h

amb
rew
FOR AMATEUR RAD
IO DES
IGNERS AND BU
ILDERS

N
eophy
te R
oundup
P
art One

U E S
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AND P
ASS a r
AE
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oundup
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iel
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llo
ther
s: Hambrew

h
amb
rew
COPYR
IGHT 1
994
, Smok
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enc
il &C
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A
ll R
igh
ts R
eserved

FOR A MATEUR RA D
IO DES
IGNERS A ND BU
ILDERS

WINTER
, 1
994 • VOL
. 2
, NO
. 1
P
ubl
ishe
r G
eorge D
eGraz
io, WFOK

Wr
iter
s, Ed
itor
sa nd Cont
ribu
tor
s:
F
red B
ona
vita
, WSQJ M
;B ruce O. Wi
lliam
s, WA61VC;Bi
ll Mason
, NOKEP
L
arry F
eick, NFOZ
,;M ik
eDinolfo
, N4 M'WP; Dave C
lingerman
, W6OAL ;BillTodd
, N7MFB
;
R
ogerW ende
ll
, WBOJNR ; C huck A
lbrech
t, NOCKW ; Don Z
iel
insk
i, KOPV1
Spec
ialthank
stoT he Nor
th We
st QRP Club for r
epr
inton N7MFB art
icle
,page 1
9

