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Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

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Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 511–518

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport

13th
(TRANSCOM
International 2019),
Scientific
HighConference
Tatras, Novy Smokovec –Modern
on Sustainable, Grand Hotel
and Safe
Bellevue,
Transport
(TRANSCOM 2019),Slovak High Tatras,
Republic,
Novy
May
Smokovec – Grand Hotel Bellevue,
29-31, 2019
Slovak Republic, May 29-31, 2019
Vibration analysis and comparison of the damaged and undamaged
Vibration analysis and comparison
rolling ball of the damaged and undamaged
bearing
a,
rolling ball
a
bearing a a
Peter Sulka *, Alzbeta Sapietova , Vladimir Dekys , Ondrej Stalmach
Peter Sulkaa,*, Alzbeta Sapietovaa, Vladimir Dekysa, Ondrej Stalmacha
a
University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, Žilina, Slovakia
a
University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, Žilina, Slovakia

Abstract
Abstract
This article deals with vibration analysis and the processing of the vibration signal obtained during the experimental measurement
on a rotary
This articleshaft
dealsatwith
start-up, constant
vibration speeds
analysis andand
therun-out, withofathe
processing ballvibration
bearing roller.
signal The next step
obtained duringof the experimental
research is themeasurement
introduction
anda application
on rotary shaft of mathematical
at start-up, andspeeds
constant numerical methods
and run-out, fora the
with ballprocessing of input
bearing roller. and step
The next measured data using
of the research diagnostic
is the and
introduction
mathematical
and software.
application The principle
of mathematical and of measurement
numerical and for
methods processing was to compare
the processing of input the
andresults of oscillation
measured data usingof diagnostic
an undamagedand
bearing with several
mathematical types
software. Theofprinciple
damagedofbearings with corresponding
measurement and processingdeformations
was to comparein the
theorbits.
resultsThe purpose ofof
of oscillation theanresearch and
undamaged
comparison
bearing withwas to achieve
several types optimal results
of damaged (in terms
bearings of corresponding
with amplitude values, the occurrence
deformations of orbits.
in the eigenvalue
The vibrations
purpose ofand thethe resonance
research and
phenomenon)
comparison oftoindividual
was bearings
achieve optimal with (in
results corresponding impulses
terms of amplitude in the
values, theorbits and toofobtain
occurrence calibration
eigenvalue diagrams
vibrations as resonance
and the a tool for
possible prediction
phenomenon) of bearings
of individual in operation.
bearings with corresponding impulses in the orbits and to obtain calibration diagrams as a tool for
possible prediction of bearings in operation.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review
© under responsibility
2019 The Authors. Published byof the scientific
Elsevier B.V. committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable,
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable,
Modern and
Peer-review Safe
under Transport (TRANSCOM
responsibility of
Modern and Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).the 2019).
scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable,
Modern and Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
Keywords: Analysis, Vibrodiagnostic, Mathematical algorithms, Rolling ball bearing.
Keywords: Analysis, Vibrodiagnostic, Mathematical algorithms, Rolling ball bearing.

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Rolling bearings are among the most important parts of vehicles, work machines or various rotary mechanical
Rolling bearings
applications. are among
The tendency the research
of their most important parts ofimprovements
and production vehicles, workinmachines or variousload,
terms of accuracy, rotary mechanical
durability and
applications.
reliability alsoThe tendency
increases oftheir
from theirwidespread
research and productionRolling
application. improvements
bearings in termsthe
enable oftransmission
accuracy, load, durability
of forces and
between
reliability
the movingalsoandincreases from
fixed parts of their widespreadsystem,
the mechanical application. Rolling
designed bearings enable
to minimize frictionthe transmission
generated of forces
by energy andbetween
power.
the moving and fixed parts of the mechanical system, designed to minimize friction generated by energy and power.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +421415132880.

