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8/9/2020 Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker - The New York Times
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The Coronavirus
LIVE Latest Updates Maps and Cases Vaccine Tracker F.A.Q. Markets & Economy
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WORLD COUNTRIES | U.S.A. STATES TESTING
Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker

By Jonathan Corum, Denise Grady, Sui-Lee Wee and Carl Zimmer Updated August 6, 2020
PRECLINICAL PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III APPROVAL
135 18 12 6 1
Vaccines Vaccines Vaccines Vaccines Vaccine
not yet in testing safety in expanded in large-scale approved for
human trials and dosage safety trials efficacy tests limited use
Researchers around the world are developing more than 165

vaccines against the coronavirus, and 28 vaccines are in human
trials. Vaccines typically require years of research and testing
before reaching the clinic, but scientists are racing to produce a
safe and effective vaccine by next year.
Antibody
produced in
response to a
vaccine
SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus
Work began in January with the deciphering of the SARS-CoV-2

genome. The first vaccine safety trials in humans started in March,
but the road ahead remains uncertain. Some trials will fail, and
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-coronavirus&regio… 1/18
others may end without a clear result. But a few may succeed in
stimulating the immune system to produce effective antibodies
against the virus.
Here is the status of all the vaccines that have reached trials in
humans, along with a selection of promising vaccines still being
tested in cells or animals.
For an overview of different Covid-19 treatments, see our

Coronavirus Drug and Treatment Tracker.
New additions and recent updates:
• Taiwan-based Medigen enters Phase I. Aug. 6
• Indiaʼs Zydus Cadila completes Phase I. Aug. 6
• Novavax announces promising results from preliminary studies. Aug. 4
• Moderna and the N.I.H. enter Phase III. July 27
• Pfizer begins Phase II/III trials. July 27
The Vaccine Testing Process

The development cycle of a vaccine, from lab to clinic.
PRECLINICAL TESTING : Scientists give the vaccine to animals such

as mice or monkeys to see if it produces an immune response.
PHASE I SAFETY TRIALS : Scientists give the vaccine to a small

number of people to test safety and dosage as well as to confirm
that it stimulates the immune system.
PHASE II EXPANDED TRIALS : Scientists give the vaccine to hundreds

of people split into groups, such as children and the elderly, to see if
the vaccine acts differently in them. These trials further test the
vaccine’s safety and ability to stimulate the immune system.
PHASE III EFFICACY TRIALS : Scientists give the vaccine to thousands

of people and wait to see how many become infected, compared
with volunteers who received a placebo. These trials can determine
if the vaccine protects against the coronavirus. In June, the F.D.A.
said that a coronavirus vaccine would have to protect at least 50%
of vaccinated people to be considered effective.
APPROVAL : Regulators in each country review the trial results and

decide whether to approve the vaccine or not. During a pandemic,
a vaccine may receive emergency use authorization before getting
formal approval.
COMBINED PHASES : Another way to accelerate vaccine

development is to combine phases. Some coronavirus vaccines are
now in Phase I/II trials, for example, in which they are tested for
the first time on hundreds of people. (Note that our tracker would
count a combined Phase I/II trial as both Phase I and Phase II.)
Filter the list of vaccines:
All vaccines Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III Approved
Genetic Vaccines
Vaccines that use one or more of the coronavirus’s own
genes to provoke an immune response.
DNA
RNA
PHASE III
Moderna develops vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) to

produce viral proteins in the body. They have yet to bring one to
the market. In partnership with National Institutes of Health, they
found that the vaccine protects monkeys from the coronavirus. In
March, the company put the first Covid-19 vaccine into human
trials, which yielded promising results, After carrying out a Phase
II study they launched a Phase III trial on July 27. The final trial
will enroll 30,000 healthy people at about 89 sites around the
United States. The government has bankrolled Moderna’s efforts
with nearly $1 billion in support.
Updated July 30
PHASE II PHASE III COMBINED PHASES
The German company BioNTech has entered into collaborations

with Pfizer, based in New York, and the Chinese drug maker Fosun
Pharma to develop their mRNA vaccine. In July, they posted
preliminary results from their Phase I/II trials in the United States
and Germany. They found that the volunteers produced antibodies
against SARS-CoV-2, as well as immune cells called T cells that
respond to the virus. Some volunteers experienced moderate side
effects such as sleep disturbances and sore arms. On July 27, they
announced the launch of a Phase II/III trial with 30,000 volunteers
in the United States and other countries including Argentina,
Brazil, and Germany.
The Trump administration awarded a $1.9 billion contract for 100

