UNIT SIX

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Definition
Let R be the set of real numbers and m and n be positive integers.
A rectangular array of numbers in R of the form,

a 11 a12 … a1 n

(
A= a21
…
am 1
a22 … a2 n
…… …
a m 2… amn
) is called an m by n (m× n) matrix in R .

In matrix A above:

 m is called the number of rows of A.

 n is called the number of columns of A.
 a ijis called the ijth element or entry of A which is an element in the i th row and j th column of A.
 m×n (read as m by n) is called the size or order of the matrix.

Example
Consider the matrix:

1 4
( )
B= −2 6
5 0
matrix B is 3×2 matrix with a 11=1 , a21=−2 , a31=5 , a12=4 , a22=6∧a32=0

TYPES OF MATRICES
Read some types of matrices from textbook of grade 11on page 232 .

Note:
In a square matrix, the diagonal containing the elements a11, a22, a33, a44, ……, ann is called the
principal or main diagonal.
The sum of all elements in the principal diagonal is called the trace of the matrix.

1
Example
Identify the type(s) of each matrix given below.
2 1 0 0 1 0 0
A=(2) B= ( 1 0 7 ) C= −6
9 ( ) (
0 2 3 ) (
D= 0 2 0 E= 0 1 0
0 0 1 )
Solution
 Matrix A is column matrix, row matrix and also square matrix.
 Matrix B is a row matrix.
 Matrix C is column matrix.
 Matrix D is both square matrix and lower triangular matrix.
 Matrix E is square matrix, diagonal matrix, lower triangular matrix, upper triangular matrix,
scalar matrix and unit (identity) matrix

Equality of matrices
Definition
Two matrices of the same order are said to be equal, if their corresponding elements are equal.
Example
Find the values of x , y , z and a which satisfy the matrix equation
x+ 3 2 y + x = 0 −7
( z−1 4 a−6)( 3 2a )
Solution : By the definition of equality of matrices, we have
x + 3 = 0 ……………………………..(1)
2y + x = -7 ……………………………(2)
z – 1 = 3 ………………………………(3)
4a – 6 = 2a ……………………………(4)
From (1) x = -3
Put the value of x in (2) , we get y = -2
From (3) z=4
From (4) a=3

2
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Definition: Two matrices of the same order can be added (subtracted) by adding (subtracting)
the corresponding elements of the two matrices.
Example
1 3 −2 1 0 9 −4 0 8
Let
(
0 7 3 ) (
6 2 −3 ) ( )
A= 10 4 0 , B= 0 5 8 and C= 9 2 5 then,
11 2 3

1+1 3+ 0 −2+ 9 2 3 7
a) A+ B=
(
10+ 0 4 +5 0
0+6 7 +2 3+(−3)
=
)( )
10 9 0
6 9 0

−4−1 0−0 8−9 −5 0 −1

(
b) C−B= 9−0 2−5
)(
5−8 = 9 −3 −3
11−6 2−2 3−(−3 ) 5 0 6
)
c) A+C exercise
d) A−C+ B exercise

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

If A and B are two matrices of the same order then,
1. A + B = B + A (Commutative property
2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative property)
3. A + 0 = A = 0 + A (Existence of additive identity)
4. A + (-A) = 0 (Existence of additive invers

Multiplication of a matrix
Definition : If a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar r, then rA is the matrix obtained from A by
multiplying each element of A by r.

Example:
−4 0 8
( ) 2 −1
Let A= 9 2 5 , then find 3A, 3 A and 3 A
11 7 3
3
 −4 0 8 −4 × 3 0× 3 8 × 3 −12 0 24
Solution: 3A¿ 3 9 2 5
11 7 3
=
( )(
9 ×3 2× 3 5 × 3
11×3 7 × 3 3 × 3
= 27 6 15
33 21 9 )( )
−8 16
0

( )
3 3
−4 0 8
2
3
A=
2
3 (9 2 5= 6
11 7 3
22
) 4
3
14
10

2
3

3 3

−1
A=¿ ¿ (exercise)
3

Note:
 To multiply any two matrices the number of columns of the first matrix must equal to the
number of rows of the second matrix.
 The operation is done row by column in such a way that each element of the row is multiplied
by the corresponding element of the column and then the products are added.