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nte
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wo y
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ubsc
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F
rom T
he P
ubl
isher
My c
heck .
is e
nclo
sed
.
S
ince w
e w
entt
opre
ss w
ith t
h
ein
augu
ral Good L
uck o
nyou
rven
tur
e. L
et
'sb
r
ing b
ack
i
s
sue o
f Hambrew
, many c
ommen
ts h
ave h
ome c
ons
truc
tion
!
c
ome t
h
is w
ay,s
ome d
i
rec
tly
,some b
y mu
lt
i- 7
3
,AlH
ammond
, KOH WE
p
a
th. Mo
sto
f wha
twe h
ave h
eard h
asb
een A
tkin
s, I
A
e
xt
reme
ly g
ra
tify
ing a
nd mo
stw
elcome
. F
or
t
hose g
ood w
ishe
s a
nd p
os
itive c
ommen
ts, I Is
u
re d
owish t
h
aty
ou wou
ld l
ayou
t aS
SB 2
a
mve
ry g
ra
tefu
l. o
r 3wat
tri
gt h
atw ou
ld r
un on4
0me
ter
sand
B
utofcou
rse we ar
e n
ot p
erfec
t -t
h
ere i
s i
fpo
ssib
le a
lso o
n 15me
ters
.
much r
oom f
orimprovemen
t,and wear
eli
s- 7
3
,Ken Mahoney
,K6OPG
t
en
ing t
othecons
truc
tive cr
i
tic
ism very c
l
ose
ly. S
an F
ranc
isco
, CA
We wi
ll p
rov
ide e t
ching pat
tern
s a nd p
ar
ts-
p
lacemen
tdiagrams w heneverposs
ible i
nthe W
ewould v
ery m
uch l
i
ket
opub
lish t
h
esche
-
f
u
ture -th
ey r
eally h
elp, Ik
now. Ifweg oto m
atic a
nd p
lans f
or s
uch ari
g,Ken
. P e
rhaps
p
re
ssw i
thoutone,itwil
lb efo
r agood r
e
ason
. t
h
ere isone o
uttherenow,orth
isw i
llb eth
e
Murphy h
imself musthave b
een i
npubl
ish
- c
al
ltoa rms f
or ade
sign f
rom a
nexceptiona
l
i
ng
, becau
se p
roofr
eading b
eckons h
im li
ke r
eader w
ho h
as t
h
e e
xper
tise t
o mak
e i
t a
t
hesi
rensofOdysseus
! We str
ive a
lways t
o r
eal
ity
.
e
l
iminate t
het
ypos
.
Now s
ome th
ing c
ent
ral t
othephi
losophy of D
earS
i
r:
Hambrew as ap
ubl
ica
tion n
eeds t
obev o
iced: Iw
ould l
ike t
osub
scribe
..
.Ith
ink Iamth
efi
rs
t
T
he magaz
ine isi
n
tended t
obe aco
llec
tora nd BV r
eader
, HI
! S of arI'm amemberofth
e
d
i
ssemina
tor o
f i
nfo
rmat
ion f
or hams who ARRL, QRP ARC I
,G .QRP ,Mich
igan QRP
,
b
ui
ld a
nd e
xper
iment
. Wh
ile n
oone h
ascr
it
i- a
nd (
soon
)Low K
ey VK QRP a
nd J
.A
.R.L
.
c
i
zed u
s f
o
r n
ot h
aving t
he l
abo
rato
ry r
e
- QRP
.
s
ource
stod
oma
ssive d
ocumen
tat
ion o
neve
ry 7
3From F
ormosa
,Ta
iwan
p
ro
jec
t, It
h
ink i
timpo
rtan
ttoc
l
arify t
h
epo
int L
arry L
ai
, BV2BJ
I
fsomeone b
ui
lds at
r
ansm
i t
terand s
endsu
s
t
h
einfo
rma t
ion a
stohow t
hey p
roceeded
,we W
eare s
i
ncere
ly h
onored t
ohave y
ou w
ith u
s
,
i
n
tend t
opub
lish t
ha
t i
n
forma
tion w
ith t
h
e L
arry
! And yes
,y ou are our f
i
rst "
Br ! We
i
n
ten
tion t
h
ata
ny r
e
ade
rwho i
sin
tere
sted c
an h
ope y
ou e
njoy t
he magazine,and w
il
lsend u
s
a
l
so a
t
temp
ttob
u
ild i
tand e
n
joy e
xper
imen
t- s
ome n
ews o
fhambrew
ing i
nTa
iwan
!
i
ng a
nd l
e
arn
ing i
nth
e p
rocess
. Wh
ile w
e
m
ake e
very e
f
for
ttos
ubs
tan
tia
te d
es
igns a
nd A magaz
ine d
evo
ted t
ocon
struc
tion? S
ound
s
c
l
aims
,wec
anno
tgua
ran
tee e
very s
t
atemen
t g
r
eat
! H
ere
s my $
20.
o
rde
sign t
h
ata
ppea
rso
nth
ese p
ages
. T
hank
s,
Wha
twe t
r
usti
sth
ate
xpe
rimen
tat
ion w
i
ll G
lenn B
uxton
s
o
lve mo
sto
fth
eprob
lem
sth
ata
r
ise
,and t
h
at S
eat
tle
, WA
t
h
eso
lut
ion
swi
llb
ere
layed t
oth
ere
ade
rsh
ip.
My h
ear
tfe
ltthanksaga
in totho
se who s
up
- F
i
rst
, l
e
t me s
ay t
ha
t It
h
ink y
our magaz
ine
p
or
tusand have he
lped s
pread t
he wo
rd t
hat c
ould p
rove t
obev
ery u
sefu
l f