million doses to be delivered by December and the option to
acquire 500 million more doses. Meanwhile, Japan made a deal for
120 million doses. If approved, Pfizer said they expect to
manufacture over 1.3 billion doses of their vaccine worldwide by

the end of 2021.
Updated July 31
PHASE I PHASE II COMBINED PHASES
Imperial College London researchers have developed a “self-

amplifying” RNA vaccine, which boosts production of a viral
protein to stimulate the immune system. They began Phase I/II
trials on June 15 and have partnered with Morningside Ventures to
manufacture and distribute the vaccine through a new company
called VacEquity Global Health. The researchers expect to know if
the vaccine is effective by the end of the year.
PHASE II
Indian vaccine-maker Zydus Cadila has created a DNA-based

vaccine. On July 3 they announced approval to start human trials,
becoming the second company in India to enter the Covid-19
vaccine race after Bharat Biotech. After a successful Phase I trial,
they entered Phase II on August 6.
Updated Aug. 6
On June 30, the Japanese biotechnology company AnGes

announced they had started safety trials on a DNA-based vaccine,
developed in partnership with Osaka University and Takara Bio.
Updated July 2
The California-based company Arcturus Therapeutics and Duke-

NUS Medical School in Singapore have developed an mRNA
vaccine. The “self-replicating” design of the molecules in the
vaccine led to strong immune responses in animal experiments. On
July 21, Singapore approved their application for a Phase I/II trial
in humans.
Updated July 21
PHASE I
On June 30, the American company Inovio announced they had

interim Phase I data on their DNA-based vaccine. They found no
serious adverse effects, and measured an immune response in 34
out of 36 volunteers. They plan to start Phase II/III trials this
summer.
Updated July 3
PHASE I
In March, the Trump administration unsuccessfully tried to entice

CureVac to move its research from Germany to the United States.
In June, the company launched Phase I trials of its mRNA vaccine.
The company said its German facility can make hundreds of
millions of vaccine doses a year.
Updated June 17
PHASE I
The Korean company Genexine started testing the safety of a
DNA-based vaccine in June. They anticipate moving to Phase II

trials in the fall.
Updated June 24
PHASE I
In June, Chinese researchers at the Academy of Military Medical

Sciences, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences and Walvax Biotechnology
announced they would start their country’s first safety trials on a
mRNA-based vaccine, called ARCoV. Earlier studies on monkeys
reportedly showed protective effects.
Updated June 26
PRECLINICAL
The French pharmaceutical company Sanofi is developing an

mRNA vaccine in partnership with Translate Bio. On June 23, they
announced they were planning Phase I trials in the fall.
Viral Vector Vaccines

Vaccines that use a virus to deliver coronavirus genes
into cells and provoke an immune response.
PHASE II PHASE III COMBINED PHASES
A vaccine in development by the British-Swedish company

AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford is based on a
chimpanzee adenovirus called ChAdOx1. A study on monkeys
found that the vaccine provided them protection. In May, the
United States awarded the project $1.2 billion in support. Their
Phase I/II trial reported that the vaccine was safe, causing no
severe side effects. It raised antibodies against the coronavirus as
well as other immune defenses. The vaccine is now in Phase II/III
trials in England and India, as well as Phase III trials in Brazil and
South Africa. The project may deliver emergency vaccines by
October. AstraZeneca has said their total manufacturing capacity
for the vaccine, if approved, stands at two billion doses. India’s
Serum Institute has already produced millions of doses to be used
in trials.
Updated Aug. 5
PHASE II LIMITED APPROVAL
The Chinese company CanSino Biologics developed a vaccine

based on an adenovirus called Ad5, in partnership with the
Institute of Biology at the country’s Academy of Military Medical
Sciences. In May, they published promising results from a Phase I
safety trial, and in July they reported that their Phase II trials
demonstrated the vaccine produced a strong immune response. In
an unprecedented move, the Chinese military approved the
vaccine on June 25 for a year as a “specially needed drug.” CanSino
would not say whether vaccination would be mandatory or optional
for soldiers.
Updated July 20
A decade ago, researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center in Boston developed a method for making vaccines out of a

virus called Adenovirus 26, or Ad26 for short. Johnson & Johnson
developed vaccines for Ebola and other diseases with Ad26 and
have now made one for the coronavirus. In March they received
$456 million from the United States government to support their
move towards production. The vaccine has provided protection in
experiments on monkeys. Johnson & Johnson launched Phase I/II
trials in July and is planning for Phase III trials in September. In
August, the federal government agreed to pay $1 billion for 100
million doses if the vaccine is approved. The company is aiming for
production of at least a billion doses in 2021.
Updated Aug. 6
PHASE I
The Gamaleya Research Institute, part of Russia’s Ministry of