Example:
a11 a12 a 13 b 11 b12 b13

( ) (
1. Let A= a21 a22 a 23 and B= b21 b22 b23 then,
a31 a32 a 33 b31 b32 b33 )
a11 b 11 +a12 b21+ a13 b 31 a 11 b12+ a12 b 22+a 13 b32 a11 b 13+ a12 b23 +a 13 b33

(
AB¿ a21 b 11 +a 22 b21 +a23 b31 a21 b12+ a22 b 22+ a23 b 32 a21 b 13+ a22 b 23 + a23 b 33
a31 b 11 +a32 b21 +a33 b31 a31 b21+ a32 b 22+ a33 b 32 a31 b 13+ a32 b 23 + a33 b 33 )
7 1 −1 0 1 0 −7
2. Let A=( 1 −3 2 ), B= 2 ,
11
C=
0 () (
−6 2 −5 and
2 3
D= 2 4 0 , then
7 0 8 ) ( )
7
i)
11 ()
AB=( 1 −3 2 ) 2 =( 1 x 7+(−3) x 2+2 x 11 )=( 7+ (−6 ) +22 ) =( 23 )

1 −1 0 7 1 x 7−1 x 2+0 x 11 7−2+0 5

0 2(3 11 )( ) (
ii) CB= −6 2 −5 2 = −6 x 7+2 x 2−5 x 11 = −42+ 4−55 = −93
0 x 7+2 x 2+3 x 11 0+ 4+33 37 )( )( )
4
 iii) AD (exercise) V) CD (exercise)
iv) DA (exercise) Vi) BD (exercise)

Definition:
1. The Transpose of a matrix Α denoted by AT , is the matrix found by interchanging the rows and
c olumns of A.
2. A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix if AT = A .
3. A square matrix A is called a skew-symmetric matrix if AT + A=0

Exercise:
2 5 4 3 7
( )
Let A= 3 7 , B=
−1 4
1 2 0
−5 −4 3 ( )
and C= 0 −6 5 , then
1 −2 3 ( )
1 −5 4 0 1
AT = 2 3 −1
( 5 7 4 ) ( )
BT = 2 −4
0 43
and
(
C T = 3 −6 −2
7 5 3 )
Activity: Dear students try to solve questions on page 234 exercise 6.2 of number 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

DETERMINANTS OF MATRICES
The determinant of a matrix A, denoted by det ( A )=| A| , is a real number.
Example:

i) Let A= (ba dc )be a matrix of order 2 × 2, then the determinant of A is defined as:
det(A) ¿| A|= |ba dc|=ac−bd .
Let A= (62 −15 ) ,then
| A|= 2 −1 =2 x 5−6 x (−1 )=10+6=16 and
|6 5 |
| A |=| 2 6|=10+6=16
T
−1 5

5
 ii) Determinant of a matrix of order three can be determined by expressing it in terms of second
order determinants. This is known as expansion of a determinant along a row (or a column).
a11 a12 a 13
Let A=
(
a21 a22 a 23 , then
a31 a32 a 33 )
a11 a12 a 13

|
a31 a32 a 33
a
| a
a32 a33 | a a
| | a a
| A|= a21 a22 a 23 =a11 22 23 −a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
a31 a 33 a31 a32 | | |
Example:
4 3 7
Let A=
(
0 −6 5 , then
1 −2 3 )
4 3 7
| |
| A|= 0 −6 5 =4 −6 5 −3 0 5 +7 0 −6 =4 (−18+10 )−3 ( 0−5 )+7 ( 0+6 )
1 −2 3
|−2 3| |1 3| |1 −2|
¿−32+ 15+42=25

Minor and co-factors

(i) Minor of an element a ij of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting
i th row and j th column, and it is denoted by M ij.
(ii) Co-factor of an element a ij is given by Aij = ( – 1) M ij.
i+ j

(iii) Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by the sum of products of elements of a row (or a

column) with corresponding co-factors. For example: ¿ A∨¿ a11 A 11 + a12 A12 +a13 A 13.

