Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Composites Part B
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesb

Experimental study on temperature dependence of mechanical properties of

scaled high-performance rubber bearings
Rui-jun Zhang a, Ai-qun Li a, b, *
a
School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
b
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Urban Design, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Base isolation is an efficient method to reduce the vulnerability of structures in high seismic risk zones.
Elastomeric bearings As the core component, the performance of the isolation bearings greatly affects the safety and reliability of
Temperature the isolation system. In this paper, a series of compression shear tests were performed on three scaled rubber
Experimental study
bearings, test temperatures range from 30 to 20 � C and different levels of shear strains were considered.
Mechanical properties
Experimental results show that a negligible variation in the performance parameters is associated to the change
in shear strain, and characteristics of the bearings such as the equivalent stiffness, yield force and post-yield
stiffness can be significantly affected by the temperature. Then the influence coefficient functions able to take
into account the influence of temperature were formulated, and the analysis values at different temperatures are
in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. The temperature influence coefficient function
can be used to predict the mechanical properties of rubber bearings at different temperatures.

1. Introduction the safety and reliability of the isolation system.

As one of the most innovative research achievements in the field of
seismic engineering, base isolation is an efficient and viable method to
reduce the vulnerability of structures in high seismic risk zones. It has
been widely used in engineering structures, and a large number of
buildings using this technology have successfully withstood the earth­
quakes [1]. The transmission of earthquake energy to the structure can
be reduced by lengthening the natural period of structure. Isolation
devices are installed between the foundation and the superstructure to
achieve the desired vibration period of structure. Various types of iso­
lators were developed, such as laminated rubber bearings, friction slip
bearings, friction pendulum bearings, etc. After decades of development,
laminated rubber bearings have become the most popular due to their
advantages of simple structure and stable performance [2]. Laminated
rubber bearings include natural rubber bearings, lead-core rubber
bearings and high damping rubber bearings, etc., which are made of
rubber and thin steel shims alternately overlapping, can bear large
vertical force, but also have large horizontal deformation capacity. The
isolation layer is the centralized controllable weak layer of the isolation
system, the performance of the isolation bearings and the accurate
cognition of their performance during the design process greatly affect
The basic mechanics performance of the laminated rubber bearings
including horizontal stiffness, yield force and damping characteristics,
etc. In order to fully grasp the mechanical behaviors of the bearings and
accurately predict of seismic response of the base isolation structure, a
lot of researches were carried out and a variety of numerical models
were put forward [3–6]. Although the researches have been relatively
comprehensive and in-depth, the influences of many related factors,
such as loading rate, ambient temperature and Mullins effect, still need
to be further studied. The influence of ambient temperature on the
mechanical properties of the rubber bearings is one of the most promi­
nent factors, but there are few relevant research literatures currently.
A large number of scholars [7–10] have conducted experiments on
the behavior of rubber at low temperature, it was noted that the influ­
ence of low temperature on the mechanical properties of rubber cannot
be ignored. Nakano [11], You [12], Pinarbasi [13], Shen [14] and Basit
Qayyum [15] et al. explored the performance of the isolation bearings in
low temperature environments through experiments, and the test results
showed that the reduction of energy dissipation capacity and the in­
crease of horizontal stiffness could be observed in the low temperature
condition. Therefore, the influence of ambient temperature on the
seismic response of rubber bearing isolation structure cannot be ignored.

* Corresponding author. School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
E-mail addresses: 230179086@seu.edu.cn (R.-j. Zhang), aiqunli@seu.edu.cn (A.-q. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107932
Received 10 June 2019; Received in revised form 24 February 2020; Accepted 27 February 2020
Available online 29 February 2020
1359-8368/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932

