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Contents
0301 GENERAL
4$01&
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4:.#0-4"/%/05"5*0/
$-"44*'*$"5*0/0'%&4*(/-0"%4
$0.#*/"5*0/40'-0"%4
0302 DEAD LOADS

%&'*/*5*0/
8&*()540'."5&3*"-4"/%$0/4536$5*0/4
0303 LIVE LOADS

(&/&3"-
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3&%6$5*0/*/-*7&-0"%4
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4*.*-"3-*7&-0"%4
0304 SNOW LOADS

(&/&3"-4
(306/%4/08-0"%4  
'-"5300'4/08-0"%4  
4-01&%300'4/08-0"%4  
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0305 WIND LOADS

(&/&3"-
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3&4*45*/(."*/'3".&4
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0306 SEISMIC LOADS

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0307 SOIL AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

(&/&3"-
13&4463&0/#"4&.&/58"--4
61-*'50/'-0034"/%'06/%"5*0/4
0308 THERMAL STRESS
(&/&3"-
5)&3."-453&44
0309 FLUID PRESSURE AND CONTENTS LOADS IN STORAGE TANK

(&/&3"-
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0310 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS COMPONENT LOADS

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APPENDIX
Index
0301 GENERAL
0301.1 SCOPE
This standard provides the requirements for the calculation of loads,
which are applied to buildings and other structures. If one design loads
and external forces calculated by the special studies and researches are
approved to be equal or more than the required in this standard, some
of the provisions in this standard need not be applied.
0301.2 DEFINITIONS
ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION : Irregular vibration in across-wind direction due
to buffeting, vortex-shedding, and wakes；that is mainly caused by regular
vortex separated alternately from both edge of building.
ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION：Acceleration in across

-wind direction due to buffeting, vortex-shedding and wakes.
ACTIVE FAULT：A fault determined to be active by the authority

having jurisdiction from properly substantiated data.
AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY VIBRATION：Phenomena that vibration

is increased or dissipated because additional aeroelasticity, that occurred
due to building vibration itself, induces to reduce building damping forces.
ALONG-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION：Acceleration which is

caused by along wind vibration due to wind turbulence or gust of wind.
ASPECT RATIO：Ratio of height-to-root of cross of breadth and depth；

Ratio of height, H, to mean length of floor area, 
 , where B is
building breadth and D is building depth.
]](&/&3"-]]
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER：Wind speed varies with height
above the ground surface because of frictional effect of ground rou-
ghness. This region is defined as atmospheric boundary layer.
ATTACHMENTS：Means by which components and their supports are

secured or connected to the seismic-force-resisting system of the structure.
Such attachments include anchor bolts, welded connections, and mechanical
fasteners.
BACKGROUND RESPONSE FACTOR：Non-dimensional value to

represent dispersion of frequency component except around near region
of the natural frequency in fluctuating displacement of buildings.
BASE：The level at which the horizontal seismic ground motions are

considered to be imparted to the building.
BASE SHEAR：Total design lateral force or shear at the base.
BASIC WIND SPEED：The 10-minute mean wind speed over a flat and
open terrain at an elevation of 10m with a return period of 100 years.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM：A structural system without a complete

vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing elements
provide support for substantial vertical loads. Seismic lateral force
resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT：In light-frame construction, diaphragms and

shear wall boundary members to which sheathing transfer forces.
Boundary elements include chords and drag struts at diaphragm and
shear wall perimeter, interior openings, discontinuities and reentrant
corners.
BRACED FRAME：An essentially vertical truss, or its equivalent, of
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the concentric or eccentric type that is provided in a bearing wall,
building frame, or dual system to resist seismic forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM：A structural system with an essentially

complete space frame providing support for vertical load. Seismic lateral
force resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME：A braced frame in which the

members are subjected primarily to axial forces.
CONVERGENCE EFFECT：When wind blows parallel to valley between hill

and hill, stream lines converge to horizontal direction and then wind
speed drastically increases.
DEAD LOADS：Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of

construction incorporated into the building including, but not limited to,
walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partition, finishes,
cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural
items, and fixed service equipment including the weight of cranes.
DESIGN EARTHQUAKE：The earthquake effects that are the corre-

sponding maximum considered earthquake effects.
DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION：Design spectral

response acceleration at short periods,    , and at 1-second period,    .
DESIGN WIND LOADS FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN

FRAMES：Wind loads for the design of main wind force resisting
structural element of overall buildings.
DESIGN WIND SPEED：Wind speed for use in design considering

basic wind speeds, terrain conditions, topographic conditions, and design
return period accounting for the importance of a buildings. It becomes
basic wind speed for calculating velocity pressure
]](&/&3"-]]
DOMINANT OPENING：Industrial buildings with shipping doors or
ventilation openings having a high probability of being open；a face of
a building should be regarded as dominant when the area of openings at
that face is at least twice the area of openings and leakages in the
remaining faces of the building considered.
DOUBLE FRAME SYSTEM：A structural system with an essentially

complete space frame providing support for vertical loads. Seismic force
resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames. The moment
frame shall be capable of resisting at least 25 percent of the design
seismic forces.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS：The combined effect of horizontal and vertical

earthquake-induced forces.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME：A diagonally braced frame in

which at least one end of each brace frames into a beam a short
distance from a beam-column or from another diagonal brace.
ENCLOSED BUILDING：Building without large openings, and only

small openings of less than 0.1 percent of total area, and building which
has an entrance door that is equipped with closing devices when strong
wind blows, and most buildings which are normally sealed and
ventilated mechanically.
EXPOSURE CATEGORY(or SURFACE ROUGHNESS CATEGORY)：

An exposure category that adequately reflects the characteristics of
ground surface irregularities for the site at which the building or
structure is to be constructed.(Surface roughness category that adequately
reflects the characteristics of ground surface irregularities for the site at
which the building or structure is to be constructed.)
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT：Product of the external pres-
sure coefficient and gust effect factor to be used in determination of
wind loads for building components and cladding
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM：A diaphragm is flexible for the purpose of

distribution of story shear and torsional moment when the maximum
in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load is more
than two times the average drift of adjoining vertical-resisting elements
under equivalent tributary lateral load.
FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE：Dynamically sensitive structure due to

additional load generated by interaction between wind and a structure.
Gust effect factor accounting for the resonance effect shall be used.
GRADIENT HEIGHT(or NOMINAL HEIGHT OF THE ATMOSPHERIC

BOUNDARY LAYER)：The height from the ground where wind speed
becomes almost constant beyond the atmospheric boundary layer because
there is no influence of friction force which is caused by the roughness
of earth surface.
GUST EFFECT FACTOR：It is defined as the ratio of expected

maximum to mean structural response that represents the dynamic
response phenomena produced by the action of wind gust of long-
itudinal component.
GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE：Ratio of

maximum to mean external pressure, which represents quantity of
fluctuation of external pressure.
GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE：Ratio of

maximum to mean internal pressure, which indicates quantity of
fluctuating internal pressure in inner side of building due to opening size
of building.
]](&/&3"-]]
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND SURFACE STARTING ATMOSPHERIC
BOUNDARY LAYER(or, EXPOSURE CONSTANT)：The height above
ground in which change of vertical wind speed profiles with height by
the influence of surface roughness starts. Under this height, wind speed
is assumed to be constant.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR：The importance factor is used to adjust

design wind speed and the level of structural reliability of a building or
other structure to be consistent with the building classifications.
INFLUENCE AREA：The total summation of influence area from the

upper stories. The influence area is four times the tributary area for an
interior column and an interior foundation, two times the tributary area
for a girder or a continuous beam.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME：A moment frame in which

members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as
along the axis or the members.
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT：Non-dimensional quantity of

inner pressure to be caused such that air flows from the outside into
inside through leakages, cavities, opening in building.
LEEWARD FACE：The side sheltered from the wind.
LIVE LOADS：A load produced by the use and occupancy of the

building or other structure that does not include construction or enviro-
nmental loads, such as wind load, snow laod, rain load, earthquake load,
floor load, or dead load.
LOADS COMBINATION：The product of load factor and design load

acted simultaneously in each case.
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ：Components
permanently attached to structure, including supporting structure and
attachment.
MOMENT FRAME SYSTEM：A structural system with an essentially

complete space frame providing support for vertical loads. Seismic
lateral force resistance is provided by moment frames.
MONO-SLOPE FREE ROOF：Planar roof with only columns, without

enclosing walls underneath.
NONBUILDING STRUCTURES：Nonbuilding structures include all

self-supporting structures that carry gravity loads and that may be
required to resist the effects of earthquake.
NONSTRUCTURAL MEMBER：The constructional element of the building

excluded for structure analysis.
NORMAL MOMENT FRAME：A moment frame in which members

and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well along the
axis of the members.
OPENED BUILDING：A building having the sum of the areas of

openings in a wall that receives positive external pressures through more
than exceeds 80 percent of that wall or each wall at least 80 percent
open.
PARTIALLY OPENED BUILDING：A building having the sum of the

areas of openings in a wall is greater than 0.1 precent and less than 1
percent a wall. Openings are irregularly distributed in a wall.
PEAK EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST

EFFECT：Product of external pressure coefficient and gust-effect factor
]](&/&3"-]]
to be used in determination of wind loads on claddings. This coefficient
corresponds to instant maximum values.
PEAK INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST

EFFECT：Product of internal pressure coefficient and gust-effect factor
to be used in determination of wind loads on claddings. This coefficient
corresponds to instant maximum values.
PROJECTED AREA：Area of building either normal to wind direction

or projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. For cladding,
surface area of cladding under imposed load.
REDUCTION FACTOR：A factor that accounts for the reduced design

live load due to the area supported by the member.
RESONANCE FACTOR：Non-dimensional value to present dispersion

of frequency component around near region of the natural frequency in
fluctuating displacement of buildings.
RETURN PERIOD：The basic probability of high winds needed for

structural design is the probability of being exceeded that a given wind
speed will be exceeded within a one-year period. The reciprocal of
probability of being exceeded is called the return period.
RIGID STRUCTURE：A building or other structure which can neglect

an additional load generated by interaction between wind and a structure.
Gust effect factor which does not account for the resonance effect shall
be used.
ROOF LIVE LOADS：A load on a roof produced (1) during mainte-

nance by workers, equipment, and materials and (2) during the life of
the structure by movable objects, such as planters or other similar small
decorative appurtenances that are not occupancy related.
SEISMIC FORCES：The assumed forces prescribed herein, related to
the response of the building to earthquake motions, to be used in the
design of the building and its components.
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM：The part of the structural

system that has been considered in the design to provide the required
resistance to the seismic forces prescribed herein.
SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT：A coefficient decided by Eq.

(0306.5.2) ~ Eq.(0306.5.4),  .
SEISMIC USE GROUP：Seismic use group and occupancy importance

factors in accordance with <Table 0306.4.1>.
SEISMIC ZONE：A zone classified by the expected seismic activities

and seismic intensities.
SHEAR WALL：A wall, bearing or nonbearing, designed to resist

seismic forces acting in the lane of the wall.
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM：A structural system

that uses combinations of ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls and
ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames designed to resist lateral
forces in proportion to their rigidities considering interaction between
shear walls and frames on all levels.
SIDE RATIO；RATIO OF BREADTH-TO-DEPTH：Ratio of breadth,

 , to depth,  of building, that is   .
SITE CLASS：A classification assigned to a site based on the types of

soils present and their engineering properties as defined in <Table
0306.3.2>.
]](&/&3"-]]
SITE COEFFICIENTS：The values of,  , and,  , indicated in Table
<0306.3.3> and <03063.4>, respectively.
SIZE REDUCTION FACTOR：Factor to take into account the reduction

effect on the wind action due to the non-simultaneity of occurrence of
the peak wind pressures on the building surface.
STRONG DIAPHRAGM：A diaphragm is rigid for the purpose of

distribution of story and torsional moment when the lateral deformation
of the diaphragm is less than or equal to two times the average story
drift.
STORY DRIFT：The horizontal deflection at top of the story relative to

the bottom of the story.
STORY DRIFT RATIO：The story drift divided by the story height.
STORY SHEAR：The summation of design lateral seismic forces at

levels above the story under consideration.
TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR：Wind speed increases around near the crest

of hills, ridges, and escarpment. Topography factor accounts for the
wind speed-up that occurs when wind passes at right angles to hill,
ridge, or escarpment-shaped topography.
TORSION VIBRATION：Torsional vibration is caused by asymmetric

wind pressure distribution on the windward face, side faces and leeward
face. This is due to both wind turbulence and the vortex shedding in the
building's wake.
TRIBUTARY AREA：Area of floor is supported by the vertical

members.
TURBULENCE FACTOR：Non-dimensional value accounting for the
effect of turbulence intensity in according to the change of surface
roughness, in estimating gust effect factor.
TURBULENCE INTENSITY：Ratio of standard deviation of fluctuating

wind speed to mean wind speed, to show non-dimensional quantity of
turbulent wind.
VELOCITY PRESSURE：Design wind pressure to be used in the

determination of wind loads for building.
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION：Vibration due to periodic lateral

force created by vortex shedding. that is mainly caused by regular
vortex separated from both edge of building.
WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT：A coefficients that are normalized by

the wind load operating on the wall of structure at the reference height.
Wind force coefficients are used to calculate wind pressure for main
frames, roof frames and other structures. Wind force coefficient for free
standing roofs or other structures,  , shall be used directly. For
enclosed buildings, wind force coefficient,  , shall be estimated by
        accounting for simultaneously the difference of both
external pressure coefficient of windward  and external pressure
coefficient of leeward  . For partially opened buildings and roof
frames, wind force coefficient shall be estimated by     
accounting for simultaneously the difference of both external pressure
coefficient  and internal pressure coefficient  .
WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN FRAMES：A structural frames or an

assemblages of structural elements assigned to provide support and
stability for the overall structure under wind loadings, they work
together to transfer wind loads acting on entire structure to the ground.
]](&/&3"-]]
Examples of those include columns, girders and roof beams. Structural
elements such as cross-bracing, shear walls, roof trusses, and roof
diaphragms are part of wind force resisting main frame when they are
assigned to transfer overall loads.
WIND FORCE RESISTING SUB-FRAMES：Sub-structural components

receives wind loads directly or from claddings such as window or
external panel and transform the wind load to the wind force resisting
main frames. Examples of components include fasteners, purlins, girts,
and studs.
WIND FORCE SPECTRUM FACTOR：It presents the power of

fluctuating wind speed at first mode natural frequency of along wind
direction of buildings.
WIND LOAD ON CLADDING：Wind load for the design of claddings

or other components of buildings. Cladding receives wind load directly.
Examples of claddings include wall covering, curtain walls, roof
covering, exterior windows, doors. Components receive wind load
directly or from cladding and transfer the load to the wind force
resisting main frames. Examples of components include fasteners, purlins,
girts, studs, roof decking, and roof trusses.
WIND LOADS ON ROOF FRAMES：Wind loads for the design of

main wind-force resisting structural system of roof.
WIND LOADS FOR REFLECTING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION：

When wind-induced phenomena caused to buildings and other structures
under direct or indirect wind actions are very irregular and complicate,
wind tunnel test shall be conducted to estimate wind loads, because
wind load estimating method for such cases have not been defined yet.
WIND PRESSURE COEFFICIENT：For estimating wind pressures of
wind force resisting main frames, wind pressure consist of both external
coefficient,  , and internal coefficient,  . However, for estimating
wind pressures on claddings, wind pressure consist of both peak external
coefficient,  , and peak internal coefficient,  A coefficients that
are normalized by the velocity pressure at the reference height.
WIND SPEED PROFILE FACTOR：Factor accounting for the change in

wind speed with height and surface roughness. When speed with height
is represented by the power law, it denotes vertical direction value in
the exponent of power law.
WINDWARD FACE：The side from which the wind is blowing.
0301.3 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