(iv) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with co-factors of elements of any other row (or

column), then their sum is zero. For example: a 11 A 21+a 12 A 22+ a13 A 23=0.
Example: Find the minor and co-factors of the entries a 11 ,a 13 , a23∧a22 of the matrix

4 3 7
(
A= 0 −6 5
1 −2 3 )
5
The minor of a 11=M 11 = |−6
−2 3|
=−18+10=−8.

6
The minor of a 13=M 13= |01 −6
−2|
=0+6=6.

The minor of a 23=M 23= |41 −23 |=−8−3=−11.

4 7 =12−7=5
The minor of a 22=M 22= | |
1 3
.

5 −6 5
The co-factor of a 11=C 11=(– 1)
1+1
M 11 =( – 1)
2
|−6
−2 3| |−2 3|
= =−8

4 0 −6
1+3
The co-factor of a 13=C13=( – 1) M 13=(– 1)
1 −2
=6. | |
2+3 5
The co-factor of a 23=C23=( – 1) M 23= ( – 1 ) x (−11 )=11.

2+2 4
The co-factor of a 22=C 22=(– 1) M 22=( – 1 ) x 5=5.

THE ADJOINT OF A MATRIX

The adjoint of a square matrix is defined as the transpose of the co-factors of each elements.
T
Adjoint of A is denoted by adj A, i.e., adj A=( Cij ) .

4 3 7
Example: Find the adjoint of a matrix A= 0 −6 5 .
1 −2 3 ( )
Solution:
5 −6 5
The co-factor of a 11=C 11=(– 1)
1+1
M 11 =(– 1)
2
|−6
−2 3| |−2 3|
= =−8.

3 0 5 =−( 0−5 )=5.

1 +2
The co-factor of a 12=C 12=(– 1) M 12=(– 1)
1 3 | |
The co-factor of a 13=C13=( – 1)
1+3
M 13=(– 1)
4
|01 −6
−2|
=6.

3 3 7 =−( 9+14 )=−23

1+2
The co-factor of a 21=C 21=(– 1) M 21=(– 1)
−2 3 | . |

7
 4 4 7 =5
2+2
The co-factor of a 22=C 22=(– 1) M 22=( – 1 )
1 3 | |
The co-factor of a 23=C23=( – 1)
2+3
M 23= ( – 1 )
5
|41 −23 |=−(−8−3)=11.
4 3 7 =15+ 42=57 .
3 +1
The co-factor of a 31=C 31=(– 1) M 31=( – 1 )
−6 5 | |
The co-factor of a 32=C 32=( – 1)
3 +2
M 32=( – 1 )
5
|40 75|=−20
6 4 3 =−4
3+3
The co-factor of a 33=C33=( – 1) M 33= ( – 1 )
0 −6 | |
C11 C 12 C13 −8 5 6
matrix C= C 21
(C 22 C
C31 C 32 C33
23
= −23
)(5 11
57 −20 −4 )
−8 5 6 T −8 −23 57
adjA = −23
(5 11 = 5
57 −20 −4 6
5
)(
−20
11 −4 )
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

For any square matrix A, |A| satisfies the following properties.

i) The determinant of a matrix A and its transpose are equal.
ii) If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of the determinant changes.
iii) If any two rows or any two columns in a determinant are identical (or proportional), then
the value of the determinant is zero.
iv) Multiplying a determinant by k means multiplying the elements of only one row (or one
column) by k.
v) If we multiply each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant by constant k, then
value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
vi) If elements of a row (or a column) in a determinant can be expressed as the sum of two
or more elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or
more determinants.

EXERCISE
8
 1. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate the following.
x +a y z
a)
x 2−x +1 x−1
|x+1 x +1 | |
d) x
x
y +a
y
z
|
z+ a

x y20 x z2 3 x −x+ y −x + z

|
b) x y 0
x2 z z y2
2

0 |
y z2
|
e) x− y 3y
x−z y−z
z− y
3z |
x +4 x x x +4 0 x−9
c)
| x
x
x+4
x
x
x+4 | |
f) 3 x
x
0 x +2
0 x+ 4 |
2. Solve for x in each of the following equations:
2 −2 1
a)
2x 5 6 5
| =
8 x 8 3 || | b)
|x 1 0 =1
3 1 2 |
INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Definition
A square matrix A is said to be invertible or non-singular, if and only if there is a square matrix B
such that AB = BA = I, where I is the identity matrix that has the same order as A.
Note:

 The inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

 Only a square matrix can have an inverse.
 The inverse of matrix A, whenever it exists, is denoted by A-1.
 A and A-1 have the same order.
 A matrix that does not have an inverse is called singular.