However these studies were based on the tests of full-scale bearings and
isolation structures under the ambient temperature in cold areas, few
temperature conditions were considered, which cannot fully reflect the
trend of mechanical properties of rubber bearings changing with tem­
perature [16–20].
The objective of this study is to investigate the lateral response of
rubber bearings under different factors including the temperature and
the shear strain. A series of horizontal shear tests were performed on
three scaled high-performance rubber bearings, test temperatures of
30 � C, 20 � C, 10 � C, 0 � C, 20� Cand shear strains of 100%, 200%,
300% were considered. It was found that response characteristics of
rubber bearings such as the equivalent stiffness, yield shear force and
post-yield stiffness can be significantly affected by the temperature.
Finally, the influence coefficient functions able to take into account the
influence of temperature were formulated. The comparison of analysis
value and experimental value illustrates that the temperature influence
coefficient function can be used to predict the mechanical properties of
rubber bearings at different temperatures.
lifetime of an isolation structure. Details of the experimental program
are reported in Table 2. The vertical load was maintained constant for all
the tests at 5 MPa, and the loading velocity was constant at 1.5 mm/s.
The lateral displacements conditions were selected as 22.5 mm, 45 mm
and 67.5 mm and the corresponding shear strain of the bearings was
100%, 200% and 300%, respectively. The test temperatures range from
30� Cto 20 � C. Different temperatures of the specimens were provided
by a temperature control cabinet, for each temperature condition, the
bearings were placed in the temperature control cabinet for 24 h to make
their internal temperature reach the test temperature. Considering the
temperature rise during installation, the refrigeration temperatures
were set to 2 � C below the test temperatures, and the bearings were
surrounded by a foam incubator during the loading process. Each test
condition was loaded with a triangular wave for 3 cycles, and the tests
were conducted with a 48 h’ interval in order to let the bearings restore
to their initial mechanical properties.
3. Experimental results

2. Experimental program 3.1. The hysteretic curves of the specimens at different temperatures

2.1. Properties of the specimens and the employed test apparatus Based on the compression-shear tests of three specimens at five
temperatures and three shear strains, multiple sets of curves were ob­
In order to study the mechanical properties of rubber bearings and tained, and the third cycle of the load–displacement curve at each test
lead-rubber bearings at different temperatures, three specimens were condition was taken for study. In order to observe the changes of hys­
used in the tests, which are named RB1, RB2 and RB3, respectively. teretic curves at different temperatures and shear strains, curves at
Details of the specimens are reported in Table 1, the photograph and different temperatures were compared with those at room temperature
schematic of the specimens are shown in Fig. 1. Three bearings have the (20 � C). The comparison shows that temperature has a significant in­
same diameter of 220 mm with a side cover of 20 mm and a center hole fluence on the horizontal stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the
diameter of 30 mm. The center holes of RB1 and RB3 are filled with lead bearings.
core, forming lead-rubber bearings. The height of bearings is about 70.5 Fig. 3(a) shows the hysteresis curves of RB1 with shear strains of
mm including top and bottom steel plates with thickness of 15 mm. The 100%, 200% and 300% at 30 � C, 20 � C, 0 � C and 20 � C. It is visible
steel plates used in the bearings is Q235, and the rubber is high per­ that the hysteresis curves of each shear strain are fuller and steeper at
formance rubber with high damping and low shear modulus. lower temperature, that is, the maximum shear forces are relatively
All bearings were tested using the test apparatus shown in Fig. 2. The larger. As the temperature increases, the envelope areas and the
apparatus is composed of a four-column steel frame, two hydraulic servo maximum shear forces of the hysteresis curves gradually decreases. In
actuators, a pedestal and a horizontal slider. The horizontal slider is particular, the shape of the hysteretic curves change significantly from
mounted on the bottom of the steel frame, provides the horizontal 30 � C to 0 � C and varies slowly from 0 � C to 20 � C.
freedom for the shear deformation of the isolators. The vertical actuator, Fig. 3(b) shows the hysteresis curve comparison of RB2 with shear
which is located under the horizontal slider, control the vertical load on strains of 100%, 200% and 300% at 30 � C, 20 � C, 0 � C and 20 � C,
the specimens. The lateral actuator, which is mounted on the reaction respectively. When the shear strain is 100%, the influence of tempera­
wall, controls the lateral deformation of the specimens. The maximum ture on the shape of hysteresis curve is not constant. With the increase of
output of the vertical actuator is 1000 kN, and the pressure can be shear strain, hysteretic curves at low temperatures and room tempera­
automatically compensated. The lateral actuator is a 250 kN MTS ture has significant differences in characteristics, the envelop area and
actuator. The sliding range of the horizontal slider is �200 mm. The test the maximum shear force increase as temperature decreases. Under low
specimens were placed between the vertical actuator and the pedestal as temperature and large shear strain conditions (300%, 30 � C–0 � C),
shown in Fig. 2(b). both ends of the hysteretic curve are significantly upturned, showing an
inverse S-type.
2.2. Organization of the test program Since RB2 is composed of high damping and low shear modulus
rubber, RB2 also shows similar shear characteristics to high damping
A series of tests were conducted on the specimens in accordance with rubber bearings and lead rubber bearings, such as yield and hysteresis
the procedures outlined in ISO 22762–1.2005 [21]. The main purpose of energy dissipation.
this paper is to investigate the behaviors of elastomeric bearings under In order to quantitatively describe the variation of bearings’ me­
different ambient temperatures which are expected to occur over the chanical properties of with temperature, key parameters of bearings,
such as equivalent stiffness, yield force, post-yield stiffness and equiv­
alent viscous damping, are obtained by identifying the hysteretic curves
Table 1
Test specimen specifications.
of each test condition. The equivalent stiffness was calculated, as indi­
cated in the ISO 22762–1:2005 [21]:
Main parameters RB1 RB2 RB3
Fmax Fmin
Rubber shear modulus N/mm2
0.3 0.3 0.4 Kh ¼ (1)
Bearing diameter mm 220 220 220 X1 X2
Lead diameter mm 30 – 30
Rubber layer thickness mm 1.5 1.5 1.5 where X1 andX2 are maximum positive and negative shear displace­
Number of rubber layers layer 15 15 15 ments, respectively. Fmax and Fmin are shear forces at maximum and
Inner steel shim thickness mm 2 2 2 minimum displacement, respectively (Fig. 4).
Total rubber thickness mm 22.5 22.5 22.5
Total Bearing Height mm 70.5 70.5 70.5
Referring to Fig. 4, the yield stress (Qd ) and the post-yield stiffness

