DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING
Material Feasibility Report

MODULE TITLE: MATERIAL AND ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY (AR3203)

MODULE LECTURER(S): MOHAMAD FAIRUZ ZABADI BIN SHAHRUM

NAME: MUHAMMAD IZZUL FADLI BIN NAJIRAHMAT

STUDENT ID: 19FTE1016

DUE DATE: WEDNESDAY, 05 TH AUGUST 2020

SEMESTER: 3 SESSION: JULY-NOVEMBER 2020 CREDIT

VALUE 4.0
 TABLE OF CONTENT:

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………...1

INTRODUCTION OF REPORT……………………………………………………………2

o AIM……………………………………………………………………………………2
o OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………..2

BRICKS……………………………………………………………………………………….3

o DEFINITION OF BRICK…………………………………………………………….3
o PROPERTIES OF BRICKS………………………………………………………...3
o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS……………………………………..3
o MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS…………………………………3

o INSULATION PROPERTY OF BRICKS…………………………………….3

o MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICK……………………………………..4

o EFFECTIVENESS OF BRICKS…………………………………………………...5

o DEFECT IN BRICKS MASONRY…………………………………………………6

FOUNDATION……………………………………………………………………………….7

o DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION…………………………………………………..7

o CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDATION………………………………………...7

o CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION………………………………………….8-9
o THE IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDATIONS……………………………………….10
o DEFECTS ON FOUNDATION……………………………………………………11

CONCRETE………………………………………………………………………………...12

o DEFINITION OF CONCRETE……………………………………………………13

o PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE………………………………………………….13

o STAGES OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE………………………..14-15

o THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCRETE…………………………………………...16

o DEFECTS IN CONCRETE………………………………………………………..17
FLOORING…………………………………………………………………………………18

o FLOORING DEFINITION…………………………………………………………18

o FLOORING PROPERTIES………………………………………………….....…18

o FLOORING EFFECTIVENESS…………………………………………………..18

o CONSTRUCTING FLOORS……………………………………………….....19-20

o DEFECT FLOORING……………………………………………………………..21

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………..22
REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………….23
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Students were commissioned to carry out a brief feasibility report to determine

understanding of the application of materials which is foundation, brick or block
bonding, concrete and flooring for the project that relates well with each selected
materials and structures of the house/building.
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF REPORT

1.1 AIM

The aim set forth for this report is intended to demonstrate an understanding of the
application of appropriate materials in assembly, construction systems and the
application of the relevant codes and standards in architecture

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The learning objectives set for this project are to demonstrate further understanding
of Material and Architectural Technology. Advance understanding of bricks and block
with the type of bonding, foundation and soil specification, concrete, and flooring.
Establish an understanding of the application of the relevant codes and standards
2.0 BRICKS

2.1 DEFINITION OF BRICK

A brick is building material used to make walls, and other elements in masonry
construction. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes
which vary with region and time, and are produced in bulk quantities.

2.2 PROPERTIES OF BRICKS

2.2.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS

Brick Standard shape is truly rectangular sharp and true right-angled corners. The
surface of the bricks is regular and even. Special purpose bricks may be either cut or
manufacture in various other shapes. Bricks uniform and bright. The most common
colour falls under the class red.

2.2.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS

Compressive and flexure strength are most important properties of bricks because
so strength is required to take transverse loads

2.2.3 INSULATION PROPERTY OF BRICKS

Ideal brick should provide suitable insulation of heat and sound conductivity of
bricks. Bricks should be designed in such a way that they are light strong and give
adequate insulation.
2.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICK

The process of making clay brick is generally uniform, although manufacturers tailor
their production to fit their particular raw materials. In general, the manufacturing
process consists of essentially of six stages:

Mining and Making of

Preparation
gathering brick or Packaging
of raw Drying Curing
raw forming and storing
material
materials process

Fig.1
2.4 EFFECTIVENESS OF BRICKS

Brick plays a very significant role in the structure of a building. Bricks are used as a
different stone for construction purposes. The main uses of construction brick are
given below:

 The building of walls of any size

 Manufacture of floors
 Construction of arches and cornice
 Assembly of brick retaining wall

Brick has been utilized its qualities to produce new contemporary retroactive
architecture buildings which include using bricks in unique arrangements.