 ：influence area (  ≥ 40㎡)
 ：projected area or effective wind area, ㎡
 ：site coefficient
α ：width of part subjected local stress, m
 ：shear section area of shear wall parallel to the direction of the
seismic load at 1st level, ㎡
 ：tributary area
 ：width of a building or roof dimension of a mono-slope roof
structure normal to wind direction, m
 ：background excitation factor (factor representing frequency
component except for natural frequency of the building)
 ：reduction factor of live loads
 ：dynamic factor
 ：base roof snow load factor
 ：exposure factor
 ：wind force coefficients for the design of structural and roof
frames
 ：roof slope factor
]](&/&3"-]]
 ：thermal factor
 ：lateral load factor
  ：external pressure coefficient
  ：external pressure coefficient on the windward face
  ：external pressure coefficient on the leeward face
  ：internal pressure coefficient for enclosed buildings and structures
 ：building depth, dimension of building parallel to wind, di-
mension of along wind direction on free standing mono-slope
roof, m
 ：length of shear wall at 1st level, m
 ：wind force spectrum factor
 ：portion of the seismic base shear included at level 
 ：equivalent static force for the seismic design of nonstructural
component
 ：lateral seismic force at level 
 ：gust effect factor for structural and roof frames
  ：external gust effect factor for roof frames
  ：internal gust effect factor
 ：gust effect factor for internal pressure
  ：external pressure coefficient for building components and
cladding
  ：internal pressure coefficient for building components and
cladding
 ：reference height of building, mean roof height of building,
height of hill or escarpment, m
 ：importance factor
 ：turbulence intensity at the reference height
 ：importance factor for wind load
 ：inportance factor for snow load
  ：wind speed profile factor
  ：topographic factor
 ：horizontal dimension of a building measured parallel to the wind
direction, m
 ：turbulence length scale at the reference height, m
 ：horizontal distance upwind from the crest to where the di-
fference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or
escarpment, m
 ：response modification coefficient
 ：resonance factor for wind force resisting main frames of
buildings
 ：resonance factor for roof frames
 ：snow load on flat roofs, kN/㎡
 ：size reduction factor(factor representing reduction of turbulence
effect due to scale of a building)
 ：ground snow load, kN/㎡
 ：sloped roof snow load, kN/㎡
 ：fundamental period of the structure, sec
 ：base shear force
 ：basic wind speed, m/s
 ：design wind speed at the mean roof height h above ground
level, m/s
 ：seismic design shear in story 
 ：design wind speed at height  above ground level, m/s
 ：total weight of structure
 ：wind load on cladding, N/㎡
 ：wind load on structural frames, N/㎡
   ：weight of structure in story  , 
 ：total weight of the non-structural element
 ：wind load on roof frames, N/㎡
 ：distance to center of pressure from windward edge of roof, m
 ：height above ground level, m
 ：exposure constant, m
 ：nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer, m
 ：diameter of circular cross-sections and least horizontal di-
]](&/&3"-]]
mension of square, hexagonal, or octagonal cross-section at
elevation under consideration, m
′ ：depth of protruding elements such as ribs and spoilers, m
 ：height from springline to roof top, m
 ：gravitational acceleration
 ：peak factor
 ：mean roof height of a building, m
 ：height of obstruction above the surface of the roof, m
 ：height of balanced snow load, m
 ：clear height from top of balance snow load to (1) closest
point on adjacent upper roof, (2) top of parapet, or (3) top of
a projection on the roof, m
 ：height of chimney, tank, and similar structure, m
 ：height of snow drift, m
 ,  ：the height from the base to level  or  , m
 ：height of the structure above the base to the roof level, m
 ：height from bottom of dome to springline, m
 ：height of sign board, m
 ：diameter of domed roof, m
 ：length of the roof upwind of the projection or parapet wall, m
 ：limit load factor
 ：larger dimension of sign board, m
 ：smaller dimension of sign board, m
 ：1st mode frequency of building, Hz
 ：design wind pressure on cladding, N/㎡
 ：design wind force on structural frames, N/㎡
 ：design wind force on roof frames, N/㎡
 ：velocity pressure at mean roof height h above ground level,
N/㎡
 ：velocity pressure at height Z above ground level, N/㎡
 ：rise-to-span ratio of domed roof
 ：turbulence factor
 ：separation distance between the roof and adjacent structure, m
 ：width of the additional snow drift, m
α ：power law exponent of mean wind speed profile
δ ：deflection of level  at the center of the mass at and above
level 
δ  ：deflection of level  at the center of the mass at and above
level  determined by an elastic analysis
ζ ：damping ratio of 1st mode for along wind, across wind or
torsional direction of building
ζ ：damping ratio of 1st mode for roof frames
 ：angle of plane of roof from horizontal in degree,
κ ：von Karman constant(≒0.4)
ν ：level crossing frequency, Hz
ξ ：ratio of solid area to gross area
Φ ：ratio of solid area to gross area of one tower face for the
segment under consideration
Φ ：upwind slope, calculated from( Φ     )
Φ ：the average downwind slope, measured from the crest of a
hill, ridge, or escarpment to the ground level at a distance of
5H
0301.4 CLASSIFICATION OF DESIGN LOADS

Loads for the structural design of structures are as follows and details
are based on from Chapter 0302 to Chapter 0310.
(1) Dead loads (  )
(2) Live loads (  )
(3) Roof live loads (   )
(4) Snow loads (  )
(5) Wind loads (  )
(6) Earthquake loads (  )
(7) Soil and hydrostatic pressure (  )
(8) Temperature loads (  )
]](&/&3"-]]
(9) Flood loads (  )
(10) Machinery and moving loads (  )
(11) Other loads
0301.5 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS

(1) Structures, components, and foundations shall be designed so that
their design strength equals or exceeds the effects of the factored
loads on the following combinations.
(2) Any loads except dead loads in prescribed load combinations shall
be examined even if one or more loads are not applied in the given
combination.
0302 DEAD LOADS
0302.1 DEFINITION
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipments
incorporated into a building or other structure.
0302.2 WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

In determining dead loads for design purpose, the actual weights of
materials and constructions shall be calculated based on densities, unit
weights, and combined weights of materials.
]]%&"%-0"%4]]
0303 LIVE LOADS
0303.1 GENERAL
(1) This section shall be applied in determining the minimum live loads
produced by the intended use or occupancy of buildings.
(2) The live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures
shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy.
(3) In case this section is not applied, the applied live loads shall be
specified by their sources.
(4) Live loads are divided into uniformly distributed live load and
concentrated live loads, and the load which produces the greater load
effect shall be applied.
0303.2 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
0303.2.1 Basic Uniformly Distributed Loads

Live loads expected by the intended use or occupancy shall in no case
be less than minimum uniformly distributed unit loads required by
<Table 0303.2.1>.
0303.2.2 Vibration and Impact Forces

If live loads in <Table 0303.2.1> are inappropriate for vibration and
impact forces, live loads shall be increased according to actual
conditions.
0303.2.3 Provision for Partitions

In office buildings or other buildings where partitions will be erected or
rearranged, minium partition weight of 1 kN/㎡ at least shall be added
to minimum uniformly distributed live loads, unless the specified live
load exceeds 4 kN/㎡.
0303.3 CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS
0303.3.1 Basic Concentrated Live Loads

Live loads expected by the intended use or occupancy shall be not less
than minimum live loads given in <Table 0303.3.1>.
0303.3.2 Applications
Concentrated loads shall be located so as to produce the maximum load
effect in the structural members.
0303.3.3 Contact Area

The concentration shall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over the
contact area indicated in <Table 0303.3.1>.
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0303.4 REDUCTION IN LIVE LOADS
0303.4.1 Reduction Factor

Except for roof uniform live loads, the design live loads of all other
members for which influence area is 36㎡ or greater are permitted to be
reduced to a unreduced live loads times reduction factor,  .

     (0303.4.1)


where,  ：reduction factor of live loads.

 ：influence area with  ≧ m  .
0303.4.2 Influence Area

The influence area,  , is four times the tributary area for a column and
a foundation, two times the tributary area for a girder or a beam, and
the tributary area is directly applied for a slab. However, cantilever
portion of the tributary area shall be summed directly to the influence
area.
0303.4.3 Limitations
(1) Reduction factor,  is not less than 0.5 for members supporting
only one floor, nor 0.4 for other members.
(2) Live loads that exceed 5 kN/㎡ shall not be reduced except members
supporting two or more floors for which the reduction factor shall
not be less than 0.8.
(3) Live loads of 5 kN/㎡ or less shall not be reduced in public
assembly occupancies.
(4) Live load shall not be reduced in passenger car garages except for
members supporting two or more floors for which the reduction
factor shall not be less than 0.8.
(5) The tributary area for one-way slabs shall not exceed an area
defined by the slab span times a width normal to the span of 1.5
times the slab span.
0303.5 REDUCTION IN ROOF LIVE LOADS
The minimum uniformly distributed roof live loads are permitted to be
reduced according to the following provisions.
0303.5.1 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs

Roof live loads indicated in <Table 0303.2.1> are permitted to be
designed for a reduced roof live load as specified in eq. 0303.5.1.
       where  ≤   ≤  (0303.5.1)
where,   ：reduced roof live load per ㎡ of horizontal projection

(kN/㎡)
The reduction factors  and  shall be determined as follows：
 for   ≤  m 

        for  m       m 
 for   ≥  m 
where,   ：tributary area supported by any structural member (㎡)
 for  ≤ 

      for     
 for  ≥ 
where, ：slope of pitched roof

and rise-to-span ratio × 8/3 for an arch or dome
0303.5.2 Special Purpose Roofs

Roofs that have an occupancy function, such as roof gardens, assembly
purposes, or other special purposes are permitted to have their uniformly
distributed live load reduction in accordance with the requirements of
Section 0303.4 (Reduction in Live Loads).
0303.6 SIMILAR LIVE LOADS
0303.6.1 Applications of Similar Live Loads

Handrails, guards, and grab bars of a parapet, a balcony or stairs shall
]]-*7&-0"%4]]
be to resist at least a concentration load 0.9 kN, a horizontal load 0.4
kN/m for a residence, and 0.8 kN/m for others.
0303.6.2 Lateral Loads of Inner walls

An inner wall with height clearance greater than or equal to 1.8 m shall
be designed to withstand a uniformly distributed load, 0.25 kN/㎡acting
perpendicularly to the partition face except for partition or similar wall
components whose locations are subject to change.
0304 SNOW LOADS
0304.1 GENERALS
(1) When the effect of snow loads acting on a roof is larger than the
minimum roof live loads determined from 0303.2(uniform live load)
and 0303.6(similar live load), the snow loads in this chapter shall be
applied.
(2) The effect of snow loads shall be considered on the wall surface
expected to act.
(3) The design roof snow loads shall be calculated based on ground
snow loads considering basic value of roof snow loads factor,
exposure factor, thermal factor, importance factor, shape factor of
roof and load distribution condition.
(4) The basic value of ground snow loads are based on the maximum
snowfall average outs (100-year mean recurrence interval) shown in
<Table 0304.2.2>. If the mean recurrence interval is not applied as
100 years, compensated values of ground snow loads in accordance
to the mean recurrence interval shall be used.
0304.2 GROUND SNOW LOADS,  
0304.2.1 Condition of Application of Ground Snow Loads

(1) Ground snow loads to be used in the determination of design snow
loads for roofs shall be as set forth in <Table 0304.2.2>. When
<Table 0304.2.2> is used it should be considered that local variation
can be brought due to regional climate and topography. Even though
it is the same area <Table 0304.2.2> cannot be used for specific
regions such as a hilly areas or mountainous regions.

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0304.2.2 Basic Ground Snow Loads
The basic value of regional ground snow loads (   , 100-year mean
recurrence interval) shall be in <Table 0304.2.2>.
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0304.3 FLAT-ROOF SNOW LOADS, 

The snow loads,   , on a flat-roof shall be calculated using (equation
0304.3.1)
    ⋅   ⋅   ⋅  ⋅   (kN/㎡) (0304.3.1)
0304.3.1 Basic Roof Snow Load Factor  

The basic roof snow load factor is generally 0.7.
0304.3.2 Exposure Factor  

The value for  shall be determined from <Table 0304.3.2>.
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The value for  shall be determined from <Table 0304.3.3>.
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The value for  shall be determined from <Table 0304.3.4>.
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0304.3.5 Snow loads of S f for Low-Slope Roofs

(1) Minimum allowable values of   shall apply to monoslope, hip, and
gable roofs with slopes less than 15° and curved roofs where the
vertical angle from the eaves to the crown is less than 10°.
(2) For locations where the ground snow load, S g , is 1.0 kN/㎡ or less,
the flat-roof snow load,   , shall be not less than the ground snow
load multiplied by the importance factor.
(3) In locations where the ground snow load, S g , exceeds 1.0 kN/㎡, the
flat-roof snow load,   , shall be not less than 1.0 kN/㎡ multiplied
by the importance factor.
(4) The live load reductions shall not be applied to snow loads.
0304.4 SLOPED-ROOF SNOW LOADS, S s

The sloped-roof snow load, S s , defined in (equation 0304.3.1) shall be
obtained by multiplying the flat-roof snow load,   , by the roof slope
factor,  ：
]]4/08-0"%4]]
     ⋅   (kN/㎡) (0304.4.1)
Values of  for warm roofs, cold roofs, curved roofs, and multiple
roofs are determined from ｢0304.4.1｣ to ｢0304.4.4｣.
0304.4.1 Warm-Roof Slope Factor, 

(1) For warm roofs with an unobstructed slippery surface that will allow
snow to slide off the eaves, the roof slope factor  shall be
determined using the dashed line in [Figure 0304.4 (a)].
(2) For warm roofs that do not meet the aforementioned conditions, the
solid line in [Figure 0304.4 (a)] shall be used to determine the roof
slope factor  .
0304.4.2 Cold Roof Slope Factor

(1) For cold roofs with an unobstructed slippery surface that will allow
snow to slide off the eaves, the roof slope factor  shall be
determined using the dashed line in [Figure 0304.4 (b)].
(2) For cold roofs that do not meet the aforementioned conditions, the
solid line in [Figure 0304.4 (b)] shall be used to determine the roof
slope factor  .

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0304.4.3 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs
(1) Portions of curved roofs having a sloped exceeding 70° shall be
considered free of snow load (i.e., C s = 0).
(2) Roof slope factor for curved roofs shall be determined the appro-
priate curve in [Figure 0304.4]. The roof slope means an angle
between a horizontal line and a tangent line slope from eaves to the
top.
0304.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and
Barrel Vault Roofs
Multiple folded plate, sawtooth, or barrel vault roofs shall have a  =
1.0, with no reduction in snow load because of slope (i.e.,   =   ).
0304.5 UNBALANCED ROOF SNOW LOADS

Balanced and unbalanced loads shall be analyzed separately. Winds from
all directions shall be accounted for when establishing unbalanced loads.
0304.5.1 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs

(1) For hip and gable roofs with a slope less than 15° or exceeding 70°,
unbalanced snow loads are not required to be applied.
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(2) For slopes between 15° and 70°, the structure shall be designed to
resist an unbalanced uniform snow load on the leeward side equal to
1.5    . In the unbalanced situation, the windward side shall be
considered free of snow.
0304.5.2 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Curved Roofs

(1) Portions of curved roofs having a slope exceeding 70° shall be
considered free of snow load.
(2) If the slope of a straight line from the eaves (or the 70° point, if
present) to the crown is greater than 70° unbalanced snow loads
shall be determined using [Figure 0304.4].
(3) If the slope of a straight line from the eaves (or the 70° point, if
present) to the crown is less than 10° or greater than 60°,
unbalanced snow loads shall not be taken into account.
(4) Unbalanced loads shall be determined according to the loading
diagrams in [Figure 0304.5.2]. In all cases the windward side shall
be considered free of snow.
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(5) If the ground or another roof abuts [Figures 0304.5.2 (b) and (c)]
curved roof at or within 0.9 m of its eaves, the snow load shall not
be decreased between the 30° point and the eaves but shall remain
constant (2    ) at the 30° point value. This distribution is shown
as a dashed line in [Figure 0304.5.2].
0304.5.3 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth,

and Barrel Vault Roofs
(1) Unbalanced snow loads for multiple folded plate, sawtooth, and
barrel vault roofs shall increase from 0.5 S f at ridge or crown to
    at the valley as shown in [Figure 0304.5.3].
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(2) Snow depths above the valley shall be determined by dividing the
snow load by the density of that snow from (eq. 0304.5.1). The
snow surface of valley shall be not higher than the ridge at the
valley. Therefore unbalanced snow loads above the valley shall be
substituted by the value less than 3    .
     ≦  (kN/㎡) (0304.5.1)
0304.5.4 Partial Loading

Any adverse effect of removing half the balanced snow load over any
one portion of the loaded area shall be considered.
]]4/08-0"%4]]
0304.6 DRIFTS ON LOWER ROOFS (Aerodynamic Shade)
For adjacent higher structure or a hump drift and sliding of snow shall
be considered to calculate localized loads.
0304.6.1 Lower Roofs

Roofs shall be designed to sustain localized loads from snow drifts that
form in the wind shadow of (1) higher potions of the same structure;
and (2) adjacent structures and terrain features.
0304.6.1.1 Regions with Light Snow Loads

In areas where the ground snow load is less than 0.5 kN/㎡, drift loads
are not required to be applied.
0304.6.1.2 Lower Roof of a Structure

Surcharge load due to snow drifting at a lower roof shall be as shown
in [Figure 0304.6.1], the drift loads shall be superimposed on the
balanced snow load. If  is less than 0.2, drift loads are not
required to be applied.
The drift height,  , shall be determined directly from [Figure 0304.6.2]
and it is not required to be greater than  . The drift width,  , shall equal
4  and if it exceeds the width of the lower roof, the drift shall be
truncated at the far edge of the roof, not reduced to zero there. The maximum
intensity of the drift surcharge load equals  multiplied by (eq. 0304.5.1).
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0304.6.1.3 Adjacent Structures and Terrain Features