2
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932

Fig. 1. (a) Photograph, (b)Schematic of the specimen.

Fig. 2. (a)Photograph, (b)Schematic of the test apparatus.

definition, as:
Table 2
Test conditions. 2ΔW
heq ¼ (4)
Test Shear Vertical Loading Temperature Waveform π Kh ðX1 X2 Þ2
strain load velocity
Where, F1 、F2 、F3 andF4 are shear forces corresponding to the 1/2 of
Value 100%, 157.0 kN 1.5 mm/s 30 � C, 20 � C, Triangular
200%, (5Mpa) 10 � C, 0 � C, 20 the maximum and minimum shear displacement (i.e., X1 =2andX2 =2),
300% �
C ΔWis the envelope area of the hysteretic curve, the selection of specific
values is shown in Fig. 4.

(Kd ) were calculated by following equations, according to ISO

22762–1:2005 [16]: 3.2. Equivalent stiffness
� �
1 X2 F1 X1 F4 X2 F2 X1 F3
Qd ¼ (2) Equivalent stiffness (Kh ) of the three specimens under various of
2 X2 X1 X2 X1
temperatures and shear strains were calculated from Eq. (1). In order to
1
�
F1 F4 F2 F3
� observe the variation trend of the equivalent stiffness with temperature,
Kd ¼ þ (3) equivalent stiffness at various of temperatures were normalized using
2 ðX1 X2 Þ=2 ðX1 X2 Þ=2
the equivalent stiffness at room temperature (20 � C)Kh;20 .The curves of
And the damping ratios were calculated, according to standard equivalent stiffness (Kh ) varying with temperature are shown in Fig. 5

Fig. 3. Hysteresis curve comparison at different temperatures and shear strains.

3
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932

temperature varies from 10 � C to 20 � C, the curves are relatively

gentle. In addition, there are little differences between the Kh =Kh:20
Tcurves under different shear strains, which indicates that the influence
of temperature on the normalized equivalent stiffness is basically the
same under different shear strains.