Health, launched a Phase I trial in June of a vaccine they call Gam-
Covid-Vac Lyo. It is a combination of two adenoviruses, Ad5 and
Ad26, both engineered with a coronavirus gene. In July, the chair of
the upper house of Russia’s Parliament announced the country
may start vaccine production by the end of the year.
Updated July 24
PRECLINICAL
The Swiss company Novartis will manufacture a vaccine based on

a gene therapy treatment developed by the Massachusetts Eye and
Ear Hospital. A virus called an adeno-associated virus delivers
coronavirus gene fragments into cells. Phase I trials are set to
begin in late 2020.
PRECLINICAL
The American company Merck announced in May it would develop
a vaccine from vesicular stomatitis viruses, the same approach it

successfully used to produce the first approved vaccine for Ebola.
The company is partnering with IAVI and has received $38 million
in support from the United States government. Unlike most other
vaccines, this one could be taken orally.
Updated Aug. 6
PRECLINICAL
After acquiring the Austrian firm Themis Bioscience in June,

Merck developed a second vaccine. It uses a weakened measles
virus to carry genetic material into patients’ cells. Merck says it
will start clinical trials in the third quarter of 2020.
Updated Aug. 6
PRECLINICAL
Vaxart’s vaccine is an oral tablet containing an adenovirus that

delivers coronavirus genes. They are preparing for Phase I trials
this summer.
Updated June 26
Protein-Based Vaccines
Vaccines that use a coronavirus protein or a protein
fragment to provoke an immune response.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-coronavirus&regi… 10/18
PHASE II
In July, the Chinese company Anhui Zhifei Longcom began Phase

II trials for a vaccine that is a combination of viral proteins and an
adjuvant that stimulates the immune system. The company is part
of Chongqing Zhifei Biological Products and has partnered with the
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.
Updated July 10
Maryland-based Novavax has developed a way to stick proteins

onto microscopic particles. They’ve created vaccines for a number
of different diseases using this platform; their flu vaccine finished
Phase III trials in March. The company launched trials for a Covid-
19 vaccine in May, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness
Innovations has invested $384 million in the vaccine. In July the
U.S. government awarded $1.6 billion to support the vaccine’s
clinical trials and manufacturing. If the trials succeed, Novavax
expects to deliver 100 million doses for use in the United States by
the first quarter of 2021. Plants in Europe and Asia would be able to
satisfy more of the world’s demand. On Aug. 4, Novavax
announced promising results from two preliminary studies in
monkeys and humans.
Updated Aug. 6
PHASE I
Clover Biopharmaceuticals has developed a vaccine containing a

protein from coronaviruses. To further stimulate the immune
system, the vaccine is being given in conjunction with so-called
adjuvants made by British drugmaker GSK and the American
company Dynavax. Investments from CEPI will support the

development of manufacturing that could lead to the production of
hundreds of millions of doses a year.
PHASE I
The Australian company Vaxine developed a vaccine that

combines viral proteins with an adjuvant that stimulates the
immune system. They successfully completed Phase I trials in July
and expect to start Phase II trials in September.
Updated July 31
PHASE I
Canada-based Medicago, partly funded by the cigarette maker

Philip Morris, uses a species of tobacco to make vaccines. They
deliver virus genes into leaves, and the plant cells then create
protein shells that mimic viruses. In July, Medicago launched
Phase I trials on a plant-based Covid-19 vaccine in combination
with adjuvants from drug makers GSK and Dynavax. If the trial
goes well, they plan to start Phase II/III trials in October.
Updated July 20
PHASE I
A vaccine from Australia’s University of Queensland delivers viral

proteins altered to draw a stronger immune response. The
university launched Phase I trials in July, combining the proteins
with an adjuvant made by CSL. If the results are positive, CSL will
advance late stage clinical trials and expects to make tens of
millions of doses.
Updated July 14
PHASE I
A second tobacco-based vaccine is in development at Kentucky