The requirements in chapters ｢0304.6.1.1｣ and ｢0304.6.1.2｣ shall also be
used to determine drift loads caused by a higher structure or terrain
feature within 6 m of a roof. The separation distance, s, between the
roof and adjacent structure or terrain feature shall reduce applied drift
loads on the lower roof by the factor     . If the height of
structures exceeds 6 m drift loads is not required to be applied.
0304.6.2 Roof Projections

(1) The method in 0304.6.1 shall be used to calculate drift loads on all
sides of roof projections if the projection length exceeds 4.5 m.
(2) The height of such drifts shall be taken as half the drift height from
[Figure 0304.6.1] (i.e., 0.5  ).  equals to the length of the roof
upwind of the projection or parapet wall and its value is less than
15 m.
(3) The drift loads at the junction of two projections shall be used a
bigger value.
0304.6.3 Sliding Snow

(1) The extra load caused by snow sliding off a sloped roof onto a
lower roof shall be determined assuming that all the snow that
]]4/08-0"%4]]
accumulates on the upper roof under the balanced loading condition
slides onto the lower roof. The solid lines in [Figure 0304.4] shall
be used to determine the total extra load available from the upper
roof, regardless of the surface of the upper roof.
(2) The sliding snow load may be reduced if a portion of the snow
form the upper roof is blocked by any combination of balanced
and/or sliding snow on the lower roof.
(3) Sliding loads shall be superimposed on the balanced snow load, if
lower roof and higher roof are separated as  or 6 m, the sliding
snow load is not required to be applied.
0304.6.4 Overhanging Eaves

The roofs that drain water over their eaves shall be capable of
sustaining a uniformly distributed load of 2.0   on all overhanging
portions there.
0304.7 RAIN-ON-SNOW SURCHARGE LOAD
0304.7.1 Rain Surcharge Load

For locations where it rains on the roof with snow the rain-on-snow
surcharge load shall be determined in <Table 0304.7.1>.
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0304.7.2 Ponding Instability

Roofs shall be designed to preclude ponding instability. Roof deflections
caused by full snow loads shall be investigated when determining the
likelihood of ponding instability from rain-on-snow or from snow
meltwater.
0304.8 THE REST SNOW LOAD
The effect shall be required to be appled if the rest snow load affects
on the structural safety as follow:
(1) The lateral pressure due to snow on the exterior wall of structures
(2) Sedimentation load of snow
(3) For snow blows to a veranda, the snow load
]]4/08-0"%4]]
0305 WIND LOADS
0305.1 GENERAL
0305.1.1 Scopes
(1) This Section describes minimum wind load requirements for the
design of buildings and other structures that respond elastically in
wind actions.
(2) Design wind loads for wind force resisting main-frames shall be
applied to the design of structural frames of buildings.
(3) Design wind loads on claddings shall be applied to the design of
claddings, surface finishing-materials of buildings and wind force
resisting sub-frames to support claddings (just called “claddings”
hereafter).
0305.1.2 Fundamental Principles

(1) Design wind loads shall be classified into horizontal design wind
loads for wind force resisting main-frames of buildings, design wind
loads for structural roof frames, and design wind loads for claddings
individually. Their respective design wind loads shall be calculated
by the product of design wind force or design wind pressure and
the projected area.
(2) Design wind pressures for wind force resisting main-frames of
buildings shall be generally calculated from the product of the
design velocity pressure, the gust effect factor, the wind force or
pressure coefficient and the projected area. However, for estimating
wind load of partially opened buildings and roofs, the effect of
internal pressure should be accounted.
(3) Design wind loads on claddings of buildings shall be calculated from
the product of the design velocity pressure and peak external
pressure coefficient or peak internal pressure coefficient, which
accounts for simultaneously both of gust effect factor and external
pressure coefficient or internal pressure coefficient.
(4) Design velocity pressure shall be calculated by the product of air
density and square of design wind speed.
(5) The reference height shall be generally defined as the mean roof
height of the building. Wind loads may be calculated based on the
velocity pressure at this reference height.
(6) Wind load calculating methods prescribed in this section shall be
only applied to estimating along wind loads due to the turbulence of
the wind flow.
0305.1.3 Wind Lads for Reflecting Special Consideration

Special wind loads, which account for the particular phenomena of
buildings and other structures due to wind actions, shall be
recommended when the buildings or other structures under consideration
satisfy one or more of the following conditions.
0305.1.3.1 Buildings to Take Wind Induced Vibration into Consideration

For flexible buildings having very large aspect ratios and satisfying
following criteria (1) and (2), wind tunnel tests shall be conducted to
investigate across-wind vibration and torsional vibration, and then wind
loads shall be calculated using wind tunnel test results.
(1) For buildings with a rectangular section.

 ≧  (0305.1.1)
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
where
 ：reference height of building, in m
 ：building breadth, in m
 ：building depth, in m
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
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0305.1.3.2 Special Structural Roof Frames and Claddings

Appropriate wind tunnel tests shall be conducted when the buildings or
other structures under consideration satisfy one or more of the following
conditions: structures are light in weight and very low in stiffness like
in large span suspension membrane roofs, cable roofs, and large span
suspension roofs that aeroelastic instability in roof frames can occur or
vibration of inappropriate cladding may be expected by construction
methods.
0305.1.3.3 Construction Site Taking Place the Convergence Effect

When construction site may be located to cause severe convergence
effect by surrounding topographies or structures, the convergence effect
should be investigated by appropriate wind tunnel test study.
0305.1.3.4 Buildings Taking into Account Interference Effect

When wind load on existing buildings may be increased by new
buildings constructed nearby, appropriate wind tunnel tests shall be
conducted to investigate the interference effect between existing buildings
and nearby new buildings.
0305.1.3.5 Buildings Having Shape which Differs Significantly from a

Uniform Rectangular Prism.
When the buildings under consideration have a shape which differs
significantly from a uniform rectangular prism so that it is inappropriate
to apply this section, wind tunnel tests shall be conducted to estimate
wind load for buildings.
0305.2 HORIZONTAL DESIGN WIND LOADS FOR WIND FORCE

RESISTING MAIN-FRAMES
Horizontal design wind loads,  , for wind force resisting main-frames
shall be calculated by the following equation.
    (N) (0305.2.1)
where
 ：design wind pressure, in N/㎡
 ：projected area, in ㎡
In accordance with the conditions of enclosures or openings of building

under consideration, design wind pressure,  , shall be calculated by the
following procedures.
0305.2.1 Enclosed Buildings

Design wind pressure,  , for wind force resisting main-frames of
enclosed buildings shall be calculated by the following equation.
            (N/㎡) (0305.2.2)
where
 ：design velocity pressure at mean roof height  , in N/㎡
(described in 0305.5)
 ：design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
N/㎡ (described in 0305.5)
  ：gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
  ：external pressure coefficient on the windward face
(described in 0305.7.1)
  ：external pressure coefficient on the leeward face
0305.2.2 Partially Opened Buildings

Design wind pressure for wind force resisting main-frames of partially
opened buildings shall be calculated by one of the following procedures.
(1) For windward wall faces
               (N/㎡) (0305.2.3)
(2) For side wall and leeward walls
               (N/㎡) (0305.2.4)
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where
qz ：design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
Gf ：gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
G pi ：internal gust effect factor (described in 0305.7.2)
C pe ：external pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.1)
C pi ：internal pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.2)
0305.2.3 Opened Buildings and Other Structures

Design wind pressure,  , for wind force resisting main-frames of opened
buildings and other structures shall be calculated by the following
equation.
p f = q zG fC f
(N/㎡) (0305.2.3)
where
Cf ：wind force coefficient (described in 0305.7.3)
0305.3 ROOF DESIGN WIND LOADS FOR WIND FORCE

RESISTING MAIN-FRAMES
Roof design wind loads,  , for wind force resisting main-frames shall
be calculated by the following equation.
W r = p r A (N) (0305.2.5)
where
 ：roof design wind pressure, in N/㎡
 ：projected pressure area, in ㎡
In accordance with the shapes of buildings under consideration, design
wind pressure,  , shall be calculated by one or more of the following
procedures.
0305.3.1 Enclosed Buildings and Partially Opened Buildings

Roof design wind pressures,  , for wind force resisting main-frames of
enclosed buildings and partially opened buildings shall be calculated by
the following equation.
              (N/㎡) (0305.3.2)
where
 ：design velocity pressure at height above ground level Z, in
  ：gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
  ：internal gust effect factor (described in 0305.7.2)
  ：external pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.1)
  ：internal pressure coefficient (described in 0305.7.2)
0305.3.2 Mono-Slope Free Roofs

Roof design wind pressures,  , for wind force resisting main-frames of
mono-slope free roofs shall be calculated by the following equation.
      (N/㎡) (0305.3.3)
where
Gf ：gust effect factor for wind force resisting main-frames
Cf ：wind force coefficient (described in 0305.7.3)
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.4 DESIGN WIND LOADS ON CLADDINGS
Design wind loads on claddings shall be calculated by the following
equation.
    (N) (0305.4.1)
where
p c : design wind pressure on cladding, in N/㎡. On condition that
it should not be less then 500 N/㎡.
A ：projected pressure area, in ㎡
In accordance with the mean roof height of buildings under con-

sideration, wind pressures  , shall be calculated by one or more of the
following procedures.
0305.4.1 Buildings with Mean Roof Height Greater Than 20 m

Design wind pressures,  , for claddings of buildings with mean roof
height greater than 20m shall be calculated by one of the following
procedures.
(1) External walls subjected to positive pressure
         (N/㎡) (0305.4.2)
(2) External walls and roofs subjected to negative pressure
         (N/㎡) (0305.4.3)
where
GC pe ：peak external pressure coefficient for the design wind load
on cladding (described in 0305.8.1)
GC pi ：peak internal pressure coefficient for the design wind load
0305.4.2 Buildings with Mean Roof Height Less Than 20m
Design wind pressures,  , on claddings of buildings with mean roof
height less than 20m shall be calculated following categories despite of
both walls and roofs. In this case, design velocity pressure,  , based
on the surface roughness category C should be applied.
       (N/㎡) (0305.4.4)
where
GC pe ：peak external pressure coefficient for the design wind load
GC pi ：peak internal pressure coefficient for the design wind load
0305.5 DESIGN VELOCITY PRESSURE

Design velocity pressure,  , evaluated at height Z above ground shall
be calculated by equation 0305.5.1a and design velocity pressure,  , at
mean roof height shall be calculated by equation 0305.5.1b.

     (N/㎡) (0305.5.1 a)


     (N/㎡) (0305.5.1 b)

where
 ：air density (assumed to be 1.22 kg/㎥)
  ：design wind speed at mean roof height  of the con-
struction site, in m/s
  ：design wind speed at height Z above ground level of the
construction site, in m/s
0305.5.1 Design Wind Speed

Design wind speed   and   shall be calculated by following
equation.
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
V z = V 0⋅K zr⋅K zt⋅I w (m/s) (0305.5.2)
where
V0 ：basic wind speed, in m/s (described in 0305.5.2)
K zr ：mean wind speed profile factor (described in 0305.5.3)
K zt ：topography factor (described in 0305.5.4)
Iw ：importance factor of a building (described in 0305.5.5)
0305.5.2 Basic Wind Speed

Basic wind speed,   , shall be defined as given in Table 0305.5.1 and
Fig. 0305.5.1 in accordance with the construction site. However, when
construction site shall be located on between contour and countor, linear
interpolation between contours shall be permitted. Also, the basic wind
speed can be estimated from the wind speed data, if there had been an
effective observed wind data around near construction site.
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%BFHV
4BDIFPO 6MTBO 6MKV
6MTBO
NFUSPQPMJUBO )BNBO
DJUZ #POHIXB :FPOHKV :FDIFPO .VOHZFPOH 4BOHKV
(ZFPTBOHOBNC $IVQVOHSZFOH "OEPOH :FPOHZBOH $IFPOHTPOH 6JTFPOH
VLEP (VOXJ (VNJ $IJMHPH (JNDIFPO 4FPOHKV (PSZFPOH

%BFHV %BMTFPOH (ZFPOHTBO :FPOHDIFPO $IFPOHEP
$IBOHOZFPOH 6JSZFPOH +JOKV (FPDIBOH 4BODIFPOH
.JMZBOH )BCDIFPO )BNZBOH )BEPOH
(VOTBO
*LTBO 8BOEP )BFOBN +JOEP .PHQP :FPTV (PIFVOH

(XBOHKV 4JOBO
NFUSPQPMJUBO (JNKF 4VODIFPO :FPOHHXBOH )BNQZFPOH (XBOHKV
DJUZ )XBTVO /BKV .VBO :FPOHBN (BOHKJO +BOHIFVOH
+FPMMBOBNCVL #PTFPOH (XBOHZBOH
EP
8BOKV .VKV +FPOKV +JOBO +BOHTV *NTJM +FPOHFVC
(PDIBOH 4VODIBOH /BNXPO +BOHTFPOH %BNZBOH
(PLTFPOH (VSZF #VBO
+FKVEP 4FPHVJQP +FKV 4FOHTBOQP
/PUFTƔ

/BNFT PG BMM PG UIF DJUZ BOE DPVOUZ XFSF XSJUUFO PO B NBQ CBTFE PO 5IF DMBTTJGJDBUJPO PG
,PSFBO"ENJOJTUSBUJWF%JTUSJDUFTUBCMJTIFEJO+BO

5IJDLMFUUFSTJO5BCMFQSFTFOUUIFMPDBUJPOPGNFUFPSPMPHJDBMTUBUJPOJODJUZPSDPVOUZ
(FOFSBMMFUUFSTJO5BCMFQSFTFOUUIFMPDBUJPOPGDJUZPGGJDJBMDFOUFSBOEDPVOUZPGGJDJBM
DFOUFS

*GUIFOBNFPGDPOTUSVDUJPOTJUFEJEOPUHJWFOJO5BCMFPSBSFBPGDJUZJTWFSZMBSHFTP
UIBUDPOTUSVDUJPOTJUFJTGBSGSPNDJUZPSDPVOUZDFOUFS 'JHVSFTIBMMCFVTFEUPEFDJEF
CBTJDXJOETQFFEPGDPOTUSVDUJPOTJUFVOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPOPOCFIBMGPG5BCMF
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
<'*(63&>#"4*$8*/%41&&%$033&410/%4503&563/1&3*0%0'
:&"33&$633&/$&.*/65&.&"/8*/%41&&% 
0305.5.3 Wind Speed Profile Factor

(1) Wind speed profile factor,   , in flat terrain shall be defined as
given in Table 0305.5.2 in accordance with surface roughness
categories of the construction site under consideration, height above
ground surface starting atmospheric boundary layer   , gradient
height   and power law exponent of mean wind speed profile 
which is prescribed to the following (2).
5"#-&8*/%41&&%130'*-&'"$503  */'-"55&33"*/
)FJHIU  BCPWFHSPVOEMFWFM 4VSGBDFSPVHIOFTTDBUFHPSZ

N
" # $ %
 ≦ 
 ＜  ≦         
(2) Surface roughness categories shall be determined from Table 0305.