3.3. Post-yield stiffness

The post-yield stiffness (Kd )of the three specimens at different tem­
peratures and shear strains were calculated from equation (3). The post-
yield stiffness at different temperatures were normalized using the post-
yield stiffness at room temperature Kd;20 , as shown in Fig. 6. It can be
Fig. 4. Determination of shear properties of rubber bearings. found that, under different shear strains, the post-yield stiffness of the
bearings increases as temperature decreases. For RB1 and RB2, the
(a), and the curves of normalized equivalent stiffness varying with normalized post-yield stiffness increases as the temperature decreases.
temperature are plotted in Fig. 5(b). For each specimen, the Kd =Kd;20 T curves under different shear strains
For RB1, as shown in Fig. 5(a), when the shear strain is 100% and the has little difference, so the change of shear strain has little influence on
temperature is 30 � C, Kh is 1.29 kN/mm. When the shear strain is Kd =Kd;20 , while the influence of temperature is obvious.
300% and the temperature is 20 � C, Kh is 0.59 kN/mm, the ratio of them
is 2.19. This phenomenon indicates that the influence of temperature
3.4. Yield force
and shear strain on the equivalent stiffness of lead rubber bearings is
very significant.
The yield forces (Qd ) of the three specimens under various shear
For RB2, Kh also increases with the decrease of temperature, but
strains and temperatures are reported in Fig. 7(a). Yield forces at
because of the relatively lower equivalent stiffness value, the variation is
different temperatures were normalized using the yield forces at 20 � C
small, while the influence trend of the shear strain on Kh is not clear.
(Qd;20 ) to obtain the trend of Qd =Qd;20 changing with temperature, as
Since RB3 is composed of hard rubber, so the value of Kh at each
shown in Fig. 7(b).
temperature and shear strain condition is relatively large. When the
According to Fig. 7(a), the yield forces of the three bearings increase
shear strain is 100% at 30 � C,Kh is 1.44 kN/mm, and when the shear
with the decrease of temperature. While at each temperature, Qd of the
strain is 300% at 20 � C,Kh is 0.65 kN/mm, and their ratio is 2.22.
three bearings all increase with the increase of shear strain. For the RB1,
Indicating that the influence of temperature and shear strain on the
Qd is larger and changes significantly with temperature. When the shear
equivalent stiffness of RB3 is very significant.
strain is 300% at 30 � C, Qd is 18.99 kN; when the shear strain is 100%
The comparison of the Kh =Kh:20 curves of RB1 in Fig. 5(b) indicates
at 20 � C, Qd is 6.5 kN; their ratio is 2.92. Which suggests that the changes
that, when the temperature varies from 0 � C to 30 � C, the slope of the
curve is large, while when the temperature varies from 0 � C to 20 � C, the
curve is relatively flat. Generally, the difference between Kh =Kh:20 at
each shear strain is small, indicating that the influence of temperature
on Kh =Kh:20 is basically the same at each shear strain.
Fig. 5(b) also shows the relationship between normalized equivalent
stiffness (Kh =Kh:20 ) and the temperature of RB2. The slope of Kh =Kh:20
Tcurves under different shear strains are relatively large from 0 � C to
30 � C, and the variation trend are gentle from 0 � C to 20 � C. Moreover,
the temperature dependence curves of the normalized equivalent stiff­
ness at each shear strain level are different from each other. It indicates
that the both shear strain and temperature have significant impact on
the normalized equivalent stiffness (Kh =Kh:20 ) of the natural rubber
bearing.
For Kh =Kh:20 Tcurves of RB3 under different shear strains from
30 � C to 10 � C, the slope is relatively large, while, when the Fig. 6. Normalized post-yield stiffness (K d/K d,20) of three specimens.

Fig. 5. Comparison of equivalent stiffness (K h) and normalized equivalent stiffness (K h/Kh.20).

