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Hiragana is the most basic Japanese writing system, the core Japanese
alphabet. Japanese children and foreign Japanese learners start learning
Japanese from here in order to read and write Japanese.
All Hiragana end with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).In this respect, Japanese
pronunciation is far simpler than English pronunciation. Take the English
alphabet “i,” for example. “I” itself is pronounced /aɪ/, but when it’s used
in words such as “alive” and “ink,” the pronunciation of “i” changes.
The first step to learn Japanese is to master Hiragana. When you can
properly pronounce each Japanese words, your conversation skill will
greatly improve.
2- How Many *Sounds* are there in Japanese?
However, there are fifty-eight other variations of sounds listed below. All
are based on forty-six basic Hiragana.
1. Sound Variations
These are related to some of the basic Hiragana sounds. These characters
are considered to be variations of the basic Hiragana, thus they don’t
appear in the main syllabary.
For example:
When you look at the vertical “k” line in the Hiragana Chart above, there
are “か (Ka), き (Ki), く(Ku), け (Ke), こ (Ko).” When adding “dakuten 濁
点” or two small lines to the upper right of each of the ka-line characters,
the hard “k” sound changes into a softer “g” sound:
か (ka) → が (ga)
き (ki)→ ぎ (gi)
く (ku) → ぐ (gu)
け (ke) → げ (ge)
こ (ko) → ご (go)
Similarly, the lines of “s,” “t,” and “h” change into “z,” “d,” and “b”
with dakuten as shown below.
は (Ha) → ぱ (Pa)
ひ (Hi) → ぴ (Pi)
ふ (Fu) → ぷ (Pu)
へ (He) → ぺ (Pe)
ほ (Ho) → ぽ (Po)
あ段 い段 う段 え段 お段
がガ ぎギ ぐグ げゲ ごゴ
が行 ga gi gu ge go
ざザ じジ ずズ ぜゼ ぞゾ
ざ行 za ji zu ze zo
だダ ぢヂ づヅ でデ どド
だ行 da ji zu de do
ばバ びビ ぶブ べベ ぼボ
ば行 ba bi bu be bo
ぱパ ぴピ ぷプ ぺペ ぽポ
ぱ行 pa pi pu pe po
The three ya-line (や [Ya], ゆ [Yu], よ [Yo]) sounds can be combined with
any of the sounds that end in い (i) (except for “い [i] ” itself from the “a-
line”) to create another variation of sounds. In such cases, the ya-line
sounds are represented by smaller characters of や (ya), ゆ (yu), よ (yo)
instead of the regular-sized characters.
For example:
“き (Ki)” + “small ゃ (ya)” becomes “きゃ (kya).” When “ki” and “small ya”
combine, the “i” sound disappears and it changes into the “kya” sound.
The k-line becomes きゃ (kya), きゅ (kyu), and きょ (kyo).
や段 ゆ段 よ段
きゃ キャ きゅ キュ きょ キョ
か行 kya kyu kyo
しゃ シャ しゅ シュ しょ ショ
さ行 sha shu sho
ちゃ チャ ちゅ チュ ちょ チョ
た行 cha chu cho
にゃ ニャ にゅ ニュ にょ ニョ
な行 nya nyu nyo
ひゃ ヒャ ひゅ ヒュ ひょ ヒョ
は行 hya hyu hyo
みゃ ミャ みゅ ミュ みょ ミョ
ま行 mya myu myo
りゃ リャ りゅ リュ りょ リョ
ら行 rya ryu ryo
ぎゃ ギャ ぎゅ ギュ ぎょ ギョ
が行 gya gyu gyo
じゃ ジャ じゅ ジュ じょ ジョ
ざ行 ja ju jo
ぢゃ ヂャ ぢゅ ヂュ ぢょ ヂョ
だ行 ja ju jo
びゃ ビャ びゅ ビュ びょ ビョ
ば行 bya byu byo
ぴゃ ピャ ぴゅ ピュ ぴょ ピョ
ぱ行 pya pyu pyo
For example:
Tsuki (つき:月) — Moon
When you omit the sound of “u” in Tsuuki, it becomes a different word
(Tsuki) with a different meaning. There are many words that sound
almost alike in Japanese like these, but be careful not to shorten vowels!
hamu (ハム) — ham
konpyūtā (コンピューター) — computer
resutoran (レストラン) — restaurant
koppu (コップ) — cup
aisukurīmu (アイスクリーム) — icecream
terebi (テレビ) — TV
basukettobōru (バスケットボール) — basketball
kurejitto kādo (クレジットカード) — credit card
For example:
In Japanese, the “R” sound in ら (ra), り (ri), る (ru), れ (re), ろ (ro), which
compose the r-line in the Hiragana Chart, is not exactly the same as the
English “R” sound. It actually sounds like something between the “R” and
the “L” sound.