Theorem:

−1 1
1. A square matrix A is invertible, if and only if ¿ A∨≠0. If A is invertible, then A = adjA .
| A|
2. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then ( AB)−1=B−1 A−1 .

Example:

Find the inverse, if it exists, for each of the following matrices

9
 4 3 7
a) A=
5 4
( )
2 3
b) B=
(
0 −6 5
1 −2 3 )
Solution:

a) detA = |52 43|=15−8=7 ≠0. Therefore, A is invertible.

C 11=|3|=3 C 21=−|4|=−4
C 12=−|2|=−2C 22=|5|=5

3 −4
adjA = 3 −2 = 3 −4
(
−4 5 −2 5
T

) ( ) 1
A−1= adjA =
| A|
1 3 −4
7 −2 5
= 7
( −2
7
) ( )
7
5
7

4 3 7
|
b) detB= 0 −6 5 =4
1 −2 3
−2 3 |
−6 5 −3 0 5 + 7 0 −6
|
1 3 1 −2 | | | | |
¿ 4 (−18+10 )−3 ( 0−5 ) +7 ( 0+6 )
¿−32+ 15+42=25≠ 0. Therefore, B is invertible.
−8 −23 57
as we have done in previous example adjB= 5
6
5 −20
11 −4 ( )
−8 57
−23

( )
25 25
−8 −23 57
1
B−1= adjB=
|B|
1
25
5
6
5
(
−20 =
11 −4
1
5
6
1
5
−4
5
11 −4
.
)
25 25 25

Activity: Dear students try to solve all questions on page 245-246 under exercise 6.4

SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS WITH TWO OR THREE VARIABLES

Let us express the system of linear equations as matrix equations and solve them using inverse of
the coefficient matrix.

Consider the system of equations

a 1 x+ b1 y+ c 1 z=d 1a 2 x+ b2 y+ c 2 z=d2
10
a 3 x +b3 y +c 3 z=d 3

a1 b 1 c 1 x d1

(
a3 b 3 c 3 z ) () ( )
Let A= a2 b 2 c 2 , X = y ∧B= d2 .
d3

Matrix A is called the coefficient matrix of the system and the matrix

a1 b 1 c 1 d1

( )
a2 b 2 c 2 d2 is called the augmented matrix of the system.
a3 b3 c 3 d3

Then, the system of equations can be written as, AX=B , i.e,

a1 b 1 c 1 x d1

( a3 b3 c 3 )( ) ( )
a2 b 2 c 2 y
z
= d2
d3

To solve systems of linear equations, you may recall, we use either the substitution method or the
elimination method. The method of elimination is more systematic than the method of substitution. It
can be expressed in matrix form and matrix operations can be done by computers. The method of
elimination is based on equivalent systems of equations.

To change a system of equations into an equivalent system, we use any of the following
three elementary (also called Gaussian) operations.
Swapping Interchange two equations of the system.
Rescaling Multiply an equation of the system by a non-zero constant.
Pivoting Add a constant multiple of one equation to another equation of the system.

Elementary row operations

The objective of using elementary row operation is to get as many zeros as possible in the
coefficient of a given system of equation in writing the augmented matrix.

Swapping Interchanging two rows of a matrix: Ri ↔ R j

Rescaling Multiplying a row of a matrix by a non-zero constant r: Ri ↔r R j
Pivoting Adding a constant multiple of one row of the matrix onto another row: Ri ↔ Ri +r R j

11
Example: Solve the following system of equations using elementary row operation.

x−3 y + z=−1
a)
2 x +5 y=1
{
3 x +2 y=7 {
b) 2 x + y−4 z=−1
6 x−7 y +8 z=7

Solution: (a)

The augmented The objective is to get as many zeros as

matrix
(23 5 1
2 7 ) possible in the coefficients.
3 2 5 1 2 5 zero1 is obtained in the a 21 position.
A
R2 ↔ R2 − R 1
2
( 3 3 3
3− ×2 2− ×5 7− ×1
2 2 2
=
0 )(
−11 11
)
Note that the other elements of row 2
2 2
are also changed.