4
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li
Fig. 7. Comparison of yield load (Q d) and normalized yield load (Q d/Q
of shear strain and temperature have a great impact on Qd .
Fig. 7(b) shows the curves of normalized yield load (Qd =Qd;20 )
varying with temperature under different shear strains. Which indicates
that the change of shear strain has little influence on the normalized
yield forces, while the change of temperature has an obvious influence.
3.5. Hysteretic energy dissipation
The hysteresis energy dissipation (ΔW) of the three bearings are
plotted in Fig. 8(a). The curves of normalized hysteresis energy dissi­
pation (ΔW=ΔW:20 ) changing with temperature are reported in Fig. 8(b).
As reported in Fig. 8(a), shear strain and temperature have visible
effects on the hysteretic energy dissipation of the three bearings. In each
temperature condition, ΔWincreases with the increase of shear strain.
While when the shear strain is constant, ΔWdecreases with the increase
of the test temperature.
Fig. 8(b) shows that, for RB1 and RB3, the temperature curves of
normalized hysteresis energy dissipationðΔW =ΔW20 TÞat each shear
strain levels are basically consistent, which indicates that the main
factor affecting the value of ΔW=ΔW20 for lead rubber bearings is the
temperature rather than the shear strain. For RB2, at different shear
strains, the ΔW=ΔW20 Tcurves were significantly different, especially
under large shear strain conditions, the curve fluctuated sharply with
temperature.
The equivalent damping ratios (heq ) of the three bearings at different
shear strains and test temperatures were obtained according to equation
(4), as shown in Fig. 9. For RB1, at each test temperature, heq decreases
slightly with the increase of shear strain. However, there is no constant
changing trend for heq of RB2, this may be due to the fact that the
equivalent damping ratio of natural rubber bearings is relatively small,
and the errors in the test process (For example, the increase of friction
Fig. 8. Curves of hysteretic energy dissipation (△W) and normalized hysteretic energy dissipation (△W/△W.20).
5
Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932
d.20) at different temperatures.
force in the horizontal slider under large displacement, the relative slip
between the bearings and the ground, etc.) have a significant impact on
the test results. In general, under each shear strain, the variation of
heq with temperature has not constant trend, but the variation is
within�20%.
4. Curve fitting model
For the convenience of expression, the normalized equivalent stiff­
ness, normalized yield force and normalized post-yield stiffness are
defined as influence coefficient of equivalent stiffnessRK1 , the influence
coefficient of yield force RQ and the influence coefficient of post-yield
stiffness RK2 , expressed as:
Kh
RK1 ¼ (5)
Kh:20
Kd
RK2 ¼ (6)
Kd:20
Qd
RQ ¼ (7)
Qd:20
According to the results of comparison and parameter analysis in
previous sections, the temperature curves of normalized equivalent
stiffness, yield force and post-yield stiffness at different shear strains are
basically coincident, the influence of shear strains is not obvious. At the
same time, modeling researches of temperature dependence of rubber­
like composites by Bai, Y. and T. Keller [22–27] also indicate that the
effect of temperature is the most significant. Therefore, only the influ­
ence of temperature is considered in this section, the temperature in­
fluence coefficient functions of equivalent stiffness, yield force and
post-yield stiffness of each bearing were obtained by nonlinear
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932

Fig. 9. Curves of equivalent damping ratio (heq) varying with temperature and shear strain.

regression analysis of experimental data, as shown in Fig. 10 and the

Table 3
expressions of the curves are listed in Table 3, the parameters in equa­
The expression of temperature influence coefficient functions of bearings’ me­
tions were determined by curve fitting.
chanical parameters.
In order to evaluate the accuracy of the temperature influence co­
Bearing Equivalent stiffness Post-yield stiffness Yield force
efficient functions, method provided in GB20688.3–2006 [28] were
used to derive the mechanical parameters of rubber bearings at room RB1 RK1 ¼ 0:9075 þ RK2 ¼ 0:9380 þ RQ ¼ 0:0904 þ
temperature (20 � C) with shear strain of 100%, which can be expressed 0:1796e 0:0407⋅T 0:1168e 0:0468⋅T 1:3956e 0:0128⋅T
as: RB2 RK1 ¼ 0:3065 þ RK2 ¼ 0:7759 þ RQ ¼ 0:5215 þ
� � 0:8549e 0:0112⋅T 0:3656e 0:0280⋅T 0:7753e 0:0223⋅T
GA GL AL RB3
Kd:20 ¼ C1 ðγÞ þ (8) RK1 ¼ 0:9442 þ RK2 ¼ 0:8245 þ RQ ¼ 0:9943 þ
Tr HL 0:1293e 0:0460⋅T 0:3059e 0:0294⋅T 0:0342e 0:0779⋅T

Qd:20 ¼ C2 ðγÞAL τy (9)