Here are some tips for pronouncing “R” in ら (ra), り (ri), る (ru), れ (re),
ろ (ro) in Japanese:
Native English speakers tend to “roll” their tongue strongly when they
pronounce “R” = “aarrrrr,” so that it sounds like it’s coming from deep in
your throat. However, don’t roll your tongue with the Japanese “R”
sound.
Examples:
Examples:
and tend to omit one consonant of the pair. For example, まって (matte)
→ まて (mate). This can change the meaning of a word, or cause it to not
make sense.
Make sure you know the spelling of these words and how Japanese people
pronounce them.
Knowing the correct spelling and how to read them helps you understand
how to pronounce properly.
3. Vowel Sounds
Top
Japanese has only five vowels and these are terse vowels, pronounced
clearly and sharply. Each letter almost always represents one single vowel
sound. This makes Japanese vowel sounds pronunciation pretty simple to
learn.
While English also has five vowels, they’re each pronounced differently
when used in different combinations with other letters, bringing the total
number of different vowel sounds up to around 20. In this respect,
English vowel sounds cover all the Japanese vowel sounds.
Compared to English, Japanese vowels have only five basic sounds and
they won’t change. Thus, they’re easy to learn!
あ い う え お
a i u e o
These five vowels are the first five “letters” of the syllabary (look at “a-
line” in the Hiragana Chart in section 1). These are the most basic
Hiragana and sounds of all.
Both in speaking and writing, each of these sounds is used on its own, or
in combination with consonant sounds to produce other Hiragana or
“letter.”
For example:
The first consonant sound is a “k” sound, and by combining it with any of
the five vowel sounds, it creates the k-line Hiragana and its sounds as
follows.
か き く け こ
ka ki ku ke ko
(k + (k + (k + (k + (k +
a) i) u) e) o)
4. Consonant Sounds
Top
1- 14 Japanese Consonants
/k/
/s/
/t/
/n/
/h/
/m/
/y/
/r/
/w/
/g/
/z/
/d/
/b/
/p/
When you look at the Hiragana Chart in the first section, you’ll see that
consonant sounds have the same combination pattern with the five
vowels “a, i, u, e, o” as explained above.
Following the k-line, the s-line represents: さ (sa),し (shi), す (su), せ (se),
そ (so).
sa si su se so
Unlike in English, all the Japanese syllables are open. This means that all
syllables end with a vowel.
The Japanese consonants always end with any of the five vowels, as you
can see in the Hiragana Chart.
Examples:
mikan (みかん) — orange
jikan (じかん・時間) — time
hon (ほん・本) — book
kantan (かんたん・簡単) — easy
Make sure you check the spelling of a word and how it’s pronounced
before you try to say it.
There’s no easy road to learning. No matter what you study and learn,
continuous and repetitive practice is always the best way to improve.
When it comes to improving pronunciation, saying the words and phrases
you’re learning out loud is essential.
If you have native Japanese friends, talk with them in Japanese and ask
them for help in correcting your Japanese pronunciation. When you make
mistakes during conversations, Japanese people won’t usually correct
your pronunciation unless you ask them to do so. So simply ask your
Japanese friends for help to correct your mistakes and to practice. They’ll
be happy to help you.
If you don’t have any Japanese friends you can ask, there are many other
options for talking to Japanese people. You can find Japanese friends
through various websites and applications for making international
friends, and language exchange services. Some websites/applications
offer their services for free, but even if it costs to register for services,
there are many online services that cost much less than actual language
classes.
It’s always much more fun when you have friends to practice with!