The last matrix corresponds to the system of equation:

2 x +5 y=1
{−11
2
y=
11
2

Now, easily we can calculate from equation 2: y=−1,and substituting y=−1 in equation 1: x=3.

The solution set is{ (3 ,−1) }

(b)

The augmented 1 −3 1 −1 The objective is to get as many zeros as

matrix ( 2 1 −4 −1
6 −7 8 7 ) possible in the coefficients.

R2 ↔ R2 −2 R1 1 −3 1 −1 A zero is obtained in the a 21 position.

( 0 7 −6 1
6 −7 8 7 ) Note that the other elements of row 2
are also changed.

R3 ↔ R3 −6 R1 1 −3 1 −1 A zero is obtained in the a 31 position.

( 0 7 −6 1
0 11 2 13 ) Note that the other elements of row 3
are also changed.

12
 11 1 −3 1 −1 A zero is obtained in the a 32 position.
R3 ↔ R3 − R
7 2
( 0 7 −6 1
0 0
80 80
7 7
) Note that the other elements of row 3
are also changed
x−3 y+ z=−1
The last matrix corresponds to the system of equation:
80
7
{
7 y −6 z=1
z=
80
7

Since this equation and the given equation are equivalent, they have the same solutions. Thus by
back- substituting z=1 from the 3rd equation into the 2nd, we get, y=1 and back-substitutingz=1 and
y=1in the 1st equation, we get x=1.
The solution set is {(1 ,1 , 1)}.

Echelon Form
A matrix is said to be in Row Echelon Form if,
1. A zero row (if there is) comes at the bottom.
2. The first non-zero element in each non-zero row is 1.
3. The number of zeros preceding the first non-zero element in each non-zero row except the first
row is greater than the number of such zeros in the preceding row.
Example: Which of the following matrices are in echelon form?
−1
1 −4 1
(
a) 0 1 5
0 0 1 ) (
1 −3 4
b) 0 1 −6
0 0 1
1
80
7
) (
1 −3 1 1 −3 1
) (
c) 0 1 8 d) 0 1 −2
0 1 1 0 0 2 )
Solution:

A and B are in echelon form.

C is not in echelon form because the number of zeros in the second and third row are equal.

D is not in echelon form because in the third row the first non-zero element is not equals to 1.

Note:

1. A matrix is in Row Reduced Echelon form, if and only if, it is in echelon form and also the
first non-zero element in each nonzero row is the only non-zero element in its column.
2. Both echelon form and row reduced echelon form have a great role in solving a system of
equation with a number of variables.
13
Example: Reduce each of the following matrices into reduced - echelon form.

5 0 −1 3 5 −1 −4 3 −2 3 8
(
a) −1 1 0
0 1 4 ) b)
(2 5 4 −9
−1 1 −2 11 ) (
c) 2 1 −1 1
5 −3 2 4 )
Solution:

−1
1 0
a)
(
5 0 −1
−1 1
0 1 4
0 R 1
)
↔
1
R
5 1 −1 1
0 1
( 5
0
4
)
−1
−1 1 0

( )
1 0 5
R2 ↔ R1 + R2
( )
0 1
0 1 4
5
−1 R3 ↔ R 3−R2 0 1
5
0 0
−1
5
21
5

−1
1 0
5
R3 ↔ R
( )
21 3 0 1
5 5 0 −1
−1 is a reduced - echelon form of −1 1 0 .
5
0 0 1
0 1 4 ( )
 Dear students try question b and c as an exercise
Note:
1. When the augmented matrix is changed into either echelon form or reduced-echelon
form and if the last non-zero row has numerical coefficients which are all zero while
having non-zero constant part, then the system has no solution.
2. When the augmented matrix is changed into either echelon form or reduced-echelon
form and if the number of non-zero rows is less than the number of variables, then the
system has an infinite solution.