Kh:20 ¼ Kd:20 þ
Qd:20
(10)
γTr
Where, Gand GL are the shear modulus of rubber and lead core, respec­
tively. Aand AL are the cross-sectional areas of the bearings and the lead
core, respectively. Tr and HL are the total thickness of the rubber layers
and the height of the lead core, respectively. γis the shear strain of the
bearing, and γ ¼ 100% is calculated in this section. C1 ðγÞand C2 ðγÞ are
the correction coefficients of post yield stiffness and yield force, when
the shear strain is 100%, the values are 0.92 and 1.0, respectively. τy is
the yield shear strength of the lead core, and τy ¼ 8:33MPa.
The analytical values of three mechanical parameters at different
temperatures are deduced and plotted in Fig. 11 comparing with the
corresponding experimental values. In each plot, the decimals beside the
curves represent the experimental values, and the percentages represent
the errors of the analysis values relative to the experimental values.
Positive percentage means greater than the experimental value, negative
percentage means lower than the experimental value. In general, the
analysis values of bearings at different temperatures are in good
agreement with the corresponding experimental values, and the relative
error between the analytical values and the experimental value s does
not exceed �15%. The temperature influence coefficient functions can
be used to predict the mechanical properties of rubber bearings in
different temperatures.
However, due to equipment limitations, the performance change of
the bearings in the environments above room temperature is not studied
this paper. High temperature working conditions will be considered in
further study.
5. Conclusion
The effects of temperature and shear strain on the response of the
scaled rubber bearings were studied through a specifically designed
experimental program. The experimental program was carried out on
three scaled rubber bearings, test temperatures of 30 � C, 20 � C, 10
�
C, 0 � C, 20� Cand shear strains of 100%, 200%, 300% were considered.
Experimental data shown that shear response characteristics like the
equivalent stiffness, yield shear force and post-yield stiffness can be
significantly affected by temperature. The main conclusions can be

Fig. 10. Temperature influence coefficient curves of equivalent stiffness(a), yield force(b) and post-yield stiffness(c).