E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding Peter.Sulka@fstroj.uniza.sk
Tel.: +421415132880.
E-mail address: Peter.Sulka@fstroj.uniza.sk
2352-1465 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review©under
2352-1465 responsibility
2018 The of the scientific
Authors. Published committee
by Elsevier B.V. of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Moder n and
Safe Transport
Peer-review (TRANSCOM
under 2019).
responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Moder n and
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).

2352-1465  2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.074
512 Peter Sulka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 511–518
2 Sulka et al./ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Rolling bearing construction consists of main parts such as outer, inner ring, cage, sealing, coding and rolling
element in our case of spheres. Due to their multiple use and growing development, it is essential and important to
examine the individual aspects of bearings in terms of stress-strain analysis and vibration diagnostics as a body system
in order to achieve optimal results and consequently to predict the durability and reliability of the rolling ball bearing
[4, 6, 9].

2. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT)

Due to the fact that the calculation of the classical Fourier transform requires a considerable amount (N2), which
is the most time-consuming operation, an algorithm has been developed to allow a significant acceleration of the
calculation. This algorithm is described as FFT - Fast Fourier Transform (see Eq. 1).

−𝑗𝑗2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

𝑋𝑋(𝑘𝑘) = ∑𝑁𝑁−1
𝑖𝑖=0 𝑥𝑥(𝑖𝑖) ∙ 𝑙𝑙 𝑁𝑁 = ∑𝑁𝑁−1
𝑖𝑖=0 𝑥𝑥(𝑖𝑖)𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ( ) − 𝑗𝑗 ∙ ∑𝑁𝑁−1
𝑖𝑖=0 𝑥𝑥(𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ( ) (1)
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁

The FFT algorithm uses the mathematical property of FT, which is the real output signal of the odd number of
symmetric spectrum elements (see Fig. 1) and complexly associated around its center.

Fig. 1 Describing graph of symmetry Fourier Transformation

This means that the real component is around the center even and the imaginary component is odd. As a result of
this finding, it is enough to calculate the first half of the spectrum and the second will be identical to the opposite sign
of the imaginary component [2, 3, 8, 10, 11].

3. Short-Time Fourier Transformation (STFT)

The Short-term Fourier transformation is a time-frequency analytical tool for non-stationary signals. The
transformation provides information about the signal f (t) and its spectrum F (ω) in the time-frequency window. The
principle of this method is to multiply the f (t) signal to be analyzed by a certain type of symmetric window function
(so-called window) ω * (t-τ) of constant length and then calculate the Fourier transform of the individual signal
segments f). The STFT of the continuous signal f (t) is defined by the following formula (see Eq. 2).
∞
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆{𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)}(𝜏𝜏, 𝜔𝜔) == 𝑋𝑋(𝜏𝜏, 𝜔𝜔) = ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝜔𝜔 ∙ (𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏) 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = < 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡). 𝜔𝜔 ∙ (𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 > (2)

Where the symbol (*) matches complex conjugation and t - time shift of the window. The most commonly used
window elements are the Hamming, Kaiser, Gauss or Hann rectangular windows [1, 4, 7, 8].
 Peter Sulka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 511–518 513
Sulka et al / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

4. Description of analyzed object and methodology of solution

The aim of the analysis was to examine and analyze the oscillation of the investigated object, which was rolling
ball bearing (see Fig. 2, 3) connected to the rotary shaft in the test center (see Fig. 4).

Fig. 2 3D model of investigated rolling ball bearing

Fig. 3 Cutting section of 3D model geometry

The measurement itself was carried out in several steps to examine and compare the individual bearings with
respective deformations in the orbits. The basis of the measurement was to obtain data on the dynamic behavior of
individual bearings without and with deformations in orbits for the need to detect vibrations and to understand the
behavior of the examined mechanical components during operation. Measurements were made at the start-up of the
test device (with appropriate bearing on the rotary shaft) at 1000 rpm, staying at this level of mentioned rpm and run-
out of testing machinery in a total cycle of approximately 50 s.
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Fig. 4 View of the test station and bearing assembling

The measurement conditions were as follows:

a. assembly of sensors and measuring instruments (see Fig. 5),
b. performing measurements at a defined time (see Fig. 5),
c. do not exceed the maximum speed of 1000 rpm,
d. compliance with security measures.