BioProcessing, an American subsidiary of British American
Tobacco, the maker of Lucky Strike and other cigarettes. Like
Medicago, Kentucky BioProcessing engineers a species of tobacco
called Nicotiana benthamiana to make viral proteins. The company
previously used this technique to make a drug called Zmapp for
Ebola. After preclinical testing in the spring, they registered a
Phase I trial for their coronavirus vaccine in July.
Updated July 20
PHASE I
Taiwan-based vaccine maker Medigen is making a vaccine made of

a combination of spike proteins and an adjuvant from Dynavax.
They have registered a Phase I trial set to start in September.
Updated Aug. 6
PRECLINICAL
After the SARS epidemic in 2002, Baylor College of Medicine

researchers began developing a vaccine that could prevent a new
outbreak. Despite promising early results, support for the research
disappeared. Because the coronaviruses that cause SARS and
Covid-19 are very similar, the researchers are reviving the project
in partnership with the Texas Children’s Hospital.
PRECLINICAL
A vaccine in development by the University of Pittsburgh, called

PittCoVacc, is a skin patch tipped with 400 tiny needles made of
sugar. When placed on the skin, the needles dissolve and deliver
virus proteins into the body.
PRECLINICAL
In addition to their mRNA vaccine, Sanofi is developing a vaccine

based on viral proteins. They are producing the proteins with
engineered viruses that grow inside insect cells. GSK will
supplement these proteins with adjuvants that stimulate the
immune system. The companies expect to enter clinical trials in
September. In July they reached two major agreements for
supplying the vaccine next year. They reached an agreement with
the British government to provide up to 60 million doses if the
vaccine succeeds in trials. Meanwhile, the United States will give
the companies $2.1 billion for 100 million doses. Sanofi has said it
could potentially produce at least 600 million doses a year.
Updated July 31
Whole-Virus Vaccines
Vaccines that use a weakened or inactivated version of
the coronavirus to provoke an immune response.
Inactivated
virus
PHASE III
After finding that an inactivated virus vaccine was safe and

provoked an immune response, the state-owned Chinese company
Sinopharm launched Phase III trials in July in the United Arab
Emirates. Abu Dhabi’s health minister was the first volunteer to be
injected, and 15,000 people were scheduled to participate in total.
In July, the chairman of Sinopharm told Chinese state media that
the vaccine could be ready for public use by the end of the year.
Updated July 24
PHASE III
The private Chinese company Sinovac Biotech is testing an

inactivated vaccine called CoronaVac. In June the company
announced that Phase I/II trials on 743 volunteers found no severe
adverse effects and produced an immune response. Sinovac then
launched a Phase III trial in Brazil in July. The company is also
building a facility to manufacture up to 100 million doses annually.
Updated July 6
PHASE II
Researchers at the Institute of Medical Biology at the Chinese

Academy of Medical Sciences, which has invented vaccines for
polio and hepatitis A, started a Phase II trial of an inactivated virus
vaccine in June.
Updated June 23
In collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research and

the National Institute of Virology, the Indian company Bharat
Biotech designed a vaccine called Covaxin based on an inactivated
form of the coronavirus. When the company launched Phase I/II
trials in July, reports circulated that the vaccine would be ready by
August 15. But the C.E.O. of Bharat told reporters it would be
available no sooner than early 2021.
Updated July 20
PHASE I ?
On July 18, North Korea’s State Commission of Science and

Technology announced on their web site that they had started
clinical trials on a vaccine based on part of the coronavirus spike
protein. It’s hard to independently determine how much truth there
is in the claim from the isolated dictatorship. The commission
claimed to have tested the vaccine on animals, but provided no
data. What’s more, it stated that effectiveness trials would have to
be carried out in another country “since there is no case of Covid-19
in DPR Korea.” That’s a claim outside experts find highly doubtful.
Updated July 20
Repurposed Vaccines
Vaccines already in use for other diseases that may also
protect against Covid-19.
PHASE III
The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine was developed in the early

1900s as a protection against tuberculosis. The Murdoch Children’s
Research Institute in Australia is conducting a Phase III trial, and
several other trials are underway to see if the vaccine partly
protects against the coronavirus.
Note: Vaccines will be added to the tracker when they reach Phase I, and
tracked until they succeed or fail.
Did we miss something? To notify The Times of new developments, send

updates to vaccinetracker@nytimes.com.
Tracking the Coronavirus
World | World Deaths | U.S. Cities | U.S. Deaths | Testing |

Nursing homes | New York City | Reopening | Vaccines
Countries
Brazil Germany Mexico U.K.