5.3 in accordance with surface conditions around construction site,
and the values of   ,   and  shall be defined as given in Table
0305.5.4 by surface roughness category.
5"#-&463'"$&306()/&44$"5&(03*&4
4VSGBDF
SPVHIOFTT 4VSGBDFSPVHIOFTTDPOEJUJPOPGUIFTVSSPVOEJOHUFSSBJO
DBUFHPSZ
" -BSHFDJUZDFOUFSXJUIDMPTFMZTQBDFEUBMMCVJMEJOHTIJHIFSUIBOTUPSZ
$JUZXJUIDMPTFMZTQBDFESFTJEFOUJBMIPVTFTXJUIIFJHIUPGNPSTPPS
#
TDBUUFSFENFEJVNSJTFCVJMEJOHT
0QFOUFSSBJOXJUITDBUUFSFEPCTUSVDUJPOTXJUIIFJHIUPGËNPSTPPS
$
TDBUUFSFEMPXSJTFCVJMEJOHT
&YQPTFEPQFOUFSSBJOXJUIGFXPCTUSVDUJPOTPSTDBUUFSFEPCTUSVDUJPOTMFTT
%
UIBONPSHSBTTMBOE CFBDI BJSQPSUFUD
5"#-&7"-6&40'   "/% 
4VSGBDF
SPVHIOFTT " # $ %
DBUFHPSZ
 N
N N N N
 N
N N N N

0305.5.4 Topography Factor

(1) When construction site shall be located on the flat terrain where the
local topographic conditions have no effect on wind speed, topography
factor   shall be defined as 1.0 basically.
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
(2) When construction site shall be located on the hills, ridges and
escarpments where the local topographic conditions have effect on
wind speed-up, the horizontal application scope of topography factor
shall de defined as given in Table 0305.5, and topography factor
  shall be calculated by equation (0305.5.3).
5"#-&"11-*$"5*0/4$01&0'5010(3"1):'"$503  */.
5PQPHSBQIJD #PVOEBSZSFGMFDUJOH 4DPQFPGBQQMJDBUJPOT

DBUFHPSZ XJOETQFFEVQ 6QXJOE %PXOXJOE
)JMMTBOE )PSJ[POUBMEJTUBODF
(SFBUFSPG  BOE 
SJEHFT GSPNDSFTU
)PSJ[POUBMEJTUBODF (SFBUFSPG  BOE (SFBUFSPG  BOE

&TDBSQNFOUT
'SPNDSFTU
  
8JOEEJSFDUJPO
)PSJ[POUBMCPVOEBSZQMBOF  x )PSJ[POUBMCPVOEBSZ
Crest QMBOF

H
2
φ
H
Lu 'SPNDSFTUUPEJTUBODF
(SFBUFSPG L u (SFBUFSPG L u PG  BUHSPVOEMFWFM
BOE  BOEPG 
B
)JMMBOE3JEHF
)PSJ[POUBMCPVOEBSZ
)PSJ[POUBMCPVOEBSZ
QMBOF
8JOEEJSFDUJPO x
 Crest
H 4MPQF  ≤ 
φ 2
H
Lu
(SFBUFSPG L u (SFBUFSPG 
BOE  BOE 
C
&TDBSQNFOU
  ′
      (0305.5.3)
    
where
kt ：a type factor for topography
=1.4 for escarpments
=       ≦  for hill and ridge
 ：averaged downwind slope, measured from the crest of a hill,
ridge or escarpment to the ground level at a distance of 5 
 ：a position factor for topographic effects
     for  ≦ 

=      

=        for   

 
  
in case of windward
   
    for   
in leeward
     or  , whichever is greater (hills and ridges)
     or  , whichever is greater (escarpments)
 ：horizontal coordinate with origin at crest, in m
 ：height above local ground level, in m
 ：height of the hill, ridge and escarpment, in m
  ：horizontal distance upwind from the crest to a level half
height below the crest, in m
′ ：less value of  or 0.3

 ：effective upwind slope (   )
 
 ：turbulence intensity at height 

   
   
 

  ：gradient height, in m
0305.5.5 Importance Factor

Importance factor  shall be defined as given in Table 0305.5.6 in
accordance with the nature of occupancy, function and scale of buildings
prescribed to section 0103.
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
5"#-&*.1035"/$&'"$503 
*NQPSUBODF
QBSUJDVMBS
DBUFHPSZ
*NQPSUBODF

GBDUPS 
/PUFTƔ8IFOCVJMEJOHTVOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPOBSFBTTVNFEUPCFHSFBUFSUIBOTUPSZ HSFBUFSUIBO
N JO IFJHIU PS HSFBUFS UIBO JO TMFOEFSOFTT SBUJP UIF WBMVF PG JNQPSUBODF GBDUPS
TIPVMECFVTFEHSFBUFSUIBO
0305.6 GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING

MAIN-FRAMES
0305.6.1 Rigid Structures

For buildings and others structures that have a fundamental natural
frequency,  , greater than 1Hz or the effect of resonance due to wind
actions can be neglected, the along wind gust effect factor,   , for wind
force resisting main frames shall be calculated by following equation .
        
 (0305.6.1)
where
 ：turbulence factor (factor for fluctuating wind speed)

  
    
 
 ：turbulence intensity at reference height

        

Bf ：background response factor (factor representing frequency

component except for natural frequency of fluctuating
displacement of building)
     



     
      
 
   ≥ 

   ＜ 
 ：mean roof height of a building, in m
  ：longitudinal turbulence scale at the reference height of a
building, in m


    
  
 ：exponent of mean wind speed profile (described in 0305.
5.3)
  ：gradient height, in m (described in 0305.5.3)
0305.6.2 Flexible Structures

For buildings and others structures that have a fundamental natural
frequency,  , less than 1Hz or the resonance effect due to wind actions
can not be neglected, the along wind gust effect factor of wind force
resisting main frames for structures shall be calculated by following
equation. However, vertical slender structures such as chimneys with
height/width, H/B, less than 7 shall be assumed to rigid structures.
       ⋅ 
    (0305.6.2)
where
 ：turbulence factor (factor for fluctuating wind speed)

  
    
 
   

   
  
Bf ：background response factor (factor representing frequency
component except for natural frequency in fluctuating
displacement of building)
     

     
      
 
   ≥ 

   ＜ 
 ：mean roof height of a building, in m
  ：longitudinal turbulence scale at the reference height of a
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
building, in m


    
  
 ：exponent of mean wind speed profile
  ：gradient height, in m (described in 0305.5.3)
 ：peak factor
  
ln      
 ：level crossing number, Hz

     

  
 ：natural frequency for the first mode in the along-wind

direction, in Hz (It can obtained by the dynamic analysis)
Rf ：resonance factor (factor representing natural frequency
component of fluctuating displacement of a building)

   ⋅   ⋅ 
 
 ：critical damping ratio for the first mode in along-wind

direction (It can obtained by the dynamic analysis)
 ：wind force spectrum factor (factor representing power of
fluctuating wind for the first mode in along-wind direction
      
  
      
Sf ：size reduction factor (factor representing reduction of
turbulence effect due to scale of a building)

 
              
0305.6.3 External Gust Effect Factor for Roofs

For roof structures that are flexible, have long span, can not neglected
resonance effect due to wind actions or can satisfied equation 0305.6.3,
external gust effect factors shall be calculated by equation 0305.6.5. And
for roof structures which can be neglected the effect of resonance due to
wind actions, external gust effect factors shall be calculated by equation
0305.6.4. However, for roof structures that have non-rectangular shape
with slope angle from 10° to 30° or dome roof, external gust effect
factors shall be calculated by equation 0305.6.4
  
 ≺  (0305.6.3)
 
where
  ：natural frequency for the first mode of roof structure
 ：reference height of roof, m
  ：design wind speed, in m/s
      
  (0305.6.4)
        
    (0305.6.5)
where
   
ln    
    


    ：roof beam parallel to wind direction
   
 
    ：roof beam normal to wind direction
 

    ：roof beam parallel to wind direction
    
  

    ：roof beam normal to wind direction
   
where
 ：span of roof structure, in m
 ：projected breadth of load, in m
  ：non-dimensional natural frequency (       )
 ：critical damping ratio for the first mode
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.7 PRESSURE AND FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND
FORCE RESISTING MAIN-FRAMES
For wind force resisting main frames, pressure and force coefficients
(including external and internal pressure coefficients) shall be determined
from the results of the wind tunnel tests or the values prescribed in this
section.
0305.7.1 External Pressure Coefficients
0305.7.1.1 Enclosed Buildings

For wind force resisting main frames of enclosed buildings with
rectangular section, pressure coefficients,  , shall be defined as given in
Table 0305.7.1. External pressure coefficients of wall shall be complied
as given in Table 0305.1 a) and external pressure coefficients of roof
shall be complied as given in 0305.7.1 b). However, these values shall be
applied to buildings with aspect ratio,  
 , less than or equal to 8.
5"#-&&95&3/"-13&4463&$0&''*$*&/54  '03&/$-04&%#6*-%*/(4
1MBO&MFWBUJPO
a) External Pressure Coefficients,  , for Roofs
4VSGBDF   6TFXJUI
8JOEXBSEXBMM "MMWBMVFT 
_
-FFXBSEXBMM 
á
4JEFXBMMT "MMWBMVFT 
/PUFTƔ
 ƔEFTJHOWFMPDJUZQSFTTVSFBUIFJHIUBCPWFHSPVOEMFWFM; /̅
 ƔEFTJHOWFMPDJUZQSFTTVSFBUNFBOSPPGIFJHIU  /̅

b) External Pressure Coefficients,  , for Roofs

8JOEXBSE
8JOE
"OHMF  EFHSFFT
-FFXBSE
EJSFDUJPO 
_ á
à


/PSNBM

UPSJEHF

á 
1BSBMMFM    PS    à
UPSJEHF    PS    Ƙ
/05&4Ɣ
1PTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWFQSFTTVSFTTIPVMECFDPOTJEFSFE
MJOFBSJOUFSQPMBUJPOCFUXFFOJTQFSNJUUFEGPSWBMVFTPG)%PS  PUIFSUIBOTIPXO
/PUBUJPO
 Ɣ)PSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPOPGCVJMEJOHCSFBEUI JONFUFST NFBTVSFEOPSNBMUPXJOEEJSFDUJPO
 Ɣ)PSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPOPGCVJMEJOH EFQUI JONFUFST NFBTVSFEQBSBMMFMUPXJOEEJSFDUJPO
 Ɣ)FJHIUBCPWFHSPVOE JONFUFST
 Ɣ.FBOSPPGIFJHIU JONFUFST
 Ɣ"OHMFPGQMBOPGSPPGGSPNIPSJ[POUBM JOEFHSFFT
0305.7.1.2 Arched Roofs

For wind force resisting main frames of arched roofs, external pressure
coefficients,  , shall be complied as given in ＜Table 0305.7.2＞.
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
Ɩ5"#-&Ƙ&95&3/"-13&4463&$0&''*$*&/54  '03"3$)&%300'4
3JTFUPTQBO 
$POEJUJPO SBUJP 
  
8JOEXBSERVBSUFS $FOUSBMIBMG -FFXBSERVBSUFS
Ɩ  Ɩ 
 ＞ à  Ɩ  
à  à  
   à  Ɩ  
/05&4Ɣ

8IFOUIFSJTFUPTQBOSBUJPJT  ≦  ＜  BMUFSOBUFMZDPFGGJDJFOUTHJWFOCZ    TIBMMBMTP
CFVTFEGPSUIFXJOEXBSERVBSUFS

Ɨ   ƕ
 Ɣ3JTFPGSPPG JONFUFS
 Ɣ4QBOPGSPPG JONFUFSTBOE
 Ɣ)FJHIUBCPWFHSPVOEUPUIFFEHFPGUIFFBWFTPGUIFBSDIFESPPG JONFUFST


 
  
   
8JOEXBSE
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0305.7.2 Internal Pressure Coefficients and Internal Gust Effect Factors

For wind force resisting main frames of buildings, internal pressure
coefficients,  , and internal gust effect factors,   , shall be defined as
given in Table 0305.7.3 by depending upon the size of opening of
buildings.
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&''&$5'"$503  '038*/%'03$&3&4*45*/(."*/'3".&4
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&ODMPTFECVJMEJOHT PS

1BSUJBMMZPQFOFECVJMEJOHT PS
%PNJOBOUMZPQFOFECVJMEJOHT PS
0QFOCVJMEJOHT
0305.7.3 Force Coefficients
0305.7.3.1 Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures

For chimneys, tanks and similar structures, force coefficients,  , shall be
complied as given in <Table 0305.7.4>. The values of force coefficients,
  , shall be dependent upon the cross-sectional type and surface type,
and the ratio of structure height to least horizontal dimension of
cross-section,   .
Ɩ5"#-& Ƙ '03$& $0&''*$*&/5  '03 $)*./&:4 5"/,4 "/% 4*.*-"3

4536$563&4

$SPTTTFDUJPO 5ZQFPGTVSGBDF
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4RVBSF XJOEOPSNBMUPGBDF
"MM
4RVBSF XJOEBMPOHEJBHPOBM
"MM
)FYBHPOBMPSPDUBHPOBM "MM
3PVOE  
 ＞ .PEFSBUFMZTNPPUI
3PVHI ′ ≒ 
7FSZSPVHI ′ ≒ 
3PVOE  
 ≤  "MM
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 ′ Ɣ%FQUIPGQSPUSVEJOHFMFNFOUTTVDIBTSJCTBOETQPJMFST JONFUFSTƕ
  Ɣ)FJHIUPGTUSVDUVSF JONFUFSTBOE
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]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.7.3.2 Mono-Slope Free Roofs
For wind force resisting main frames of mono-slope free roofs, force
coefficients,  , shall be complied as given <Table 0305.7.5>.
Ɩ5"#-&Ƙ'03$&$0&''*$*&/54  '03.0/04-01&'3&&300'4
3PPGBOHMF  GPS WBMVFTPG


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3PPGBOHMF -PDBUJPOPGDFOUSBMQSFTTVSF   
ɾ GPS    WBMVFTPGƔ
EFHSFFT    _       _
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  %JTUBODFUPDFOUFSPGQSFTTVSFGSPNXJOEXBSEFEHFPGSPPG JONFUFSTBOE
 Ɣ"OHMFPGQMBOFPGSPPGGSPNIPSJ[POUBM JOEFHSFFT
0305.7.3.3 Enclosed Solid Signboards

For wind force resisting main frames of enclosed solid signboards, force
coefficients,  , shall be complied as given in <Table 0305.7.6>.
Ɩ5"#-&Ƙ'03$&$0&''*$*&/54  '03&/$-04&%40-*%4*(/#0"3%4
"UHSPVOE-FWFM "CPWFHSPVOEMFWFM
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à à

á á
/05&4Ɣ
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TPMJETJHOCPBSET
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UIFWFSUJDBMEJNFOTJPO
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/PUBUJPO
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 Ɣ-BSHFSEJNFOTJPOPGTJHOCPBSE JONFUFSTBOE
 Ɣ4NBMMFSEJNFOTJPOPGTJHOCPBSEJONFUFST
0305.7.3.4 Opened Signboards and Lattice Frameworks

For wind force resisting main frames of opened signboards and lattice
frameworks, force coefficients,  , shall be complied as given in <Table
0305.7.7>.
Ɩ5"#-&Ƙ'03$&$0&''*$*&/54  '0301&/&%4*(/#0"3%4"/%-"55*$&

'3".&803,4

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 ≦   
 ＞ 
Ɩ

_
_
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/PUBUJPOƔ
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]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.7.3.5 Trussed Towers
For wind force resisting main frames of trussed towers, force coefficients,
  , shall be complied as given in <Table 0305.7.8>.
Ɩ5BCMFƘ'03$&$0&''*$*&/54  '0353644&%508&34
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/05&4Ɣ
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VOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPO
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    ≦ 
'PSUPXFST XJUI TRVBSF DSPTTTFDUJPOT XJOE GPSDFT TIBMMCFNVMUJQMZ CZ UIF GPMMPXJOH GBDUPS
XIFOUIFXJOEJTEJSFDUFEBMPOHBUPXFSEJBHPOBM
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0305.8 WIND PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR DESIGN WIND

LOADS ON CLADDINGS
Peak external pressure coefficients and peak internal pressure coefficients
for the design of claddings shall be determined from the results of the
wind tunnel test or the values prescribed in this section.
0305.8.1 Peak External Pressure Coefficients

Peak external pressure coefficients shall be estimated by one of the
following in according to the roof height and roof shape.
0305.8.1.1 Mean Roof Height Greater Than or Equal to 20 m

Peak external pressure coefficients,  , shall be complied given as
<Table 0305.8.1> for wind loads on building components and cladding
with mean roof height greater than or equal to 20 m. Peak external
pressure coefficient should be designed to have safety both positive
pressures and negative pressures.
5"#-&1&",&95&3/"-13&4463&$0&''*$*&/54  0/$-"%%*/(4"/%

8"--40'#6*-%*/(48*5).&"/300')&*()5(3&"5&35)"/.
GC pe 3PPG
3PPGT
&GGFDUJWFXJOEBSFB JO̅
GC pe 8BMMT
8BMMT
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
/05&4Ɣ
&GGFDUJWFXJOEBSFBSFQSFTFOUTBOFGGFDUJWFXJOEBSFBGPSBVOJUPGBDPNQPOFOUPSDMBEEJOH
XIJDIUSBOTGFSTUIFFYUFSOBMCVJMEJOHQSFTTVSFTUPBNBJOGSBNFTZTUFN
$PFGGJDJFOUTBSFGPSSPPGTXJUIBOHMF  àä'PSPUIFSSPPGBOHMF  Ƙä
VTF   WBMVFT
GSPNC
PSD
PG5BCMF
BOEBUUFOEBOU CBTFEPO&YQPTVSF$
&BDIXBMMTIBMMCFEFTJHOFEGPSNBYJNVNQPTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWFQSFTTVSFT
/PUBUJPOƔ
 ƔPGMFBTUIPSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPO CVUOPUMFTTUIBOIƕ
 Ɣ.FBOSPPGIFJHIU JONFUFSTBOE
 Ɣ)FJHIUBCPWFHSPVOEJONFUFST
0305.8.1.2 Gable Roofs on Low-Rise Buildings with Mean Roof Height