Exercise

1. Find the values of c for which this system has an infinite number of solutions. {−32 x−4 y=6
x+6 y =c

14
 x+ 2 y −3 z =5
{
2. For what values of c does 2 x− y −z=8 have a unique solution?
cx + y +2 z =14

Solution:

1
R1 ↔ R
2 −4 6 2 1 1 −2 3
1. Construct the augmented matrix (
−3 6 c ) 3(
R2 ↔ R2 + R
0 0 9+c )
2 1
Now, for the system to have infinite solution
9 +¿ c = 0 ⇒ c = –9
There will be only one equation 2 x – 4 y=6
Solving for x = 3+2y, the solution set will be
{(3+2 y , y ): y ∈ R }
This is an infinite set.
1 2 −3 5
2. Construct the augmented matrix 2 −1 −1 8
c 1 2 14 ( )
R 2 → – 2 R 1 + R2 1 2 −3 5
R3 → c R 1+ R 3 ( 0 −5 5 −2
0 1−2 c 2+3 c 14−5 c )
5
R2 ↔
−1
1
R 0
5 2 ( 2
1
−3
−1
0 1−2 c 2+3 c
2
5
14−5 c
)
5

(
1 2 −3
R3 ↔ R3 + ( 2 c−1 ) R2 0 1 −1 5
2

0 0 3+c 68−21 c
5
)
Hence, the system has a unique solution if c +3 ≠ 0.
An alternative way is to use the fact that the system has a unique solution, if │ A │ ≠ 0

15
 1 2 −3
|2 −1 −1 =1
c 1 2
1 |
−1 −1 −2 2 −1 −3 2 −1
2 | c 2 | |
c 1 | | |
¿ (−2+1 )−2 ( 4 +c )−3 ( 2+c ) ¿ – 5 c – 15

Now │ A │ ≠ 0=– 5 c – 15 ≠ 0 ⇒c ≠ – 3

CRAMER’S RULE
Determinants can be used to solve systems of linear equations with equal number of
equations and unknowns.
The method is practicable, when the number of variables is either 2 or 3.

a1 x +b1 y=c
Consider the system {
a2 x+b 2 y =d

a1 b1
≠ 0 and constant column vector c .
Let D= | |
a2 b2 d ()
Obtaining Dx and Dy by replacing the first and second columns by the constant column vector,
respectively.

c b1 a1 c D D
D x=
| | d b2
and D y = | |
a2 d
, then x= x ∧ y= y The method is called Cramer’s rule for a
D D
system with two equations and two unknowns.

Example: Use Cramer’s rule to find the solution set of

x+2 y−3 z=5

a)
2 x−4 y=6
{
−3 x+6 y =7 {
b) 2 x− y−z =8
x+ y +2 z=14

Solution:

a) D= |−32 46|=12− (−12 )=24 ≠ 0

Dx
Thus, by Cramer’s Rule, x= =
6
7 | 46| = 36−28 = 8 = 1 .
D 2
−3 | 46| 12+12 24 3
16
 2 6
D y −3
y= =
| |
7 14 +18 32 4
= = = .
D 2 4 24 24 3
−3 | 6 |
1 2 −3
|
b) D= 2 −1 −1 =1
1 1 2
1 |
−1 −1 −2 2 −1 −3 2 −1
2 |1 2 1 1 | | | | |
¿ (−2+1 )−2 ( 4 +1 )−3 ( 2+1 )
¿−18≠ 0
5 2 −3

Thus, by Cramer’s Rule, x=

Dx
=
|8 −1 −1
14 1
=
2 |
5 (−2+1 )−2 ( 16+14 )−3 (8+14) 131
=
D 1 2 −3 −18 18

|
2 −1 −1
1 1 2 |
1 5 −3

y=
Dy
=
|2 8 −1
1 14 2
=
|
1 ( 16+ 14 )−5 ( 4+1 ) −3(28−8) 65
=
D 1 2 −3 −18 18

|
2 −1 −1
1 1 2 |
1 2 5

z=
Dz
=
|2 −1 8
1 1 14
=
|
1 (−14−8 )−2 ( 28−8 ) +5(2+1) 47
=
D 1 2 −3 −18 18

|2 −1 −1
1 1 2 |
131 65 47
The solution set is x= , y= ∧z= .
18 18 18

17