Pic. 1

Pic. 2

Pic.3
2.5 DEFECT IN BRICKS MASONRY

RANDOM CRACKS

Cracks initiate arbitrarily on different brick surfaces. Differential drying generates

shrinkage.

Pic. 4

An annual inspection of your brick structure is a must and should take into account
every aesthetic as well as the functional factor of the brick. One way to do this is to
spray the surface, using the pressure of the water to check for any weak spots in the
mortar, which could lead to leaks and many other issues.

Use expansion joints where needed. Long walls, especially wall that experience a
wide range of temperatures, expand and contract as they heat and cool. Expansion
joints allow for relief of pressure when a section of the wall has expanded as far as
space allows.

Diagram. 1

Understand that there are many reasons a masonry wall may crack. Some, you
cannot control.
3.0 FOUNDATION

3.1 DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION

Foundations (substructure) is the lower portion the building, usually located below
ground level, which transmits the load of the superstructure to the subsoil a
foundation is.

Diagram. 2

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDATION

 The foundation has to be safe against overall shear failure in the soil.
 50 cm below natural ground level.
 Must be placed below the zone of volume change.
 In fine sands and silts, the foundation must be placed below the zone in which
trouble may cause by frost
 The depth of the foundation in the river should be below the scour level
3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION

Construction of foundation consists of the following activities:

SITE PREPARATION
• Remove trees and topsoil

Fig. 2

SITE LAYOUT
• Define the boundaries.
• Layout building perimeter, establish building corners & building perimeter.

Fig. 3

EXCAVATION
•Excavate foundation along the line created and remainder of soil inside perimeter

Fig. 4
POUR FOOTINGS
•Construct formwork
•Pour concrete footings
•Smooth / finish surface

Fig. 5

POUR SLAB ON GRADE

•Install gravel base
•Install moisture barrier and welded wire fabric
•Pour concrete slab
•Finish slab surface

Fig. 6

POUR CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALLS

•Pour concrete foundation wall
•Install anchor bolts into semi-cured concrete

Fig. 7
3.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDATIONS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS

Each building is constructed for a specific purpose behind with a specific provision of
foundation. Foundation serves the following purposes:

Reduction of load
intensity
• Foundations distribute loads of the superstructure, to a larger area so that the
intensity of the
load at its base does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

Even distribution of
load
• Foundations distribute the non – uniform loads of the superstructure evenly to the
sub-soil

Provision of level
surface

• Foundation provides a leveled and hard surface over which the super-structure can be
built.

Lateral stability

• It anchors the superstructure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the
superstructure

Safety against
undermining
• It provides structural safety against undermining due to burrowing animals and food
water.

Protection against soil

movements
• Special foundations measures prevent or minimize the distress (or cracks) in the
superstructure, due to expansion of the subsoil because of moisture movement in the
same problematic soils.
3.5 DEFECTS ON FOUNDATION

CRACKED FOUNDATIONS

Cracks in concrete are very common and are quite concerning and require the
evaluation of a structural engineer or a contractor specializing in foundation repair.
Substantial cracking can be the result of insufficient reinforcement, differential
settlement, and/or backfill issues.

Fig. 8

INSUFFICIENT SUPPORT

Foundations and footings without proper support will eventually settle and crack.
There are some options to correct this issue retroactively, such as helical piers.

Fig. 9
4.0 CONCRETE

4.1 DEFINITION OF CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregate held together
by a hardened paste of cement and water.

4.2 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile
strength. The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low-stress levels but
starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. Concrete has a
very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All
concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension.
4.3 STAGES OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE

Batching: The measurement of material for making concrete is known as batching.