Less than 20 m
Peak external wall pressure coefficients,  , shall be complied given
as <Table 0305.8.2 a> for gable roofs on low-rise building with mean
roof height less than 20 m. Peak external pressure coefficient should be
designed to have safety both positive pressures and negative pressures.
5"#-& B 1&", &95&3/"- 8"-- 13&4463& $0&''*$*&/54  '03
("#-& 300'4 0/ -083*4& #6*-%*/(4 8*5) .&"/ 300'
)&*()5-&445)"/.
GC pe
8BMMT
/05&4Ɣ
7BMVFTPG  GPSXBMMTIBMMCFSFEVDFECZXIFO  àä
&BDIDPNQPOFOUBOEDMBEEJOHTIBMMCFEFTJHOFEGPSNBYJNVNQPTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWFQSFTTVSF
7FSUJDBMTDBMFEFOPUFT  UPCFVTFEXJUI CBTFEPO&YQPTVSF$
/PUBUJPOƔ
 ƔPGMFBTUIPSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPOPSI XIJDIFWFSJTTNBMMFS CVUOPUMFTTUIBOFJUIFS
PGMFBTUIPSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPOPS N
5"#-& C 1&", &95&3/"- 300' 13&4463& $0&''*$*&/54  '03
("#-& 300'4 0/ -083*4& #6*-%*/(4 8*5) .&"/ 300'
)&*()5-&445)"/.
B
GC pe
ɾ≦ ä
3PPG
GC pe
C
äƖɾàä
3PPG
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
D
GC pe
äƖɾ≦ ä
3PPG
/05&4Ɣ
7BMVFTPG   GPSXBMMTIBMMCFSFEVDFECZXIFO  àä
&BDIDPNQPOFOUBOEDMBEEJOHTIBMMCFEFTJHOFEGPSNBYJNVNQPTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWF
QSFTTVSF
/PUBUJPO
 ƔPGMFBTUIPSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPOPSI XIJDIFWFSJTTNBMMFS CVUOPUMFTTUIBO
FJUIFSPGMFBTUIPSJ[POUBMEJNFOTJPOPS N
0305.8.1.3 Mono-Slope Roofs on Low-Rise Buildings with Mean Roof

Height Less than 20 m
Peak external roof pressure coefficients,   shall be complied as
given in <Table 0305.8.3> for mono-slope roofs on low-rise building
with mean roof height less than 20 m. Peak external pressure coefficient
should be designed to have safety both positive pressures and negative
pressures.
5"#-&1&",&95&3/"-8"--13&4463&$0&''*$*&/54  '03.0/0
4-01& 300'4 0/ -083*4& #6*-%*/(4 8*5) .&"/ 300'
)&*()5-&445)"/.
B
GC pe
ɾ≦ ä
3PPG &GGFDUJWFXJOEBSFB JO̅
C
GC pe
äƖɾàä
3PPG &GGFDUJWFXJOEBSFB JO̅
/05&4Ɣ
&BDIDPNQPOFOUBOEDMBEEJOHTIBMMCFEFTJHOFEGPSNBYJNVNQPTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWFQSFTTVSF
7FSUJDBMTDBMFEFOPUFT   UPCFVTFEXJUICBTFEPO&YQPTVSF$
'PSCVJMEJOHTTJUFEXJUIJO&YQPTVSF# DBMDVMBUFEQSFTTVSFTIBMMCFNVMUJQMJFECZ
/PUBUJPO
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0305.8.1.4 Multi-Span Gable Roofs on Low-Rise Buildings with Mean
Roof Height Less than 20 m
given in <Table 0305.8.4> for multi-span gable roofs on low-rise
building with mean roof height less than 20 m. Peak external pressure
coefficient should be designed to have safety both positive pressures and
negative pressures.
5"#-& 1&", &95&3/"- 8"-- 13&4463& $0&''*$*&/54  '03

.6-5*41"/ ("#-& 300'4 0/ -083*4& #6*-%*/(4 8*5)
.&"/300')&*()5-&445)"/.
B
GC pe
äƖɾàä
3PPG
GC pe
C
äƖɾ≦ ä
3PPG
/05&4Ɣ
'PS  ≦ä
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PG5BCMF
TIBMMCFVTFE
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'PSCVJMEJOHTTJUFEXJUIJO&YQPTVSF# DBMDVMBUFEQSFTTVSFTIBMMCFNVMUJQMJFECZ
&BDIDPNQPOFOUBOEDMBEEJOHTIBMMCFEFTJHOFEGPSNBYJNVNQPTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWFQSFTTVSFT
/PUBUJPO
0305.8.1.5 Saw-Tooth Roofs on Low-Rise Buildings with Mean Roof

Height Less than 20 m
given in <Table 0305.8.5> for saw-tooth roofs on low-rise building with
mean roof height less than 20 m. Peak external pressure coefficient
should be designed to have safety both positive pressures and negative
pressures.
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
5"#-& 1&", &95&3/"- 8"-- 13&4463& $0&''*$*&/54  '03
4"85005)300'40/-083*4&#6*-%*/(48*5).&"/300'
)&*()5-&445)"/.
GC pe
äƖɾàä &GGFDUJWFXJOEBSFB JO̅

3PPG
/05&4Ɣ
7FSUJDBMTDBMFEFOPUFT  UPCFVTFEXJUI CBTFEPO&YQPTVSF$
'PS  ≦ ä WBMVFTPG   GSPN5BCMF
TIBMMCFVTFE
&BDIDPNQPOFOUTIBMMCFEFTJHOFEGPSNBYJNVNQPTJUJWFBOEOFHBUJWFQSFTTVSF
/PUBUJPOƔ
0305.8.2 Peak Internal Pressure Coefficients, 

For the design of claddings on buildings, the values of peak internal
pressure coefficients,  shall be defined as given in <Table 0305.
8.6> in according to opening size of buildings.
Ɩ5"#-&Ƙ1&",*/5&3/"-13&4463&$0&''*$*&/54  0/$-"%%*/(4
&ODMPTVSFDMBTTJGJDBUJPO 
&ODMPTFE#VJMEJOHT PSƇ
1BSUJBMMZPQFOFECVJMEJOHT ƅPSƇ
%PNJOBOUMZPQFOFECVJMEJOHT ƅPSƇ
0QFOCVJMEJOHT
0305.9 INVESTIGATION TO HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS AND

ACCELERATIONS
0305.9.1 Horizontal Deflections for Along Wind Direction

Wind force resisting main frames of buildings and their claddings should
not be damaged by horizontal deflections due to along wind actions
0305.9.2 Horizontal Vibration Accelerations for Along Wind Direction

Buildings should be appropriately designed not only occupants of
buildings shall not causes anxiety and fear by horizontal vibration due to
wind actions, but also wind force resisting main frames of buildings and
their claddings shall not be damaged by horizontal vibration due to wind
actions
]]8*/%-0"%4]]
0306 SEISMIC LOADS
0306.1 GENERAL
Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components
such as architectural, mechanical, and electrical components, shall be
designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions
determined in accordance with this section.
0306.1.1 Additions to Existing Buildings
0306.1.1.1 Independent Addition

An addition that is structurally independent from an existing structure
shall be designed and constructed as required for a new structure in
accordance with this section.
0306.1.1.2 Dependent Addition

An addition that is not structurally independent from an existing
structure shall be designed and constructed such that the entire structure
complies with the seismic‐force‐resistance requirements for new
structures unless the addition does not increase the seismic forces in any
structural element of the existing structure by more than 5 percent.
0306.1.2 Change of Occupancy

When a change of occupancy results in a structure being reclassified to
a higher occupancy category in Section 0103 the structure shall comply
with the seismic requirements for a new structure.
0306.1.3 Alterations.
When the alteration increases the seismic forces in any structural
element of the existing structure by more than 5 percent, the elements
shall conform to the seismic requirements for a new structure.
0306.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS
0306.2.1 Strength Design

Where strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, the
seismic load factor in the load combinations applied to each design shall
be equal to 1.0.
0306.2.2 Allowable Stress Design

Where allowable stress design is used, the seismic load factor in load
combinations including seismic loads shall be taken equal to 0.7. In this
case, an allowable stress is permitted to be increased in accordance with
each material reference standard.
0306.2.3 Special Seismic Load

In the design of a structural member such as a piloti, where failure of
this member can result in overall structural instability or collapse and
rapid change of the seismic load path, the special seismic load,   ,
shall be used in the seismic load combinations instead of the seismic
load,  .
      ±     (0306.2.1)
where Ω is the system overstrength factor as given in <Table

0306.6.1>. SDS is the design spectral response acceleration at short
periods obtained from Section 0306.3.3 and D is the effect of dead load.
The term Ω  need not exceed the maximum force that can be
transferred to the element by the other elements of the lateral‐force‐
resisting system.
Where allowable stress design is used with the special seismic load
applied in load combinations, design strengths are permitted to be
determined using an allowable stress increase of 1.7 and a resistance
factor,  , of 1.0. This increase shall not be combined with increases in
any other allowable stresses or load combination reductions
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.3 DETERMINATION OF SEISMICITY
0306.3.1 Region of Seismicity and Spectral Acceleration Parameter

The region of seismicity in Korea and the corresponding values of the
spectral response acceleration parameters, S, shall be classified as <Table
0306.3.1>
5"#-& 3&(*0/ 0' 4&*4.*$*5: "/% 41&$53"- "$$&-&3"5*0/ 1"3"

.&5&3
3FHJPOPG4FJTNJDJUZ "ENJOJTUSBUJWF%JTUSJDU 4
"MMSFHJPOXJUIUIFFYDFQUJPOPG
/PSUI(BOHXPO‐EP 4PVUIXFTUFSO+FPMMBOBN‐EP +FKV‐EP
ö /PSUI (BOHXPO‐EP )POHDIFPO $IFPSXPO )XIBDIFPO )PFOHTFPOH 1ZFPOHDIBOH :BOHHV
*OKF (PTFPOH :BOHZBOH $IVODIFPO‐TJ 4PLDIP‐TJ4PVUIXFTUFSO+FPMMBOBN‐EP.VBO 4IJOBO
8BOEP :FPOHHXBOH +JOEP )BFOBN :FPOHBN (BOHKJO (PIFVOH )BNQZFPOH .PLQP‐TJ
0306.3.2 Site Classification
0306.3.2.1 Site Class

The site shall be classified as five Site Classes defined in <Table
0306.3.2> to consider the effect of limited geologic conditions and soil
properties on ground motion. Where the soil properties are not known in
sufficient detail to determine the Site Class, Site Class   shall be used
unless Site Class   is likely to be present at the site.
5"#-&4*5&$-"44*'*$"5*0/
"WFSBHFQSPQFSUJFTPOUIFVQQFSNPGUIF
TJUFQSPGJMF
4JUF 4UBOEBSE 4PJMVOESBJOFE
4PJMQSPGJMFOBNF 4IFBSXBWF
$MBTT QFOFUSBUJPO TIFBSTUSFOHUI
WFMPDJUZ 

SFTJTUBODF  
NT
‐
CMPXTNN
Ý .1B
 )BSESPDL Ƙ
Ƈ Ƈ
 3PDL UP
 7FSZEFOTFTPJMBOETPGUSPDL UP Ƙ Ƙ
 4UJGGTPJM UP UP UP
 4PGUTPJM Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ
0306.3.2.2 Base Level for Site Classification
In general, the base level for site classification can be represented by
the ground surface. For structures with direct foundation on firm ground
such as Site Class   or higher Site Classes, the foundation surface can
be considered as the base level for site classification. The safety of
superstructures shall not be affected by the lateral soil pressure that
applies to structural walls in the basement during earthquake. When pile
foundation is constructed, the ground surface is considered as the base
level.
0306.3.3 Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

The design spectral response acceleration parameter at short period,    ,
and at 1 second period,    , shall be determined by the following equations.
     ×  ×  ×  (0306.3.1)

     ×  ×  (0306.3.2)
where site coefficients  and  are defined in <Table 0306.3.3> and

<Table 0306.3.4>, respectively. The mapped maximum considered earthquake
spectral response acceleration, S, with a 2400‐year mean recurrence
interval can be obtained using <Table 0306.3.1> or the seismic hazard map
in [Figure 0306.3.1].
The parameter  determined using the seismic hazard map shall be greater
than or equal to 80 percent of  determined from <Table 0306.3.1>.
5"#-&4*5&$0&''*$*&/5 
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S s≤0.25      
SA 0.8 0.8 0.8
SB 1.0 1.0 1.0
SC 1.2 1.2 1.1
SD 1.6 1.4 1.2
SE 2.5 1.9 1.3
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 1.0 1.0 1.0
 1.7 1.6 1.5
 2.4 2.0 1.8
 0.8 0.8 0.8
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In addition, site‐specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
response analyses shall be performed to determine the values of  and
 . In this case, the design spectral response acceleration parameters   
and    obtained shall not be taken less than 80 percent of the values
determined from <Table 0306.3.1>, <Table 0306.3.3>, and <Table
0306.3.4>.
0306.3.4 Design Response Spectrum

The design response spectrum of the earthquake ground motion shall be
determined in accordance with the following equations and developed as
indicated in [Figure 0306.3.2].
(1) For  ≦  , the design spectral response acceleration,   , shall be

taken as given by Equation (0306.3.3).
(2) For  ≦  ≦  , the design spectral response acceleration,   , shall
be taken as equal to SDS.
(3) For  ＞  , the design spectral response acceleration,   , shall be
taken as given by Equation (0306.3.4).
 
          (0306.3.3)

 
   (0306.3.4)

S D1
0.6 T + 0.4 S D1
T0
Sa = S D1 T
S DS
2.5
<'*(63&>%&4*(/3&410/4&41&$536.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
where,  ：the fundamental period of the structure (seconds)
         
       
0306.4 CALCULATION OF SEISMIC LOADS
0306.4.1 General
Each structure shall be assigned a Seismic Design Category based on its
occupancy and site conditions. Seismic Design Categories are used in
this code to determine permissible structural systems, limitations on
height and irregularity, those components of the structure that must be
designed for seismic resistance, and the types of lateral force analysis
that must be performed.
0306.4.2 Seismic Use Groups and Occupancy Importance Factors

Each structure shall be assigned a Seismic Use Group and an
Occupancy Importance Factor based on the importance of the building
structures in accordance with <Table 0306.4.1>. Where a structure is
occupied for two or more occupancies not included in the same
Importance, the structure shall be assigned the classification of the
highest Importance corresponding to the various occupancies. However,
where structures have two or more portions that are structurally
separated in accordance with Section 0306.8, each portion shall be
separately classified. Where a structurally separated portion of a structure
provides required access to, required egress from, or shares life safety
components with another portion having a higher Importance, both
portions shall be assigned the higher Importance.
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0306.4.3 Determination of Seismic Design Category
All structures shall be assigned to a Seismic Design Category in
accordance with <Table 0306.4.2> or <Table 0306.4.3> based on their
Seismic Use Group, determined in accordance with Section 0306.4.2,
and the design spectral response acceleration, SDS and SD1, determined
in accordance with Section 0306.3.3. If Seismic Design Categories
determined according to <Table 0306.4.2> and <Table 0306.4.3> are
different, the most severe Seismic Design Category shall be used.
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 ≦   ＜  $ # #
  ＜  " " "
0306.4.4 Building Configuration

Buildings shall be classified as regular or irregular, based on the plan
and vertical configuration, in accordance with the criteria in this section.
0306.4.4.1 Plan Irregularity

Buildings having one or more of the features listed in <Table 0306.4.4>
shall be designated as having plan structural irregularity.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.4.4.2 Vertical Irregularity
Buildings having one or more of the features listed in <Table 0306.4.5>
shall be designated as having vertical irregularity. However, there are
exceptions to the criteria where one of the following conditions is
satisfied.
(1) Structural irregularities of Type V-1 or V-2 in <Table 0306.4.5> do
not apply where no story drift ratio under design lateral load is
greater than 130 percent of the story drift ratio of the next story
above. Torsional effects need not be considered in the calculation of
story drifts for the purpose of this determination. Also, the story
drift ratio relationship for the top two stories of the building are not
required to be evaluated.
(2) Irregularities Type V-1 and V-2 of <Table 0306.4.5> are not
required to be considered for one‐story or two-story buildings
assigned to any Seismic Design Category.
0306.4.5 Analysis Procedures

A structural analysis in accordance with the requirements of this section
shall be made for all structures, based on the assigned Seismic Design
Category.
0306.4.5.1 Analysis Procedures for Seismic Design Category A or B

The equivalent lateral force procedure in Section 0306.5 shall be used
for structures assigned to Seismic Design Category A or B.
0306.4.5.2 Analysis Procedures for Seismic Design Category C

The equivalent lateral force procedure in Section 0306.5 shall be used
for structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C. However, the
dynamic analysis procedure shall be used in cases where one of the
following conditions is satisfied.
(1) Regular structures that have a height exceeding 70 meters or
twentystories
(2) Irregular structures that have a height exceeding 20 meters or six
stories
0306.4.5.3 Analysis Procedures for Seismic Design Category D
The analysis procedures identified in <Table 0306.4.6> shall be used for
structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, or a more rigorous
analysis shall be made. Structures shall be considered regular if they do
not have plan irregularities H-1 or H-4 of <Table 0306.4.4> or vertical
irregularities V-1, V-4 or V-5 of <Table 0306.4.5>.
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0306.4.6 Deflection and Drift Limits

The design story drift, Δ , as determined in Section 0306.5.7, shall not
exceed the allowable story drift, Δ , as obtained from <Table 03064.7>
for any story.
5"#-&"--08"#-&4503:%3*'5 Δ
Seismic Use Group

(S) I II
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  ƔUIFTUPSZIFJHIUCFMPXMFWFM 
0306.5 EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE
0306.5.1 Seismic Base Shear

The seismic base shear,  , shall be determined in accordance with the
following equation:
    (0306.5.1)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
where
  ：The seismic response coefficient determined in accordance
with Section 0306.5.2.
W ：The effective seismic weight of the structure, including the
total dead load and other loads listed below
① In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25 percent of the floor live

load. (Floor live load in public garages and open parking structures
need not be included.)
② Where an allowance for partition load is included in the floor load
design, the actual partition weight or a minimum weight of 0.5 kN/
㎡ of floor area, whichever is greater.
③ Total operating weight of permanent equipment.
④ Twenty percent of flat roof snow load where the flat roof snow load
exceeds 1.5 kN/㎡.
0306.5.2 Seismic Response Coefficient

The seismic response coefficient,  , shall be determined in accordance
with the following equation.
 
