fraction and particle size

 To plot cumulative mass fraction and particle size

 To estimate the crushing efficiency of jaw crusher

II. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED

 Rocks and stones

 Top Loading Balance

 Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker

III. EQUIPMENT SET UP

material is a solid or a liquid. All depend on the reaction to shearing forces.

1. The Mechanism of Size Reduction

absorbed internally by the material as strain energy.

Stress Strain Fracture in lines of Weakness Released Heat

for longer periods.

1. the hardness of the material

2. the tendency of the material to crack (friability).

of application affect the extent of grinding achieved.

2. Energy for Size reduction

should be kept as low as practicable.

particle of a typical size dimension L is a simple power function of L:

dE is the differential energy required

dL is the change in a typical dimension

L is the magnitude of a typical length dimension

reduction ratio dL/L.

This leads to n= -1 and K=KkfC , then ;

Kk is called Kick's constant

fC is called the crushing strength of the material

which , on integration gives:

in length dimensions, but to the change in surface area .

This leads to n= -2 and K= KRfC then ;