6
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li
Fig. 11. Comparison of the experimental values and the analytical values of bearings’ mechanical parameters at different temperatures.
drawn from this study are:
1. For both lead rubber bearings and rubber bearings the hysteresis
curves at each shear strain level are fuller and steeper at lower
temperatures. As the temperature decreases, the envelope area and
the maximum shear force of the hysteresis curve gradually increases.
2. The values of equivalent stiffness, post-yield stiffness and yield force
increase with the decrease of temperature, but the influence of the
shear strain is not so obvious. The normalized equivalent stiffness,
yield force and post-yield stiffness under different shear strains has
little difference, while the influence of temperature is more obvious.
3. Shear strain and temperature have visible effects on the hysteretic
energy dissipation of the bearings, ΔW decreases with the increase of
the test temperature. While the main factor affecting the normalized
hysteresis energy dissipation of the lead rubber bearings is temper­
ature rather than shear strain.
4. The temperature influence coefficient functions were obtained by
nonlinear regression analysis of the experimental data, and the
analysis values of bearings at different temperatures are in good
agreement with the corresponding experimental values
Further experimental studies are required to investigate the influ­
ence of high temperature working conditions on the response of rubber
isolation bearings.
Declaration of competing interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with
other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our
7
Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932
work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or
kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as
influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript
entitled “Experimental study on temperature dependence of mechanical
properties of scaled high-performance rubber bearings”.
Acknowledgements
Financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China
(NO.2017YFC0703600) is gratefully acknowledged. Support was also
provided by the Scientific Research Foundation of the Graduate School
of Southeast University (NO. YBPY1922).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107932.
References
[1] Liu WG. Mechanics properties of rubber bearings and earthquake response analysis
of isolation structures. Beijing University of Technology; 2003 (in Chinese).
[2] Zeng DM. Test and analysis on performance of rubber bearing and seismically
isolation building. China Academy of Building Research; 2007 (in Chinese).
[3] Nagarajaiah S, Reinhorn AM, Constantinou MC. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of 3-
D-base-isolated structures. J Struct Eng 1991;117(7):2035–54.
[4] Tsopelas PC, Roussis PC, Constantinou MC, Buchanan R, Reinhorn AM. 3D-BASIS-
ME-MB: computer program for nonlinear dynamic analysis of seismically isolated
structures. Technical Report MCEER-05-0009, Multidisciplinary Center for
Earthquake Engineering Research. Buffalo, NY: University at Buffalo, State
University of New York; 2005.
R.-j. Zhang and A.-q. Li
[5] Computers and structures, inc. SAP2000, static and dynamic finite element analysis
of structures, version 11.0.8, berkeley, CA.
[6] Zhang R, Li A. Finite element study of effect of parameters on stress distribution of
steel shim in elastomeric bearings. Adv Struct Eng 2019;22(9):2124–35.
[7] Roeder CW, Stanton JF, Feller T. Low-temperature performance of elastomeric
bearings. J Cold Reg Eng 1990;4(3):113–32.
[8] F Yakut A, Yura JA. Parameters influencing performance of elastomeric bearings at
low temperatures. J Struct Eng 2002;128(8):986–94.
[9] Fuller KNG, Gough J, Thomas AG. The effect of low temperature crystallization on
the mechanical behavior of rubber. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 2010;42(11):
2181–90.
[10] Cardone D, Gesualdi G, Nigro D. Effects of air temperature on the cyclic behavior of
elastomeric seismic isolators. Bull Earthq Eng 2011;9(4):1227–55.
[11] Nakano O, Taniguchi H, Nishi H. Effect of temperature on behavior of base-isolated
bearings. Wind.Seism. Eff.Dyn 1992;24(5):116–35.
[12] You SQ, Liu B, Lou YL. Low-temperature effect on deformation behavior of
laminated rubber isolators. J Northeast Univ (Nat Sci) 2005;26(3):297–9 (in
Chinese).
[13] Pinarbasi S, Akyuz U, Ozdemir G. An experimental study on low temperature
behavior of elastomeric bridge Bearings.10th world conference on seismic
isolation, energy dissipation and active vibrations control of structures. 2007.
[14] Shen CY, Zhou FL, et al. Dependency test research of mechanical performance of
HDR and its parametric value analysis. J. Earthq.Eng. Eng. Vib. 2012;32(6):95–103
(in Chinese).
[15] Qayyum Basit. Low temperature performance of elastomeric bearings in a full size
field experience bridge. University at Buffalo; 2016.
[16] Ricciardi MR, Papa I, Langella A, Langella T, Lopresto V, Antonucci V. Mechanical
properties of glass fibre composites based on nitrile rubber toughened modified
epoxy resin. Compos B Eng 2018;139:259–67.
Composites Part B 190 (2020) 107932
[17] Yu L, Ma Y. Loading rate and temperature dependence of flexural behavior in
injection-molded glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos B Eng
2019;161:285–99.
[18] Garcia-Gonzalez D, Garzon-Hernandez S, Arias A. A new constitutive model for
polymeric matrices: application to biomedical materials. Compos Part B 2018;139:
117–29.
[19] Fang H, Bai Y, Liu W, Qi Y, Wang J. Connections and structural applications of fibre
reinforced polymer composites for civil infrastructure in aggressive environments.
Compos B Eng 2019;164:129–43.
[20] Gao J, Chen W, Yu B, Fan P, Zhao B, Hu J, et al. Effect of temperature on the
mechanical behaviours of a single-ply weave-reinforced shape memory polymer
composite. Compos B Eng 2019;159:336–45.
[21] International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 22762-1:2005:
elastomeric seismic-protection isolators – Part 1. Test methods; 2005.
[22] Bai Y, Vall�ee T, Keller T. Modeling of thermal responses for FRP composites under
elevated and high temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 2008;68(1):47–56.
[23] Bai Y, Keller T, Vall�ee T. Modeling of stiffness of FRP composites under elevated
and high temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 2008;68(15–16):3099–106.
[24] Bai Y, Keller T. Modeling of post-fire stiffness of E-glass fiber-reinforced polyester
composites. Compos Appl Sci Manuf 2007;38(10):2142–53.
[25] Bai Y, Keller T. Modeling of post-fire stiffness of E-glass fiber-reinforced polyester
composites. Compos Appl Sci Manuf 2007;38(10):2142–53.
[26] Bai Y, Vall�ee T, Keller T. Delamination of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer
composites subjected to axial compression. Compos Struct 2009;91(1):66–73.
[27] Yu B, Till V, Thomas K. Modeling of thermo-physical properties for FRP composites
under elevated and high temperature. Compos Sci Technol 2007;67(15–16):
3098–109.
[28] GB 20688.3-2006: rubber bearings: Part 3: elastomeric seismic-protection isolators
for buildings. Beijing: China Standard Press; 2006.