   (0306.5.2)
  
 
  
The value of the seismic response coefficient,  , computed in

accordance with Equation (0306.5.2) need not exceed the following.
 
   (0306.5.3)
  

  
but shall not be taken less than the following value.
    (0306.5.4)
where
 ：The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>
 ：The response modification factor from <Table 0306.6.1>
   ：The design spectral response acceleration at short period as
determined in Section 0306.3.3
   ：The design spectral response acceleration at 1 second period
as determined from Section 0306.3.3
 ：The fundamental period of the building (in seconds)
0306.5.3 Period Determination

The fundamental period of the building in the direction under
consideration shall be taken as the approximate fundamental period,  ,
determined in accordance with the requirements of Section 0306.5.4 or
shall be established using the structural properties and deformational
characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated
analysis. The calculated fundamental period,  , shall not exceed the
product of the coefficient for upper limit on calculated period,  , from
<Table 0306.5.1> and the approximate fundamental period,  .
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0306.5.4 Approximate Fundamental Period

The approximate fundamental period,  , in seconds, shall be determined
from the following equation:
     
 (0306.5.5)
where
  ＝ 0.085：Steel moment resisting frames
＝ 0.073：Concrete moment resisting frames, Eccentrically
braced steel frames
＝ 0.049：All other structural systems
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
 ＝ The height in meters above the base to the highest level of
the structure
Alternatively, the approximate fundamental period,  , is permitted to be

determined from the following equation for concrete or steel moment
resisting frame structures not exceeding 12 stories in height and having
minimum story height of not less than 3 m：
    (0306.5.6)
where,  ：Number of stories.
The approximate fundamental period,  , for masonry or concrete shear

wall structures is permitted to be determined from Equation (0306.5.5)
or (0306.5.7).
     

 (0306.5.7)
   ∑         
   ≤ 
where
  ：Web area, in square meters, of shear wall parallel to the
direction of the seismic load at first level
  ：Length, in meters, of shear wall parallel to the direction of
the seismic load at first level
0306.5.5 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

The lateral force,  , induced at any level shall be determined from the
following equation:
      (0306.5.8)
  
   

(0306.5.9)

 
  
where
  ：Vertical distribution factor
 ：An exponent related to the fundamental period of the
structure as follows:
 ：Structures having a period of 0.5 seconds or less
 ：Structures having a period of 2.5 seconds or more
For structures having a period between 0.5 and 2.5
seconds,  shall be determined by linear interpolation
between 1 and 2.
 ,  ：The height from the base to level  or 
 ：Total design lateral force or shear at the base of the
structure
  ,   ：The portion of the total effective seismic weight of the
structure located or assigned to level  or 
 ：Number of stories
0306.5.6 Horizontal Shear Distribution

The seismic story shear in any story, Vx, shall be determined from the
following equation:

  
 
 (0306.5.10)
where,
 ：The portion of the seismic base shear,  , induced at level  .
0306.5.6.1 Rigid Diaphragm

For rigid diaphragms, the seismic design story shear,   , shall be
distributed to the vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system
in the story under consideration based on the relative lateral stiffness of
the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm.
0306.5.6.2 Flexible Diaphragm

For flexible diaphragms, the seismic design story shear,   , shall be
distributed to the vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system
in the story under consideration based on tributary area of the
diaphragm located at each vertical resisting element.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.5.6.3 Horizontal Torsion
For rigid diaphragms, the distribution of lateral forces at each level shall
consider the effect of the horizontal torsion. The horizontal torsion
consists of the inherent torsional moment,   , and the accidental
torsional moments,   . The inherent torsional moment,   , results from
the eccentricity between the locations of the center of mass and the
center of rigidity. The accidental torsional moment,   , is caused by an
assumed displacement of the mass each way from its actual location by
a distance equal to 5 percent of the dimension of the structure
perpendicular to the direction of the applied forces. The accidental
eccentricity shall be considered in both orthogonal directions.
0306.5.6.4 Amplification of Torsion

For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C or D in Section
0306.4.2, where type H-1 torsional irregularity exists as defined in
<Table 0306.4.4>, the effects of torsional irregularity shall be accounted
for by multiplying the sum of   plus   at each level by a torsional
amplification factor,   , determined from following equation:
 m ax  
    (0306.5.11)
   
where
δ m ax ：The maximum displacement at level 
δ  ：The average of the displacements at the extreme points of
the structure at level 
The torsional amplification factor,   , is not required to exceed 3.0. The

more severe loading for each element shall be considered for design.
0306.5.6.5 Overturning Moment

The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by
the seismic forces determined in Section 0306.5.
Overturning moment at level  ,   , shall be determined from following
Equation：

       
 
   (0306.5.12)
where
 ：Design lateral force at level 
 ：The height in meters from the base to level 
 ：The height in meters from the base to level 
τ ：Overturning moment reduction factor determined as follows：
① 1.0 for the top ten stories,
② 0.8 for the 20th story from the top and below, and
③ a value between 1.0 and 0.8 determined by a straight
line interpolation for stories between the 20th and 10th
stories below the top.
0306.5.7 Story Drift Determination and P-Delta Effects
0306.5.7.1 Story Drift Determination

The design story drift, Δ , shall be computed as the difference of the
deflections at the center of mass at the top and bottom of the story
under consideration. Where allowable stress design is used, Δ shall be
computed using the strength level seismic forces without reduction factor
0.7. For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C or D having
irregularity Type H-1 of <Table 0306.4.4>, the design story drift, Δ ,
shall be determined as the largest difference of the deflections along any
of the edges of the structure at the top and bottom of the story under
consideration.
The deflections of level  at the center of the mass,  , shall be
determined in accordance with the following equation.
   
   (0306.5.13)
 
where
  ：The deflection amplification factor from <Table 0306.6.1>
δ  ：The deflections determined by an elastic analysis
 ：The occupancy importance factor from <Table 0306.4.1>
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
The design story drift, Δ , determined in this section shall not exceed the
allowable story drift obtained from <Table 0306.4.7>. For determining
compliance with the story drift limits of Section 0306.4.6, it shall be
permitted to determine the elastic drifts, δ  , using seismic design forces
based on the computed fundamental period of the structure without the
upper limit specified in Section 0306.5.3.
It is permitted to multiply design story drift, Δ , by the amplification
factor       for P-delta effects, where  is the stability
coefficient defined as Section 0306.5.7.2
0306.5.7.2 P-Delta Effects

(1) P-delta effects on story shears and moments, the resulting member
forces and moments, and the story drifts induced by these effects
are not required to be considered when the stability coefficient  as
determined by the following equation is equal to or less than 0.1：
 
  (0306.5.14)
    
where
  ：The total vertical design load at and above level  ；when
calculating   , the individual load factors need not exceed 1.0.
Δ ：The design story drift occurring simultaneous with  
  ：The seismic shear force acting between levels  and   
 ：The story height below level 
  ：The deflection amplification factor in <Table 0306.6.1>
(2) The stability coefficient,  , determined by Equation (0306.5.14) shall
not exceed  max.
Where  is greater than  max, the structure is potentially unstable and
shall be redesigned.

 max   ≦  (0306.5.15)

where  is the ratio of shear demand to shear capacity for the story
between levels  and    . This ratio is permitted to be
conservatively taken as 1.0.
(3) Where the stability coefficient,  , is greater than 0.1 but less than or
equal to  max, the incremental factor related to P-delta effects on
displacements and member forces shall be determined by rational
analysis. Alternatively, it is permitted to multiply displacements and
member forces by the amplification factor       .
(4) Where the P-delta effect is included in an automated analysis, Equation
(0306.5.15) shall still be satisfied, however, the value of  computed
from Equation (0306.5.14) using the results of the P-delta analysis is
permitted to be divided by (1+ ) before checking Equation (0306.5.15).
0306.5.8 Soil Structure Interaction

In the structural analysis, foundation models shall incorporate fixed end
supports or foundation stiffnesses computed by established principles of
foundation mechanics. Where lateral displacement of the basement is
restricted by the adjacent foundation, stiffness of the foundation shall be ignored.
0306.6 SEISMIC FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM

The appropriate response modifications coefficient,  , system overstrength
factor, Ω , and the deflection amplification factor,  , indicated in <Table
0306.6.1> shall be used in determining the base shear, element design
forces, and design story drift.
Seismic force-resisting systems that are not contained in <Table 0306.6.1>
shall be permitted if analytical and test data establish the dynamic
characteristics and demonstrate the lateral force resistance and energy
dissipation capacity to be equivalent to the structural systems listed in
<Table 0306.6.1> for equivalent values of response modification coefficient,  ,
system overstrength factor, Ω , and the deflection amplification factor,  .
0306.6.1 Dual system

The total seismic force resistance is to be provided by the combination
of the moment frames and the shear walls or braced frames in
proportion to their rigidities. For a dual system, the moment frames shall
be capable of resisting at least 25 percent of the design seismic forces.
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0306.6.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction
For other than dual systems, where a combination of different lateral
force-resisting systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same
direction, the value of the response modification coefficient,  , used in
that direction shall not be greater than the least value of any of the
systems utilized in the same direction.
0306.6.3 Combinations of Framing Systems

Different seismic force-resisting systems are permitted to be used to
resist seismic forces along the two orthogonal axes of the structure.
Where different systems are used, the respective  , Ω , and 
coefficients shall apply to each system, including the limitations on the
systems used contained in <Table 0306.6.1>.
0306.6.3.1 R and Ω Values for Vertical Combination

The value of the response modification coefficient,  , used for design
at any story shall not exceed the lowest value of  that is used in the
same direction at any story above that story except roof story. The
system overstrength factor, Ω , used for the design at any story shall not
be less than the largest value of this factor that is used in the same
direction at any story above that story.
Exceptions：
(1) Detached one- and two-family dwellings of light-frame construction.
(2) For structures with a weight equal to or less than 10 percent of the
weight of the structure, response modification coefficient  and
system overstrength Ω can be determined independently from the
overall building.
(3) A two-stage equivalent lateral force procedure is permitted to be
used for structures having a flexible upper portion above a rigid
lower portion, provided that the design of the structure complies
with the following:
① The stiffness of the lower portion must be at least 10 times the
stiffness of the upper portion.
② The period of the entire structure shall not be greater than 1.1
times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate
structure fixed at the base.
③ The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a separate stru-
cture using the appropriate value of  .
④ The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure
using the appropriate values of  . The reactions from the upper
portion shall be those determined from the analysis of the upper
portion amplified by the ratio of the  of the upper portion over
 of the lower. This ratio shall not be less than 1.0.
0306.6.3.2 Combination Framing Detailing Requirements

Structural components common to different framing systems used to
resist seismic motions shall be designed using the details required by the
highest response modification coefficient,  .
0306.6.4 Structural System Limitations for Seismic Design Category D

Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D shall comply with the
structural system limitations in <Table 0306.6.1> and the followings.
0306.6.4.1 Interaction Effects

Moment-resisting frames that are enclosed or adjoined by more rigid
elements not considered to be part of the seismic force-resisting system
shall be designed so that the action or failure of those elements will not
impair the vertical load and seismic force resisting capability of the
frame. The design shall consider the effect of these rigid elements on
the structural system at structural deformations corresponding to the
design story drift, Δ , as determined in Section 0306.5.7.1. In addition,
the effects of these elements shall be considered where determining
whether a structure has one or more of the irregularities defined in
Section 0306.4.4.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.6.4.2 Deformation Compatibility
Every structural component not included in the seismic force-resisting
system in the direction under consideration shall be designed to be
adequate for the vertical load-carrying capacity and the induced moments
and shears resulting from the design story drift, Δ , as determined in
accordance with Section 0306.5.7.1. Where allowable stress design is
used, the design story drift, Δ , shall not be multiplied by load factor
0.7. When determining the moments and shears induced in components
that are not included in the seismic force-resisting system in the
direction under consideration, the stiffening effects of adjoining rigid
structural and nonstructural elements shall be considered.
0306.6.4.3 Building Height Limits

The height limit in <Table 0306.6.1> shall be applied to buildings
assigned to Seismic Design Category D.
0306.7 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
0306.7.1 Selection of Analysis Method

The following dynamic analysis procedures may be performed in
accordance with the requirements of this section：
(1) Response Spectrum Analysis
(2) Linear Time History Analysis.
(3) Nonlinear Time History Analysis.
0306.7.2 Modeling
A mathematical model of the building shall be constructed that
represents the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the
structure. For regular structures with independent orthogonal seismic-
force resisting systems, independent two-dimensional models are
permitted to be constructed to represent each system. For irregular
structures or structures without independent orthogonal systems, a
three-dimensional model incorporating a minimum of three dynamic
degrees of freedom consisting of translation in two orthogonal plan
directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis shall be included
at each level of the structure. Where the diaphragms are not rigid
compared to the vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system,
the model should include representation of the diaphragm's flexibility
and such additional dynamic degrees of freedom required to account for
the participation of the diaphragm in the structure's dynamic response.
Stiffness properties of concrete and masonry elements shall include the
effects of cracked sections. For steel moment frame systems, the
contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift shall be
included. In case    effects are considered to be significant, the
effects shall be included in the analysis modeling. When the area of the
basement is significantly larger than that of the super-structure, the
super-structure can be analyzed separately from the basement structure.
Otherwise, the basement shall be modeled in conjunction with the
super-structure. In this case the stiffness of the soil adjacent to the
basement shall be neglected.
0306.7.3 Response Spectrum Analysis
0306.7.3.1 Modal Characteristics

The modal vibration characteristics such as the period of each mode, the
modal shape vector, the modal participation factor, and the modal mass
shall be computed by established methods of structural analysis for the
fixed-base condition using the masses and elastic stiffnesses of the
seismic force-resisting system. The analysis shall include a sufficient
number of modes to obtain a combined modal mass participation of at
least 90% of the actual mass in each of two orthogonal directions.
0306.7.3.2 Modal Base Shear

The portion of the base shear contributed by the mth mode,   , shall
be determined from
the following equations：
     
 (0306.7.1)
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
n 2
Wm =
(∑w
i=1
n
i
φim
) (0306.7.2)
∑ w i φ im
2
i=1
where
   ：The modal seismic response coefficient determined in
Equation (0306.7.3)

  ：effective modal gravity load.
  ：The portion of the total gravity load, W, of the building at
level  , where   the total dead load and other loads
listed below：
① In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25 percent of
the floor live load. (Floor live load in public garages
and open parking structures need not be included.)
② Where an allowance for partition load is included in the
floor load design, the actual partition weight or a
minimum weight of 0.5 kN/㎡ of floor area, whichever
is greater.
③ Total operating weight of permanent equipment.
④ Twenty percent of flat roof snow load where the flat
roof snow load exceeds 1.5 kN/㎡.
  ： th component of the  th modal vector
The modal seismic response coefficient,   , shall be determined by the

following equation：
 
    (0306.7.3)
 



where
IE ：The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>.
S a m ：The modal design spectral response acceleration at period
  determined from either the general design response
spectrum or a site-specific response spectrum
R ：The response modification factor determined from <Table
0306.6.1>.
For buildings on site   and   , the modal seismic design coefficient,

  , for modes other than the fundamental mode that have periods less
than 0.3 second is permitted to be determined by the following equation：
 
           (0306.7.4)

 
 

where
IE ：The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>.
R ：The response modification factor determined from <Table
0306.6.1>
S D S ：The design spectral response acceleration at short periods
as defined in <Table 0306.3.3>
Tm ：The modal period of vibration, in seconds, of the  th mode
0306.7.3.3 Modal Forces, Deflections, and Drifts

The modal force,  , at each level shall be determined by the
following equations：
         (0306.7.5)
   
    

(0306.7.6)

 
  
where
   ：The vertical distribution factor in the  th mode
 ：total design lateral force or shear at the base in the  th
mode obtained by Equation (0306.7.1)
  ,   ：Effective weight of the  th and the  th story
  ：The  th component of the  th mode vector
  ：The  th component of the  th mode vector
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
The modal deflection at each level,   , shall be determined by the
following equation：
    
    (0306.7.7)
 
where
  ：The deflection amplification factor determined from <Table
0306.6.1>
 ：The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance
with <Table 0306.4.1>
   ：The deflection of level  in the  th mode at the center
of the mass at level  determined by an elastic analysis.
The elastic deflection,    , can also be determined by the following

equation:
  

