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Positioning Absolute(A) Accuracy (95 % confidence level) Availability Latency Coverage, environment of use and UE velocity
service level or Relative(R)
Vertical Accuracy Horizontal 5G positioning service area 5G enhanced positioning service area (note 2)
positioning
Accuracy (note 1)
Outdoor and tunnels Indoor
Indoor–up to 30 km/h NA Indoor–up to 30 km/h
1 A 10 m 3m 95% 1s Outdoor (rural and urban) up
to 250 km/h
Outdoor (rural and urban) up Outdoor (dense urban) up to 60 Indoor–up to 30 km/h
2 A 3m 3m 99% 1s to 500 km/h for trains and up km/h Along roads up to 250 km/h
to 250 km/h for other vehicles and along railways up to 500 km/h
Outdoor (rural and urban) up Outdoor (dense urban) up to 60 Indoor–up to 30 km/h
3 A 1m 2m 99% 1s to 500 km/h for trains and up km/h Along roads up to 250 km/h
to 250 km/h for other vehicles and along railways up to 500 km/h
4 A 1m 2m 99.9% 15 ms NA NA Indoor–up to 30 km/h
Outdoor (rural) up to 250 Outdoor (dense urban) up to 60 Indoor–up to 30 km/h
5 A 0.3 m 2m 99% 1s km/h km/h Along roads and along
railways up to 250 km/h
6 A 0.3 m 2m 99.9% 10 ms NA Outdoor (dense urban) up to 60 km/h Indoor–up to 30 km/h
Indoor and outdoor (rural, urban, dense urban) up to 30 km/h Relative positioning is between two UEs
7 R 0.2 m 0.2 m 99% 1s
within 10 m of each other or between one UE and 5G positioning nodes within 10 m of each other (note 3)
NOTE 1: The objective for the vertical positioning requirement is to determine the floor for indoor use cases and to distinguish between superposed tracks for road and rail use cases (e.g., bridges).
NOTE 2: Indoor includes location inside buildings such as offices, hospital, industrial buildings.
NOTE 3: 5G positioning nodes are infrastructure equipment deployed in the service area to enhance positioning capabilities (e.g., beacons deployed on the perimeter of a rendezvous area or on the side of a warehouse).
TABLE 2 Standardized positioning service levels in 3GPP
Mobile test environments for onsite testing is the future you can buy today
High Accuracy GNSS positioning methods in RTCM v3.3 support to facilitate implementation of
OSR SSR the following NR-dependent and RAT-
Single-base RTK N-RTK 1: MAC N-RTK 2: FKP N-RTK 3: VRS PPP PPP-RTK
independent positioning technologies:
• 3GPP technologies: DL-TDOA,
GPS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
DL-AoD, UL-TDOA,
GLONASS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
UL-AoA, RTT, and E-CID
Galileo Yes No No No No No • Non-3GPP technologies: multi-
BeiDou Yes No No No No No constellation PPP-RTK (in
addition to the A-GNSS and
High accuracy GNSS positioning methods in LPP R15 HA-GNSS techniques already
OSR SSR supported in NR Release 15).
A-GNSS Single-base N-RTK 1: MAC N-RTK 2: FKP N-RTK 3: VRS PPP PPP-RTK Therefore, this study item studied
RTK both NR-based RAT-dependent as well
GPS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No as RAT-independent and hybrid posi-
GLONASS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No tioning methods to address regulatory
Galileo Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
as well as commercial use cases.
Because of the good progress registe-
BeiDou Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
red in the study phase, at the RAN#83
TABLE 3 (top) High Accuracy GNSS positioning methods in most recent RTCM v3.3 and
(bottom) High Accuracy GNSS positioning methods in most Release 15 LTE Positioning
(March 2019), the RAN plenary deci-
Protocol (LPP) (note that PPP-RTK for SSR will be included in Release 16). ded that a work item (normative) phase
on NR Positioning for Release 16 could
and PPP has been specified. This is an Wi-Fi networks, terrestrial beacon sys- start as soon as April 2019. The objective
important expected future enhancement tems, etc.); and 3) sensors (e.g., IMU, of this work item was to specify soluti-
considering that Networked Transport atmospheric pressure sensor for vertical ons to enable RAT-dependent and RAT-
of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) positioning, etc.). All these technologies independent NR positioning techniques
dissemination is not suitable for broa- are expected to continue to play a sig- while considering E911 and commercial
dcast of information. This is because nificant role in achieving accurate user requirements for horizontal and vertical
NTRIP is built on top of Transmission positioning in the future. positioning accuracies according to TR
Control Protocol (TCP) and HyperText The 3GPP NR radio technology is 38.855 (see Additional Resources).
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is a uniquely positioned to provide added Recently, SSR techniques like PPP and
standard unicast application. value in terms of enhanced location PPP-RTK have emerged, promising to be
capabilities. The operation in low- and the future method of choice for supplying
NR Release 16–Positioning high -frequency bands (i.e., below and corrections. SSR differs from the tradi-
Features in NR Phase 2 above 6 GHz) and utilization of massi- tional Observation Space Representation
Release 15 NR Work Item Specified ve antenna arrays provides additional (OSR) methods (RTK, N-RTK), which
Cell-ID (with cell portion ID) and RAT- degrees of freedom to substantially lump errors together for a specific geo-
independent positioning methods by improve the positioning accuracy. The graphic location, by creating a state vector
reusing the LPP protocol. However, NR possibility of using wide signal band- for the following error components: satel-
standalone based RAT-dependent and width in low and especially in high lite orbit and clock errors, satellite signal
RAT-independent positioning were not bands brings new performance bounds biases (code and carrier phase), tropos-
specified at that time. As part of the list for user location for well-known posi- pheric, and ionospheric delays.
of priorities for Release 16 in the 3GPP tioning techniques based on OTDOA During the work item on positioning
RAN, a Study Item on positioning aspects and UTDOA, Cell-ID or E-Cell-ID, enhancements for LTE Release 15, the
for NR has been completed. It also inclu- etc., utilizing timing measurements to GNSS support has been revised and
des RAT-independent technologies (e.g., locate the UE. The recent advances in high-accuracy techniques, both based
GNSS) for hybrid solutions to enable 5G massive MIMO technology can provide on OSR and SSR concepts, were added
location service (using NR). additional degrees of freedom to enable to the LTE Positioning Protocol: RTK,
The Study Item proposal recognizes more accurate user location by exploi- N-RTK (VRS, MAC, FKP), and PPP.
that in many location applications ting spatial and angular domains of the Nevertheless, as also explained in the
accurate positioning is typically achie- propagation channel in combination NR Release 15 section, the high-accu-
ved through a combination of multiple with time measurements. racy GNSS support for NG-RAN and
technologies, including: 1) GNSS-based The support of NR standalone RAT- Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
solutions, providing accurate location dependent positioning was studied in a Access (E-UTRA) does not include
in outdoor scenarios; 2) radio-techno- Release 16 study item on positioning and support of the full set of SSR assistance
logies (e.g., LTE networks, offering is summarized in 3GPP TR 38.855. It was data needed to enable PPP-RTK service.
multiple design options to locate user, recommended to introduce radio-layer Currently, only SSR assistance data for
INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION
ITM PTTI
PRECISE TIME AND TIME
INTERVAL SYSTEMS AND
APPLICATIONS MEETING