Fig. 5 Installation of sensors on test equipment

5. Analysis of experiment measured data

Approximately 1 500 000 data were measured in axial, radial and tangential directions representing the acceleration
values of the individual measured bearings (12 samples with appropriate deformations in the orbits). For the given
analysis using the specific diagnostic algorithms applying the above mathematical methods there were three bearing
variants with the following deformations 0 μm, 7,8955 μm, 48,7073 μm. The sampling frequency of the sensors was
set to 25 600 Hz, corresponding to the time step t = 1 / f = 3,90625e-005s.
Diagnostic and processing of the measured data were performed by compiling algorithms based on a short and fast
Fourier transform in the Matlab working environment.
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6. Comparison of results by means STFT

Measured data from three variants (0 μm, 7,8955 μm, 48,7073 μm) of rolling bearings were processed and
compared using mathematical Short-time Fourier transform algorithms whose outputs are shown in the following
figures ( see Fig. 6-8).

Fig. 6 Spectrogram and projection amplitude-time variant 0 μm

Fig. 7 Spectrogram and projection amplitude-time variant 7,8955 μm

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Fig. 8 Spectrogram and projection amplitude-time variant 48,7073 μm

From the previous figures, it is possible to detect a clear difference in the graphical resolution of the spectrograms
for each variant of the damage. In the case of a damaged bearing, the color resolution is one-sided, which means that
the bearing is in a trouble-free condition. In the case of damaged bearings, it is obvious that with the increase of the
deformation degree the graphical contrast of the individual invariants in the given spectrograms increases. From this
finding it can be said that in the region at 2000 Hz and in period <40, 55 s> (graphically significant part of the output)
there is an increase of amplitude, own oscillations, possible resonance phenomenon and increased noise levels with
the given bearing. Evidence of the above findings is also the individual graphical outputs of the spectrogram
projections into the time domain where it is possible to detect an increase in the amplitude value depending on the
depth of deformation of the path of the bearing [10, 11].

7. Comparison of results by means FFT

In the next step, an analysis was performed by means of a fast Fourier transform using the composing of the
measured data through the so- envelopes (215 number of samples) to obtain optimal graphical outputs (see Fig. 9-11).

Fig. 9 FFT spectrum variant 0 μm

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Fig. 10 FFT spectrum variant 7.8955 μm

Fig. 11 FFT spectrum variant 48.7073 μm

From previous graphical outputs based on fast Fourier transform, a significant increase in amplitude values can be
detected depending on the depth of deformation of the orbital path of the investigated bearings. Based on this finding,
it is possible to say with certainty that the methodology and the results obtained are correct, as evidenced by the two
variants of the algorithms of mathematical methods.

8. Conclusion

Measurement, processing and analysis of signals obtained from real machine tool measurements, in our case roller
bearings, is an integral part of a comprehensive diagnostic system to monitor operating conditions. The purpose of
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vibration analysis of machines and their components is to determine the occurrence and causes of oscillation and the
consequent possibility of eliminating their occurrence in order to ensure life expectancy and to maximize the reliability
of the machine in operation. In our contribution, we discussed the problems of rolling bearings diagnostics,
measurement and solution methodology using algorithms based on mathematical methods. From the point of view of
the analysis and comparison of the bearings with the different variants of the damage, the amplitude sensitivity, the
resonance and the gradient of noise from the level of damage were determined by mathematical methods, which is
evidence of graphical outputs and obtained the results of the analysis.

Acknowledgement

The part of the results of this work has been supported by VEGA grant No. 1/0795/16 and KEGA 017ŽU-4/2017.

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