    
       (0306.7.8)
 
where
  ：The seismic story force of the level x corresponding to the
m th mode
 ：The acceleration due to gravity
  ：The modal period of vibration, in seconds, of the  th mode
  ：The effective weight of the level 
The modal drift in a story,   , shall be computed as the difference of

the deflections,   , at the top and bottom of the story under
consideration.
0306.7.3.4 Modal Story Shears, Moments, and Member Forces

The story shears, story overturning moments, and the member forces due
to the seismic forces determined from Section 0306.7.3.3 shall be
computed for each mode by linear static methods.
0306.7.3.5 Design values

(1) The design value for the modal base shear,   , story shear, story
drift, deflection, member forces shall be determined by taking the
square root of the sum of the squares, SRSS, of each of the modal
values or by the complete quadratic combination, CQC, technique.
(2) When the base shear,   , obtained using the response spectrum
analysis procedure is less than 85% of the base shear  obtained
by the equivalent lateral force procedure presented in Section
0306.5.3, the design values obtained in Section 0306.7.3.5(1) shall
be multiplied by the modification factor,  , defined as follows：

     ≥  (0306.7.9)

The modification factor,  , shall not be multiplied to inter-story drift.
0306.7.3.6 Lateral Drift and P-Delta Effects

The inelastic lateral drift and P-delta effects shall be determined in
accordance with Section 0306.5.7. When P-delta effects are included in
the analysis, P-delta effects need not be considered additionally.
0306.7.4 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
0306.7.4.1 Determination of Time History

Time history analysis shall be performed with not less than three
recorded events. In three-dimensional analysis, each recorded event shall
be composed of a pair of ground motions perpendicular to each other in
a plane. Where the required number of recorded ground motion pairs are
not available, appropriate simulated ground motion pairs shall be used to
make up the total number required. For each pair of horizontal ground
motion components, an SRSS spectrum shall be constructed by taking
the square root of the sum of the squares of the 5 percent damped
response spectra for the components. Each pair of motions shall be
scaled such that the average value of the SRSS spectra from all
horizontal component pairs does not fall below 1.3 times the design
spectrum for periods ranging from 0.2T second to 1.5T seconds, where
T is the natural period of the fundamental mode of the structure, by
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
more than 10%. When the ground motion pairs need to be scaled, the
same scale factor shall be applied to the two perpendicular components.
If three time history analyses are performed, then the maximum response
of the parameter of interest shall be used for design. If seven or more
time history analyses are performed, then the average value of the
response parameter of interest may be used for design. In two-
dimensional analysis, the ground motions shall be scaled such that the
average value of the 5% damped response spectra for the suite of
motions is not less than design response spectrum for the site for
periods ranging from 0.2T to 1.5T seconds, where T is the natural
period of the structure in the fundamental mode for the direction of
response being analyzed.
0306.7.4.2 Linear Time History analysis

The design values such as story shear, story overturning moment, and
member forces shall be obtained by the linear time history analysis
results multiplied by the importance factor and divided by the response
modification factor. The design values shall be scaled in accordance with
Section 0306.7.3.5.
0306.7.4.3 Nonlinear Time History analysis

A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed that
represents the nonlinear capacity and characteristics of a structural
member, considering the importance factor, consistent with suitable
experiment data or analyses. The responses shall not be divided by
  . The maximum nonlinear drifts shall conform to Section 0306.4.6.
0306.7.4.4 Consideration of Soil Effect

For direct consideration of earthquake ground motion, the soil adjacent
to the structure can be included in the structural analysis. In this case
large area of soil located above the bed rock shall be modeled so that
the ground motion of the soil located far away from the structure is not
affected by the soil-structure interaction. Analysis shall be carried out
using the bed rock motion which has the characteristics of the bed rock.
0306.8 DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS
The design and detailing of the components of the seismic force
-resisting system, except for the structures assigned to Seismic Design
Category A, shall comply with the requirements of this section.
0306.8.1 Discontinuities in Vertical System

Structures with a discontinuity in lateral capacity, vertical irregularity
Type V-5 as defined in <Table 0306.4.5>, shall not be more than two
stories or 9m in height where the weak story has a calculated strength
of less than 65 percent of the story above. Where the weak story is
capable of resisting a total seismic force equal to the design seismic
load multiplied by the system overstrength factor,   , the height
limitation does not apply.
0306.8.2 Inverted Pendulum-Type Structures

Supporting columns of inverted pendulum-type structures shall be
designed for the bending moment calculated at the base determined
using the procedures given in Section 0306.5 and varying uniformly to a
moment at the top equal to one-half the calculated bending moment at
the base.
0306.8.3 Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames

Columns or other elements supporting discontinuous walls or frames of
structures having plan irregularity of Type H-4 of <Table 0306.4.4> or
vertical irregularity of Type V-4 of <Table 0306.4.5> shall be designed
for the special seismic load combinations of Section 0306.2.
0306.8.4 Direction of Seismic Load
0306.8.4.1 Seismic Design Category B

The directions of application of seismic forces used in the design shall
be those that will produce the most critical load effects in each
component. This requirement is assume to be satisfied if the design
seismic forces are applied independently in any of two orthogonal
directions.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.8.4.2 Seismic Design Category C
Loading applied to structures assigned to this Category shall, as a
minimum, conform to the requirements of Section 0306.8.4.1. The
seismic design loads of the structures that have plan irregularity Type
H-5 of <Table 0306.4.4> shall be obtained by either of the following
methods：
(1) One hundred percent of the forces for one direction plus 30% of the
forces for the perpendicular direction. Select larger of the two
possible combinations.
(2) The effects of the two orthogonal directions are combined on a
square root of the sum of the square, SRSS, basis.
0306.8.4.3 Seismic Design Category D

The seismic design loads of the structures shall be obtained by either of
the following methods:
(1) One hundred percent of the forces for one direction plus 30% of the
forces for the perpendicular direction. Select larger of the two
possible combinations.
(2) The effects of the two orthogonal directions are combined on a
square root of the sum of the square, SRSS, basis.
0306.8.5 Vertical Seismic Forces

Horizontal cantilevers and horizontal prestressed components assigned to
Seismic Design Category D shall be designed to resist a minimum net
upward force of 0.2 times the dead load in addition to applicable load
combinations.
0306.8.6 Building Separations

Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D shall be separated
from adjoining structures. Adjacent buildings on the same property shall
be separated by at least   ：
   
       (0306.8.1)
where   and   are the displacements of the adjacent buildings
computed in accordance with Section 0306.5.7 or 0306.7.4. A structure
adjoining a property line shall be set back from the property line at
least  of the structure.
0306.9 ARCHITECTURAL, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL

COMPONENTS
0306.9.1 General
Architectural, mechanical, electrical, and other nonstructural components
in buildings shall be designed and constructed to resist the equivalent
static forces and displacements determined in accordance with this
section. Where the combined weight of the supported components and
nonbuilding structures exceeds 25 percent of the weight of the structures,
structures shall be designed in accordance with Section 0306.10.
0306.9.1.1 Applicability to Components

Components shall be considered to have the same Seismic Design
Category as that of the structure that they occupy or to which they are
attached, as described in Section 0306.4.3. The following nonstructural
components are exempt from the requirements of this section.
(1) Components in Seismic Design Category A.
(2) Other than parapets supported by bearing walls or shear walls,
architectural components in Seismic Design Category B when the
component importance factor,  , is equal to 1.0.
(3) Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category B.
(4) Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category C,
provided that the component importance factor,  , is equal to 1.0
(5) Mechanical and electrical components in all Seismic Design
Categories that are linked with ductwork or piping by flexible
connections, mounted at 1.2 meters or less above a floor level, and
weigh 1,800 N or less, provided that the component importance
factor,  , is equal to 1.0.
(6) Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category D
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
that are linked with ductwork or piping by flexible connections and
weigh 100 N or less, provided that the component importance factor,
 , is equal to 1.0.
0306.9.1.2 Equivalent Seismic Forces

Equivalent seismic forces,  , shall be determined in accordance with
Equation (0306.9.1). The force  shall be applied independently
longitudinally and laterally in combination with service loads associated
with the component. When positive and negative wind loads exceed 
for nonbearing exterior wall, these wind loads shall govern the design.
       
        (0306.9.1)
 


 is non required to be taken as greater than
         (0306.9.2)
and  shall not be taken as less than
         (0306.9.3)
where
 ：component amplification factor that varies from 1.0 to 2.5
(select appropriate value from <Table 0306.9.1> or <Table
0306.9.2>)
 ：seismic design force centered applied at the component's
center of gravity and distributed relative to component's
mass distribution
 ：component importance factor that is either 1.0 or 1.5, as
determined in Section 0306.9.1.4
 ：averaged roof height of structure with relative to the base
elevation
 ：component response modification factor that varies from
1.0 to 5.0 (select appropriate value from <Table 0306.9.1>
or <Table 0306.9.2>)
   ：design spectral response acceleration at short period as
 ：omponent operating weight
 ：height in structure of point of attachment of component.
   ：for items at or below the base
   ：for items at or above the roof
0306.9.1.3 Seismic Relative Displacements

Seismic relative displacements,   , shall be determined in accordance
with the equations in this section. For two connection points on the
same Structure A or the same structural system, one at a level  and
the other at a level  ,   shall be determined as
         (0306.9.4)
  is not required to be taken as greater than
 
        (0306.9.5)
 
For two connection points on separate Structure A and B or separate

structural system, one at a level  and the other at a level  ,   shall
be determined as
          (0306.9.6)
  is not required to be taken as greater than
     
    (0306.9.7)
  
where
  ：relative seismic displacement that the component must be
designed to accommodate
 ：story height used in the definition of the allowable drift in
<Table 0306.4.7>.
δ   , δ   , δ   ：deflection at building level  or  of Structure A
or B, determined by an elastic analysis as defined in
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
Sections from 0306.5.3 to 0306.5.7
 ：height of upper support attachment at level  as measured
from the base
 ：height of lower support attachment st level  as measured
from the base
Δ , Δ ：allowable story drift for Structure A or B as defined
in <Table 0306.4.7>
0306.9.1.4 Component Importance Factor

The component importance factor,  , for other components shall be
taken as 1.0, but the factor shall be taken as 1.5 if any of the following
conditions apply:
(1) Life-safety component is required to function after an earthquake.
(2) Component contains hazardous or flammable materials.
(3) Storage racks in occupancies open to the general public
(eg. warehouse retail stores)
(4) Component is in or attached to an Occupancy Category S structure
in <Table 0306.4.1> and it is needed for continued operation of the
facility or it is its failure could impair the continued operation of
the facility.
0306.9.1.5 Component Anchorage

Components shall be anchored in accordance with the following:
(1) The force in the connected part shall be determined based on the
prescribed forces for the component specified in Section 0306.9.1.2.
Where the component anchorage is provided by shallow expansion
anchors, shallow chemical anchors, or shallow (low ductility) cast-
in-place anchor, a value of   1.5 shall be used to determine the
forces on the connected part.
(2) Anchors embedded in concrete or masonry shall be proportioned to
carry the lesser of the following：
① the design strength of connected part
② 1.3 times the force in the connected part as given by  × 
③ The maximum force that can be transferred to the connected part
by the component structural system
(3) Determination of forces in anchors shall include the expected
conditions of installation including eccentricities and prying effects.
0306.9.2 Architectural Component Design

Architectural systems, components or elements listed in <Table 0306.
9.1> and their attachments shall meet the requirements of Section
0306.9.1
0306.9.3 Mechanical and Electrical Component Design

Attachments and equipment supports for the mechanical and electrical
systems, components or elements shall meet the requirements of Section
0306.9.1.
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0306.10 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONBUILDING

STRUCTURES
0306.10.1 General
0306.10.1.1 Nonbuilding Structures

The requirements of this section apply to self-supporting structures that
carry gravity loads that are not defined as buildings, vehicular or
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
railroad bridges, nuclear power generation plants, offshore platforms, or
dams.
0306.10.1.2 Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures

(1) If a nonbuilding structure is supported above the base by another
structure and the weight of the nonbuilding structure is less than 25
percent of the combined weight of the nonbuilding structure and the
supporting structure, the design seismic forces of the supported
nonbuilding structure shall be determined in accordance with the
requirements of Section 0306.9.
(2) If the weight of a nonbuilding structure is 25 percent or more of the
combined weight of the nonbuilding structure and the supporting
structure, the design seismic forces of the nonbuilding structure shall
be determined based on the combined nonbuilding structure and
supporting structural system.
(3) Response modification factors shall be determined in accordance with
following:
① For supported nonbuilding structures that have component dynamic
characteristics that are not rigid, the combined system R factor shall
be a maximum of 3.
② For supported nonbuilding structures that have rigid component
dynamic characteristics, the combined system R factor shall be the
value of the supporting structural system.
0306.10.1.3 Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components

Architectural, mechanical, and electrical components supported by
nonbuilding structures shall be designed in accordance with Section
0306.9.
0306.10.2 Structural Design Requirements

Design of nonbuilding structures to resist seismic loads shall conform to
this section.
0306.10.2.1 Weight
For purpose of calculating design seismic force in nonbuilding structures,
the weight shall include dead load and normal operating contents for
items such as tanks, vessels, bins, and contents of piping. The weight
shall include snow and ice loads when these loads constitute 25 percent
or more of the seismic effective weight.
0306.10.2.2 Fundamental Period

The fundamental period of nonbuilding structure shall be determined by
appropriate methods which consider deformational and structural
characteristics of resisting elements, such as the method described in
Section 0306.7.3.1, or estimated by Rayleigh's method.
0306.10.2.3 Drift Limits

The drift limitation of Section 0306.4.6 need not apply to nonbuilding
structures if a rational analysis indicates they can be exceeded without
adversely affecting structural stability.
0306.10.2.4 Seismic Design Forces

Nonbuilding structures shall be designed to resist minimum seismic
lateral forces not less than the requirements of Section 0306.5.1 and
following：
(1) The response modification coefficients shall be the lesser of the values
given in <Table 0306.10.1> or the values in <Table 0306.6.1>.
(2) For nonbuilding systems with response modification coefficients
provided in <Table 0306.10.1>, the minimum value specified in
Equation (0306.5.4) shall be replaced by the following：
         (0306.10.1)
(3) The importance factor shall be given in <Table 0306.10.2>.

The vertical distribution of lateral seismic forces in nonbuilding
structures covered by this section shall be determined in accordance with
Section 0306.5.5.
]]4&*4.*$-0"%4]]
0306.10.2.5 Rigid Nonbuilding Structures
Nonbuilding structures that have a fundamental period,  , less than 0.06
second, including their anchorages, shall be designed for the lateral force
obtained from the following：
         (0306.10.2)
where
  ：the importance factor as defined in <Table 0306.10.2>
   ：the site design response acceleration as determined from
Section 0306.3.3
 ：the total design lateral seismic base shear force applied to a
nonbuilding structure
 ：nonbuilding structure operating weight as defined in Section
0306.10.2.1
The force shall be distributed with height in accordance with Section
0306.5.5.
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0307 SOIL AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
0307.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the soil and hydrostatic
pressure.
0307.2 PRESSURE ON BASEMENT WALLS

(1) Basement walls shall be designed to resist lateral pressure of adja-
cent soil, and possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads.
(2) When a portion or the whole of the adjacent soil is below a

free-water surface, computations shall be based on the weight of the
soil diminished by buoyancy, plus full hydrostatic pressure.
0307.3 UPLIFT ON FLOORS AND FOUNDATIONS

In the design of basement floors and similar horizontal structural
elements below grade, the upward pressure of water, where applicable,
shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire
area.
]]40*-"/%):%3045"5*$13&4463&]]
0308 THERMAL STRESS
0308.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the thermal stress.
0308.2 THERMAL STRESS

In the design of building, the thermal load effect due to temperature
change shall be considered.
0309 FLUID PRESSURE AND CONTENTS LOADS IN
STORAGE TANK
0309.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the fluid pressure and
contents load in storage tank.
0309.2 FLUID PRESSURE

(1) Above-and at-grade storage tanks containing fluid such as water or
oil for example shall be considered as fluid pressure acting
structures.
(2) In the design of storage tanks, horizontal pressure applied to walls

and vertical pressure to bottom horizontal structures shall be
considered. Also, in the case of air pressure acting on the fluid
surface, both additional horizontal and vertical forces shall be
considered.
0309.3 CONTENTS LOADS IN STORAGE TANK
0309.3.1 Liquid Pressure

Provisons of Section 0309.2 (Fluid Pressure) shall be used in calculating
the liquid pressure caused by liquid contents in storage tank.
0309.3.2 Pressure of Powdered and Grain Contents
0309.3.2.1 Stored content pressures shall be calculated considering the

variations of pressure due to loading, unloading, sudden break off of
arch-shaped stacking, air pressure, and eccentric exhaust as well as static
contents pressure. For clustered storage tanks, combination of various cases
ranging from full loaded case to empty case in a tank shall be considered.
]]'-6*%13&4463&"/%$0/5&/54-0"%4*/4503"(&5"/,]]
0309.3.2.2 Static pressure acting on the storage tank by the contents
consists of unit vertical static pressure, horizontal static pressure, and
vertical friction force shall be considered.
0309.3.2.3 Design Pressure of the Contents