Mixing: ensures that concrete becomes equal, uniform in colour, and consistency.

Fig. 10

Transporting: Should be transported at the earliest without the loss of consistency

obtained at the time of mixing.

Placing: A concrete must be placed systematically to produce optimum results.

Fig. 11

Compacting: The purpose of compaction is to get rid of all voids that are trapped in
loose concrete.

Fig. 12
Finishing: to give a uniform surface.

Fig. 13

Curing: process in which the concrete keeps its moisture for a certain time to
complete the hydration process. This prevents plastic shrinkage of concrete

Fig. 14
4.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCRETE

Concrete has been utilized its qualities for architecture and design includes buildings
and product.

 Nowadays every structure made up of modern Concrete.

 Dams, bridges, buildings, towers, toboggans, curbs canoes, murals, statues,
submarines, mountains, foundations have been created with the help of
concrete
 Concrete is a versatile construction material.

Pic. 4

Pic. 5
4.5 DEFECTS IN CONCRETE

SHRINKAGE CRACKS

Caused by evaporation of mix water in fresh concrete, the extent of which will
depend on:

– The amount of water in concrete increasing water in the mix increases cracking
– The weather conditions
– Lack of curing

Fig. 15

How to minimize fresh concrete cracks

• Do not use excessive water in the mix

• Proper compaction
• Do not cast in hot weather (to cast in hot weather use chilled water)
• Proper curing
• Proper construction and monitoring of formwork
5.0 FLOORING

5.1 FLOORING DEFINITION

A floor is a structure formed of beams, girders, and other members with proper
covering, which divides a building horizontally into stories

5.2 FLOORING PROPERTIES

 Strength; The floor must be strong to support safely the dead load of the floor
and finishes fixtures.
 Stability; have adequate stiffness to remain stable
 Durability durable for the expected life of the building and require little
maintenance or repair.
 Provide resistance to fire for a period adequate for the escape of the occupants
from the building.
 Provide resistance to transfer of heat where there is normally a significant air
temperature difference on the opposite sides of the floor.

5.3 FLOORING EFFECTIVENESS

Floor withstand the loads that will be imposed upon them. Floor also prevent growth
of vegetable matter inside the building by provision of concrete over site and damp
penetrating the building floor can also be utilized to meet certain thermal insulation
standards by incorporating a layer of insulating material to reduce the heat loss into
ground below. floorings provide an acceptable surface finish which will meet the
needs of users with regard to appearance comfort safety cleanliness.
5.4 CONSTRUCTING FLOORS

Diagram. 3

Diagram. 4
Diagram. 5

Diagram. 6
5.5 DEFECT FLOORING

Random crack in flooring continuously without making panels which occur due to
development on tensile stresses on account of shrinkage and thermal contraction of
concrete and occur mostly in the first dry spell. To avoid cracking cast flooring in
panels, do adequate curing in the initial period of hardening of concrete.

Fig. 16
CONCLUSION
These materials are vital and important for constructions especially in a developing
country like ours. In order to help improve the quality of a building the chosen of
materials are as important as any other things. We also understand that we should
reduce amount of errors in construction as it will cause defects. The knowledge and
critical information gained on these materials are very important in not just
architectural aspect but constructional aspect as well.
REFERENCE
https://civilengineeringbible.com/article.php?i=82#:~:text=These%20bricks%20are%
20in%20the,pillars%2C%20brick%20chimneys%2C%20etc.&text=These%20are%20
also%20known%20as,prepared%20from%20special%20homogeneous%20clay.

https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/69-characteristics-and-
qualities-of-good-bricks-for-construction

https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/37-brick-use-construction

https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-in-construction-purpose-
functions/18963/

https://www.everything-about-concrete.com/

https://www.slideserve.com/juliana/concrete-defects-causes-and-remedies

https://www.slideshare.net/jswindel/floors-slideshare