Thanks to modern technology and the internet, there are various free
resources you can find easily. Whether it’s music, a TV program, a movie,
or an audio book, use it repeatedly to practice Japanese pronunciation.
For example:
Read and listen to lyrics carefully first, and then sing along to your
favorite Japanese songs in Japanese.
Repeat lines from movies or TV shows and say entire phrases out
loud to practice the rhythm of Japanese pronunciation and
intonation.
In addition to the r-line, the short compound syllables of the “small ya-
line” combinations are also very hard to pronounce. Even Japanese people
bite their tongues sometimes when it comes to saying words which
contain the short compound syllables, such as:
1. Te-n-i-n (てんいん・店員) — staff/clerk
This word isn’t English “ten” and “in.” Try to say each syllable clearly.
You could tangle your tongue when you say this word. Speak slowly and
pronounce each syllable clearly.
1. Ryo-u-ri (りょうり・料理) — cuisine
The “o” has a long sound and “u” isn’t really pronounced.
The “u” and “o” in bold have a long sound and the following “u” is
pronounced slightly.
1. Ryo-kō (りょこう・旅行) — traveling
The “o” in bold has a long sound and the “u” isn’t really pronounced.
1. Be-n-ri (べんり・便利) — convenient
It’s easier to say “li” instead of “ri” to pronounce this word. Please
remember that the Japanese “R” sound isn’t the same as the English “R”
sound, and you don’t roll your tongue. Japanese “R” is a sound
somewhere between “R” and “L.”
1. Shi-n-rya-ku (しんりゃく・侵略) — invasion
In order to pronounce this correctly, speak slowly and pronounce each
syllable clearly.
1) Good Understanding
If communicating with native speakers matters to you when learning
Japanese, you need to be understood when you talk, and you need to be
able to understand the native speakers. After all, without understanding,
the purpose of language is null and void! In order to be understood, you
need to be able to speak the language in a way that is familiar to native
speakers, or at least recognizable by them.
When learning to speak a new language, you will learn that the more you
progress the more intricate it becomes! For instance, almost every
language has vocabulary that may look the same in writing, but because
the words are pronounced differently, they have very different meanings.
This means that you may say a word in Japanese, and because of a slight
change in pronunciation, the meaning of the word changes completely.
Understandably, this can make for pretty embarrassing situations! At
worst, your mispronounced Japanese will sound garbled to a native
speaker.
Knowing the nuances of how a word or letter is pronounced will also help
you to understand spoken Japanese better.
No worries if this feels hard; you’re learning, and with our help at
JapanesePod101, you will not have a problem with mispronunciation if
you follow our advice and examples carefully.
2) Good Communication
3) A Good Impression
Even if you’re only a beginner, it is possible to speak any language
correctly. This way, you are bound to make a good impression on native
speakers, and when you’re more fluent, you will be likely to garner a lot
more respect than a fumbling newbie speaker who doesn’t care much for
correct pronunciation.
People often have a lot of patience for someone who learns to speak a
new language, but native speakers are more likely to address you and
engage with you in conversation if you work hard on your accent. This is
simply because you’ll be able to understand one another! So, proficiency
in pronunciation can mean the difference between having none or plenty
of Japanese speaking friends. It will also serve you well in the workplace,
and make you popular with your Japanese speaking managers and
employers or employees.
Learning to speak Japanese properly is also a sign of respect for not only
the language, but also the native speakers and their customs.
And see that you’re copying the correct lip and mouth movements.
Make an effort to listen often to Japanese music and recorded books, and
watch plenty of Japanese movies and/or TV shows in Japanese. This will
train your ear to the language, and you’ll be surprised how quickly you
pick up the accent. Remember, this is the way we learned to speak when
we were young - mostly by listening to the adults talking, and repeating
what they say!
Don’t be shy to address them in Japanese! Ask them to correct you when
you make a pronunciation mistake - this is a wonderful way to practice
and learn the language first-hand, and also to make new friends.
7) Practice your pronunciation with your Japanese
teacher!
If you’re a serious student and don’t know where to meet native Japanese
speakers, consider investing in JapanesePod101’s Premium PLUS plan.
This means you will have your own native Japanese teacher available to
practice your pronunciation with, and much more! Send recordings of
yourself speaking Japanese and get feedback from your Japanese teacher.