Canada India Spain United States
France Italy
State by state
Alabama Idaho Minnesota North Dakota

Alaska Illinois Mississippi Ohio
Arizona Indiana Missouri Oklahoma
Arkansas Iowa Montana Oregon
California Kansas Nebraska Pennsylvania
Colorado Kentucky Nevada Puerto Rico
Connecticut Louisiana New Hampshire Rhode Island
Delaware Maine New Jersey South Carolina
Florida Maryland New Mexico South Dakota
Georgia Massachusetts New York Tennessee
Hawaii Michigan North Carolina Texas
Utah Virginia Washington, D.C. Wisconsin

Vermont Washington West Virginia Wyoming
Additional reporting by Carlos Tejada and Li Cao.
Sources: World Health Organization, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Center for Biotechnology Information, New England Journal of Medicine

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8/9/2020 Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker - The New York Times

WORLD COUNTRIES | U.S.A. STATES TESTING

Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker

PRECLINICAL PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III APPROVAL

Researchers around the world are developing more than 165

Work began in January with the deciphering of the SARS-CoV-2

For an overview of different Covid-19 treatments, see our

New additions and recent updates:

• Taiwan-based Medigen enters Phase I. Aug. 6

• Indiaʼs Zydus Cadila completes Phase I. Aug. 6

• Novavax announces promising results from preliminary studies. Aug. 4

• Moderna and the N.I.H. enter Phase III. July 27

• Pﬁzer begins Phase II/III trials. July 27

The Vaccine Testing Process

PRECLINICAL TESTING : Scientists give the vaccine to animals such

PHASE I SAFETY TRIALS : Scientists give the vaccine to a small

PHASE II EXPANDED TRIALS : Scientists give the vaccine to hundreds

PHASE III EFFICACY TRIALS : Scientists give the vaccine to thousands

APPROVAL : Regulators in each country review the trial results and

COMBINED PHASES : Another way to accelerate vaccine

Filter the list of vaccines:

All vaccines Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III Approved

Moderna develops vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) to

PHASE II PHASE III COMBINED PHASES

The German company BioNTech has entered into collaborations

The Trump administration awarded a $1.9 billion contract for 100

manufacture over 1.3 billion doses of their vaccine worldwide by

PHASE I PHASE II COMBINED PHASES

Imperial College London researchers have developed a “self-

Indian vaccine-maker Zydus Cadila has created a DNA-based

PHASE I PHASE II COMBINED PHASES

On June 30, the Japanese biotechnology company AnGes

PHASE I PHASE II COMBINED PHASES

The California-based company Arcturus Therapeutics and Duke-

On June 30, the American company Inovio announced they had

In March, the Trump administration unsuccessfully tried to entice

The Korean company Genexine started testing the safety of a

DNA-based vaccine in June. They anticipate moving to Phase II

In June, Chinese researchers at the Academy of Military Medical

The French pharmaceutical company Sanofi is developing an

Viral Vector Vaccines

PHASE II PHASE III COMBINED PHASES

A vaccine in development by the British-Swedish company

PHASE II LIMITED APPROVAL

The Chinese company CanSino Biologics developed a vaccine

PHASE I PHASE II COMBINED PHASES

A decade ago, researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical

Center in Boston developed a method for making vaccines out of a

The Gamaleya Research Institute, part of Russia’s Ministry of

The Swiss company Novartis will manufacture a vaccine based on

The American company Merck announced in May it would develop

a vaccine from vesicular stomatitis viruses, the same approach it

After acquiring the Austrian ﬁrm Themis Bioscience in June,

Vaxart’s vaccine is an oral tablet containing an adenovirus that

In July, the Chinese company Anhui Zhifei Longcom began Phase

PHASE I PHASE II COMBINED PHASES

Maryland-based Novavax has developed a way to stick proteins

Clover Biopharmaceuticals has developed a vaccine containing a

company Dynavax. Investments from CEPI will support the

The Australian company Vaxine developed a vaccine that

Canada-based Medicago, partly funded by the cigarette maker

A vaccine from Australia’s University of Queensland delivers viral

A second tobacco-based vaccine is in development at Kentucky