Design pressure shall be calculated by multiplying either adequate load
factor or impact factor.
0309.3.2.4 Design Pressure of Air Pressure Vessel

Design pressure of air pressure vessel shall be largest value among
following:
(1) Design pressure ignoring air pressure.
(2) Design pressure that has less air density than static state Considering
air pressure, since floating particles are not contacting each other.
(vertical friction force per unit length of wall shall be assumed to be
equal to the case with no air pressure.)
0309.3.2.5 Increase or Decrease of Pressure due to Eccentric Exhaust of

the Contents
In design of vessel, flexural moments in circumference direction due to
variation of the pressure around the vessel shall be reflected as
considering effect of eccentric exhaust of the contents at outlet.
0310 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS
COMPONENT LOADS
0310.1 GENERAL
This section shall be applied in determining the transportation equipment
and its component loads.
0310.2 LOADS CAUSED BY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND

EQUIPMENT
0310.3 STRUCTURE SUPPORTING SHAFT-OR MOTOR-DRIVEN

MACHINERY
In case of structure supporting shaft-or motor-driven machinery, the weight
and moving loads due to vibration or impact
0310.4 LOADS OF HVAC OF BUILDING, DUCTWORK, PIPING

SYSTEM AND ACCOMPANYING ATTACHMENTS
]]53"/41035"5*0/&26*1.&/5"/%*54$0.10/&/5-0"%4]]
Index
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ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION ······························································································· 9, 47
ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION ········································································ 9
ACTIVE FAULT ······························································································································ 9
addition ············································································································································ 80
aeroelastic instability ······················································································································ 48
AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY VIBRATION ·············································································· 9
air density ································································································································ 47, 53
Air Pressure Vessel ······················································································································ 130
ALONG-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION ·········································································· 9
alteration ·········································································································································· 80
analysis procedure ·························································································································· 88
anxiety ············································································································································· 79
arched roofs ···································································································································· 65
ASPECT RATIO ······························································································································ 9
aspect ratios ···································································································································· 47
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ······················································································ 10
ATTACHMENTS ···························································································································· 10
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background response factor ······························································································ 10, 60, 61
Balanced and unbalanced loads ···································································································· 39
BASE ··············································································································································· 10
BASE SHEAR ································································································································ 10
BASEMENT WALLS ·················································································································· 127
BASIC WIND SPEED ··················································································································· 10
Basic Wind Speed ·························································································································· 54
basic wind speed, in m/s ·············································································································· 54
BEARING WALL SYSTEM ········································································································· 10
BOUNDARY ELEMENT ·············································································································· 10
BRACED FRAME ·························································································································· 10
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM ····································································································· 11
by the roof slope factor ················································································································ 37
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chimneys, tanks ······························································································································· 66
circular cross-section ······················································································································ 47
CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS ································································································ 29
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME ···················································································· 11
Contact Area ··································································································································· 29
contents load ································································································································· 129
contour ············································································································································· 54
Convergence Effect ·················································································································· 11, 48
critical damping ······················································································································· 62, 63
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DEAD LOADS ························································································································ 11, 27
deflection amplification factor ······················································································· 97, 99, 110
DESIGN EARTHQUAKE ·············································································································· 11
design response spectrum ·············································································································· 85
DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION ································································ 11
DESIGN VELOCITY PRESSURE ································································································ 53
design velocity pressure ··································································································· 46, 49, 51
design wind force ··························································································································· 46
DESIGN WIND LOADS FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN
FRAMES ········································································································································· 11
DESIGN WIND LOADS ON CLADDINGS ··············································································· 52
design wind pressure ··············································································································· 46, 49
DESIGN WIND SPEED ················································································································ 11
Design Wind Speed ······················································································································· 53
diaphragm ········································································································································ 95
DOMINANT OPENING ················································································································ 12
DOUBLE FRAME SYSTEM ········································································································ 12
drift limits ······································································································································· 98
dynamic analysis ··························································································································· 106
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EARTHQUAKE LOADS ··············································································································· 12
Eccentric Exhaust ························································································································· 130
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME ······················································································· 12
effective upwind slope ··················································································································· 59
ENCLOSED BUILDING ················································································································ 12
Enclosed Buildings ··········································································································· 49, 51, 64
enclosed solid signboards ·············································································································· 68
equivalent lateral force procedure ································································································· 88
escarpments ····································································································································· 58
EXPOSURE CATEGORY ············································································································· 12
EXPOSURE CONSTANT ·············································································································· 14
exposure factor ································································································································ 35
external gust effect ························································································································· 62
External Gust Effect Factor ··········································································································· 62
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ···················································································· 12
external pressure coefficient ··································································································· 50, 64
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fear ··················································································································································· 79
flat terrain ······································································································································· 56
Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs ··································································································· 33
FLAT-ROOF SNOW LOADS ······································································································· 36
flexible buildings ···························································································································· 47
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM ············································································································· 13
FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE ·············································································································· 13
Flexible Structures ·························································································································· 61
fluid pressure ································································································································ 129
Force Coefficients ··························································································································· 66
FOUNDATIONS ························································································································· 127
fundamental natural frequency ······································································································· 60
fundamental period ········································································································· 86, 93, 123
<(>
gable roofs ······································································································································ 71
GRADIENT HEIGHT ···················································································································· 13
gradient height ··········································································································· 56, 59, 61, 62
Ground snow loads ························································································································ 35
GUST EFFECT FACTOR ············································································································· 13
gust effect factor ··············································································································· 46, 49, 51
GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE ························································ 13
GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING
MAIN-FRAMES ····························································································································· 60
<)>
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND SURFACE STARTING ATMOSPHERIC
BOUNDARY LAYER ···················································································································· 14
height above ground surface starting atmospheric boundary layer ············································ 56
hills ·················································································································································· 58
horizontal deflections ······················································································································ 79
]*OEFY]]
HORIZONTAL DESIGN WIND ··································································································· 48
horizontal vibration ························································································································· 79
<*>
IMPORTANCE FACTOR ·············································································································· 14
importance factor ·············································································································· 35, 54, 59
INFLUENCE AREA ······················································································································· 14
influence area ·································································································································· 32
Interference Effect ·························································································································· 48
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME ························································································· 14
Internal Gust Effect Factors ··································································································· 50, 66
internal pressure ······························································································································ 46
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ····················································································· 14
internal pressure coefficient ···································································································· 50, 66
inverted pendulum-type structures ······························································································· 113
irregularity ······························································································································ 87, 113
<->
large span suspension membrane roofs ························································································ 48
large span suspension roofs ··········································································································· 48
lattice frameworks ··························································································································· 68
LEEWARD FACE ·························································································································· 14
leeward walls ·································································································································· 49
level crossing number ···················································································································· 62
light in weight ································································································································ 48
linear interpolation ·························································································································· 54
Liquid Pressure ····························································································································· 129
LIVE LOADS ································································································································· 14
live loads ········································································································································· 28
load combinations ··························································································································· 81
load distribution condition ············································································································· 35
LOADS COMBINATION ·············································································································· 14
low in stiffness ······························································································································· 48
<.>
maximum considered earthquake ··································································································· 83
mean roof height ···························································································································· 47
mean wind speed profile factor ···································································································· 54
Mechanical and electrical components ························································································ 115
MECHANICALANDELECTRICALCOMPONENTS ···································································· 15
MOMENT FRAME SYSTEM ······································································································· 15
MONO-SLOPE FREE ROOF ········································································································ 15
mono-slope free roofs ············································································································· 51, 67
Mono-Slope Free Roofs ··············································································································· 67
mono-slope roofs ···························································································································· 74
multi-span gable roofs ···················································································································· 76
</>
natural frequency ···························································································································· 62
natural frequency for the first mode of roof structure ······························································· 63
negative pressures ··························································································································· 70
NOMINAL HEIGHT OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ································· 13
non-dimensional natural frequency ································································································ 63
nonbuilding structure ···················································································································· 122
NONBUILDING STRUCTURES ··································································································· 15
nonstructural components ············································································································· 115
NONSTRUCTURALMEMBER ······································································································ 15
NORMAL MOMENT FRAME ····································································································· 15
<0>
occupancy ········································································································································ 80
occupancy importance ·················································································································· 108
Occupancy Importance Factor ······································································································· 86
occupancy importance factor ········································································································· 92
OPENED BUILDING ·············································································································· 15, 50
opened signboards ·························································································································· 68
overturning effects ·························································································································· 96
<1>
P-delta effects ························································································································ 98, 111
PARTIALLY OPENED BUILDING ····························································································· 15
Partially Opened Buildings ······························································································ 46, 49, 51
peak external pressure coefficient ································································································· 52
PEAK EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST
EFFECT ··········································································································································· 15
Peak external pressure coefficients ······························································································· 70
peak factor ······································································································································ 62
peak internal pressure coefficient ·································································································· 52
PEAK INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST
EFFECT ··········································································································································· 16
peak internal pressure coefficients ························································································· 70, 78
]*OEFY]]
position factor for topographic effects ························································································· 59
positive pressures ···························································································································· 70
Powdered and Grain Contents ····································································································· 129
power law exponent of mean wind speed profile ······································································ 56
PRESSURE ···································································································································· 127
pressure coefficients ······················································································································· 64
projected area ··························································································································· 16, 46
projected breadth of load ·············································································································· 63
<3>
rectangular section ·························································································································· 47
REDUCTION FACTOR ················································································································· 16
reduction factor ······························································································································· 32
reference height ······························································································································ 47
region of seismicity ························································································································ 82
resonance ········································································································································· 60
resonance effect ······························································································································ 62
RESONANCE FACTOR ················································································································ 16
resonance factor ······························································································································ 62
response modification coefficients ······················································································ 104, 123
response modification factor ········································································································ 109
response modifications coefficient ································································································· 99
Response Spectrum Analysis ······································································································· 106
RETURN PERIOD ·················································································································· 16, 54
ridges ··············································································································································· 58
Rigid Structures ······················································································································· 16, 60
roof beam ········································································································································ 63
ROOF DESIGN WIND LOADS ··································································································· 50
Roof design wind pressures ··································································································· 50, 51
ROOF LIVE LOADS ····················································································································· 16
<4>
saw-tooth roofs ······························································································································· 77
seismic base shear ·························································································································· 91
Seismic Design Category ······················································································ 87, 89, 114, 115
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM ···················································································· 17
SEISMIC FORCES ························································································································· 17
SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT ························································································· 17
seismic response coefficient ··········································································································· 92
SEISMIC USE GROUP ················································································································· 17
Seismic Use Group ························································································································ 86
SEISMIC ZONE ····························································································································· 17
shape factor of roof ······················································································································· 35
SHEAR WALL ······························································································································· 17
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM ··································································· 17
SIDE RATIO；RATIO OF BREADTH-TO-DEPTH ··································································· 17
side wall ·········································································································································· 49
similar live load ····························································································································· 35
Similar Live Loads ························································································································· 33
SITE CLASS ··································································································································· 17
SITE COEFFICIENTS ···················································································································· 18
site coefficients ······························································································································· 83
SIZE REDUCTION FACTOR ······································································································· 18
size reduction factor ······················································································································· 62
Special Purpose Roofs ··················································································································· 33
special seismic load ······················································································································· 81
Special wind loads ························································································································· 47
spectral response acceleration ········································································································ 83
STORY DRIFT ······························································································································· 18
story drift ························································································································· 91, 97, 118
STORY DRIFT RATIO ················································································································· 18
STORY SHEAR ····························································································································· 18
STRONG DIAPHRAGM ················································································································ 18
structural roof frames ····················································································································· 46
Surface roughness categories ·································································································· 56, 57
SURFACE ROUGHNESS CATEGORY ······················································································· 12
surface roughness category ············································································································ 53
system overstrength ······················································································································ 104
system overstrength factor ············································································································· 99
<5>
tanks ················································································································································· 66
The basic roof snow load factor ·································································································· 36
The lateral force ····························································································································· 94
thermal factor ·································································································································· 35
THERMAL STRESS ···················································································································· 128
Time history analysis ··················································································································· 111
TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR ············································································································· 18
Topography Factor ··················································································································· 54, 57
torsion ·············································································································································· 96
TORSION VIBRATION ················································································································ 18
tributary ··········································································································································· 33
]*OEFY]]
TRIBUTARYAREA ························································································································ 18
trussed towers ································································································································· 69
TURBULENCE FACTOR ·············································································································· 19
turbulence factor ······················································································································ 60, 61
TURBULENCE INTENSITY ········································································································· 19
turbulence intensity ···································································································· 59, 60, 61, 63
turbulence scale ······························································································································ 61
type factor for topography ············································································································· 59
<6>
uniform live load ···························································································································· 35
UPLIFT ·········································································································································· 127
<7>
VELOCITY PRESSURE ················································································································ 19
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION ······························································································· 19
<8>
wind actions ···································································································································· 60
WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT ······························································································ 19, 51
WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN FRAMES ············································································ 19
wind force resisting main-frames ·································································································· 46
WIND FORCE RESISTING SUB-FRAMES ··············································································· 20
wind force resistingsub-frames ······································································································ 46
WIND FORCE SPECTRUM FACTOR ························································································ 20
wind force spectrum factor ············································································································ 62
Wind Induced Vibration ················································································································ 47
WIND LOAD ON CLADDING ··································································································· 20
WIND LOADS FOR REFLECTING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION ········································ 20
WIND LOADS ON ROOF FRAMES ·························································································· 20
WIND PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ······························································································ 20
wind speed data ······························································································································ 54
Wind Speed Profile Factor ····································································································· 21, 56
wind tunnel ····································································································································· 70
wind tunnel tests ····················································································································· 47, 64
WINDWARD FACE ······················································································································ 21
windward wall faces ······················································································································ 49
< şࢍ >
100-YEAR-RECURRENCE 10-MINUTE MEAN WIND SPEED ············································· 54

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0310 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS COMPONENT LOADS 

ACROSS-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION：Acceleration in across

ACTIVE FAULT：A fault determined to be active by the authority

AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY VIBRATION：Phenomena that vibration

ALONG-WIND VIBRATION ACCELERATION：Acceleration which is

ASPECT RATIO：Ratio of height-to-root of cross of breadth and depth；

ATTACHMENTS：Means by which components and their supports are

BACKGROUND RESPONSE FACTOR：Non-dimensional value to

BASE：The level at which the horizontal seismic ground motions are

BASE SHEAR：Total design lateral force or shear at the base.

BEARING WALL SYSTEM：A structural system without a complete

BOUNDARY ELEMENT：In light-frame construction, diaphragms and

BRACED FRAME：An essentially vertical truss, or its equivalent, of

BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM：A structural system with an essentially

CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME：A braced frame in which the

CONVERGENCE EFFECT：When wind blows parallel to valley between hill

DEAD LOADS：Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE：The earthquake effects that are the corre-

DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION：Design spectral

DESIGN WIND LOADS FOR WIND FORCE RESISTING MAIN

DESIGN WIND SPEED：Wind speed for use in design considering

DOUBLE FRAME SYSTEM：A structural system with an essentially

EARTHQUAKE LOADS：The combined effect of horizontal and vertical

ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME：A diagonally braced frame in

ENCLOSED BUILDING：Building without large openings, and only

EXPOSURE CATEGORY(or SURFACE ROUGHNESS CATEGORY)：

FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM：A diaphragm is flexible for the purpose of

FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE：Dynamically sensitive structure due to

GRADIENT HEIGHT(or NOMINAL HEIGHT OF THE ATMOSPHERIC

GUST EFFECT FACTOR：It is defined as the ratio of expected

GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE：Ratio of

GUST EFFECT FACTOR FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE：Ratio of

IMPORTANCE FACTOR：The importance factor is used to adjust

INFLUENCE AREA：The total summation of influence area from the

INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME：A moment frame in which

INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT：Non-dimensional quantity of

LEEWARD FACE：The side sheltered from the wind.

LIVE LOADS：A load produced by the use and occupancy of the

LOADS COMBINATION：The product of load factor and design load

MOMENT FRAME SYSTEM：A structural system with an essentially

MONO-SLOPE FREE ROOF：Planar roof with only columns, without

NONBUILDING STRUCTURES：Nonbuilding structures include all

NONSTRUCTURAL MEMBER：The constructional element of the building

NORMAL MOMENT FRAME：A moment frame in which members

OPENED BUILDING：A building having the sum of the areas of

PARTIALLY OPENED BUILDING：A building having the sum of the

PEAK EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST

PEAK INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT INCLUDING GUST

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0303 LIVE LOADS

0304 SNOW LOADS

0305 WIND LOADS

0306 SEISMIC LOADS

0307 SOIL AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

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