SEL Microgrid Lessons Learned

Will Edwards
(SEL Engineering Services Division)

Copyright © SEL 2016

Essential Keys to Successful
Microgrid Projects?
• Comprehensive HIL testing
• Subcycle fast controls
• Adaptive protection
• Practical security
• Fit for function
• Minimal complexity
 Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing
Improves Factory Acceptance Tests
66

65

64
Simulation

Frequency (Hz)
63

62 Field

61

60

59
0 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
 Control Cost, Quality, and Features
Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing
Frequency Governor Frequency
Controller (pu) Set Point
Status
Steady-State
Droop Line
Inputs
Dynamic 1.0
Controller Simulation 0.96
System
Outputs
Transient Governor
Behavior
Power
Controls
(pu)
1.0
Both Mechanical and Electrical Systems Must Be Modeled Accurately
 Inverter-Based Generation Has
Limited Overload Capacity

Q Long-Term
Capacity Limit
Q

P P

Inverter-Based
Rotating Generators Short-Term
Generation
Capacity Limit
 Load Balancing Must Happen FASTER
With Inverter-Based Generation
Power
Rotating Generation Power
Frequency

Load
Power, Frequency

Inverter-Based Power

Rotating Generator Frequency

Inverter-Based Frequency

Time
 FAST Load Shedding Prevents Blackouts

Grid-Tied Controller
Operation
Automatic
Decoupling
Synchronization
Systems
Load
Shedding Relay

Islanded Subcycle
Operation FAST!
Status Trip
SEL Controllers Take Action FASTER
Process Control Systems

PLC Solutions
Protection, Automation, Controls, and Security
Layer 4
Outside Visualization, Economic Business
Security Gateway
Networks Optimization, Engineering Tools Systems

Layer 3
Control
Central Controllers
Systems

Layer 2
Communications Equipment
Communications

Layer 1
Protective Metering and Protection
Remote I/O
Relays Power Quality and Metering

Layer 0
Microgrid or
Current and Power Generation
Circuit Breakers Macrogrid
Voltage Transformers Controllers
 Security for Critical Infrastructure
• Avoid OS and software
• Made in the USA
• Mature processes
• Vertical integration
• Cybersecurity
 Generation Runback Philosophy
Runback Reference Valve
Speed Valve
Speed Control
Reference Control
Runback
Speed Feedback Selector

MW
60 MW Contingency Detected (breaker trips)
(actual load) Signal Sent by
Maximum Runback Generation-Shedding
MW Set Point System

30 MW (runback target MW load)

t
 Seamless Islanding and Decoupling Systems
DFDT (Hz/s)

+81RFRP
Trip Region 1

0.2
–81RFDFP –0.1
DF (Hz)
0.1 +81RFDFP
–0.2

Trip Region 2
–81RFRP
 System Synchronization
Safely Reconnecting Islanded Grids
Inertia-Compensated Load Shedding MW Load to Shed
F
Do It Right! DFDT
59 58

F < 0.5 2
4 4
8
Normal Operation
60 0.5 to
4
8 8
12
1.0
Inertia-Compensated
> 1.0 8
12 12
16
Success
59 Macrogrid
Load
Shed
58 F1 F2

Traditional Failure Microgrid

57 T Complex Grid

Blackout
L1 L2 L3
Load Shed ~ H • DFDT = 8 • 1 = 8 MW
F1 F1 F2
Load Shed ~ H • DFDT = 4 • 2 = 8 MW
 Load Tracking – Add Your H’s
Discriminate Islands With Time
F
Macrogrid
60

T = 0.1 s
F1 F2 T = 0.3 s
59

Complex Grid 58

L1 L2 L3 57 T
F1 F1 F2
 Protection Must ADAPT
To Changing Fault Conditions
t
• Fault levels DER

• Grounding
I
• Directions 2,000 20,000

• Impedances Relay

20,000
2,000
Physics Are the Same – Big or Small
Import: 471 GWh
Sokhumi
Export: 931 GWh

Large
Enguri
Hydro
Generation
Menji Zestafoni Load Center
Ksani

T’BILISI
Akhaltsikhe
Batumi
Thermal
Gardabani

Generation
Physics Are the Same – Simple or Complex
Borrego Microgrid
SEL-351
Relay SEL-351
Relay

69 kV

500 kW 1.8 MW 1.8 MW CS CS

SEL-351
Relay Battery
System

SEL-351
Relay SEL-351
Relay

G1 G2
Automation V Relay
SEL-351 V Relay
SEL-351
1 MW SEL-3530-4
SEL-351
Relay Battery Controller
System
12 kV

SEL-351
Relay 1 2 3 4 5 Relay
SEL-351 SEL-351 Relay Relay
SEL-351 Relay
SEL-351
V V V V
 Navy Seabees, U.S. Navy
Portable Microgrid Controls, Protection, and Security
WAN

Security HMI
Gateway
Utility PCC Diesel Photovoltaic Wind Turbines
Generators Solar Cells
Computer
Computer
Serial HMI
Data Portable Control Center
Diode Microgrid
Clamp-On SEL-849
Relay SEL-3530-4
RTAC
CTs for Controls Portable Control Center
Monitoring
Key Points
of Grid Relay
SEL-849

Protection SEL-849
Relay
Meter and I/O
SEL-849
Relay

Protection SEL-849 Protection

Relay Relay
SEL-849
Meter and I/O Meter and I/O

Monitoring
and
Synchronous Condenser Monitoring Communication
Dispatch
and Flywheel and Tesla Three-Phase Power
Dispatch Battery
CT and PT
Rugged and Economical for Restricted Budgets

• Load shedding
• Voltage / VAR optimization
• Frequency / power dispatch
• Autosynchronization
Saint Paul • Decoupling
Island
• Comprehensive HIL testing

DGs, wind turbines,

synchronous condenser,
flywheel, and loads
 UCSD San Diego, California

• Load shedding Industrial and utility

technology, procedures,
• Underfrequency load shedding
modeling, testing, and
• Synchrophasor-based monitoring, recording, commissioning methods
and grid decoupling system were a perfect fit!
• Comprehensive HIL testing
• Radio-based high-speed contingency
detection
• Complete SCADA, panel, and SOE logging
• Natural gas generators, steam generators,
emergency DGs, and fuel cells
 Engineering Services in
U.S. and Canada
Pullman
Toronto

Detroit
Vacaville
Denver King of
St. Louis Columbus Prussia
Irvine
Charlotte
Phoenix
Atlanta

Tampa
Houston
Distribution Chattanooga Electric Power Board

Automation
NO

Closed

Open

NO NO Normally Open

NO NO

AEP Ohio
Mississippi
DAC System
Questions?