o
r"non
-cook
-
w
edoe
x
ist
, a
swed
on'
thave b
ig a
dbuck
s. b
ook" hams -Il
ike i
t
!
We s
tr
ive t
oimp
rove f
oryou
. Aques
tion,and asugge
stion
:
S
ince
re73T oAl
l,George F
i
rst
,you
r Au
tumn i
s
sue c
onta
ins
, Ib
e
lieve
,
4
s
ome incons
itencies in t
he ar
ticle o
n the Dea
rG eo
rge,
NWQRP " 30
-30"T ransmit
ter .Af
teradmir
ing t
h
eex
treme
ly a
t
tra
ctive f
r
ont
1
. The f
ixed r
esis
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ias p
ath i
s a
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ack c
over
s, Is
atdown a
nd r
ead Vo
l.1,
s
hown a
s2 2k o
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es c
hematic
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t2 .
2k i
nthe No
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rom c
ove
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l
l Ic
an s
ayis
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ll
p
ar
tsl
i
st(
R6)
. Wh
ich i
sit
? d
one
!
2
.The i
nduc
tori
nQl
's em
itter p
ath i
sshown .
If y
ou i
n
spire h
ams
,espec
ial
ly n
ewcomer
s,
a
s 1
8 m
icrohen
rie
sont
hes
chema
tic
, b
ut 1
8 t
ogeti
nvolved i
nbu
ild
ing t
h
eir own t
r
ansm
it-
m
il
lihenr
ieso
nth
epa
rts l
i
st(
L1)
. Wh
ich i
s t
e
rs, r
e
ceivers a
nd ham g
adgetry, y
ou w
ill
c
or
rec
t? h
ave made ama
jorc
ont
ribu
tion t
oth
ecau
se o
f
3
. I
sth
e33 o
hm r
e
sis
torv
a
lue c
orrec
tfo
rth
e ama
teurrad
io.
Q1 em
itte
rr es
isto
rel
emen
t? Ia
gree w
ith y
our c
ommen
tconce
rning t
he
Two s
ugge s
tions
: awesome p
owe
rofh
am n
etwo
rking
. T
otha
t
F
i
rst
,er
ror
sli
ke t
h
eabove a
r
ein
evi
tab
le i
nany e
nd, Ih
ave men
tioned Hambrew i
n my QRP
t
e
chnica
l magazine l
ike y
our
s. DON 'T do c
o
lumn w h
ich appear
si nS
pec
-CornJournal
.
w
hat QST d
oes
,n amely, p
r
intco
rrec
tions t
o A
lso
, in al
e
ttertoThe No
rth We
st QRP Club
p
asta
rt
icles scat
tered th
roughoutthe maga- o
fSeat
tle
,thank
ing t
hem fo
r acompl
imentary
n
eas" s
trays"
;i n
stead
,f o
llow t
he 7
3le
ad and c
opy of t
he e
xcel
lentnewsle
tter
, Ist
rongly
h
ave c
orrect
ions top r
eviousar
tic
lesli
s
ted in r
e
commended t
h
att
hey s
ubscr
ibe t
o Ha m
-
t
h
eta
ble o
fcon
ten
tsa
s"co
rrec
tions
". b
rew
.
S
econd, c
ons
ide ranart
icle w
ith n
otju
s tpho
- .
I look f
orwa
rd t
or e
ceiving s
ubsequentis
-
t
o
s,b u
ti mprovements tothe "
neophyte" r
e
- s
uesinth
ec om
ing months
. Nod oubtabou
tit
,
c
e
iver
. I've e
nclosed asamp
le which you a
r
e I
'
l bepo
llu
ting t
heai
rwith s
o
lderfl
ux f
umes,
w
elcome touse
. t
r
ying t
obr
eathe l
i
fei
nto s
ome n
ea
tnew c
ircu
it
C
ongra
tula
tions o
n ag
r
eats
t
arto
nyou
rmaga
- d
reamed u
pbyo
ne o
fyou
rta
len
ted c
ont
ribu
-
z
i
ne! t
or
s.
S
ince
rely
, Aga
in,t
hank y
ou a
nd a
l t
h
ebe
stf
o
rth
egang
M
ike Dino
lfo
, N4MWP a
t Hambrew
.
F
a
irfax
, VA Yours v
ery t
ru
ly,
George F
.Frankl
in, WOAV
We r
esponded t
oM ike personal
ly, a
nd we KansasCity
, MO
t
hank h
im f
or t
heSASE sentw i
th hi
sreque
st
f
or c
l
arif
icat
ion. Our s
ec
tion d
evoted n
otonly When w
ere
ceive al
e
tte
rsuch a
sth
is
,George
,
t
ocorrec
tions
,b u
talso e
labora
tions
,begins i
n w
eread i
to
vera
nd o
ver
,savor
ing t
h
econ
ten
t.
t
h
is i
s
sue u
nder t
h
e h
ead
ing "
20120 H
ind
- I
thelps u
stoconf
irm th
atw
eare o
ntheri
ght
s
i
ght
"(ouch
,sot
r
ue)
. I
tcon
tains t
h
eanswe
rs c
ourse. And
, con
tinu
ing t
hea
nalogy
, a
s we
t
othe q
ues
tions p
osed c
oncern
ing t
h
e "
30
- r
eal
ly a
re n
ot ag
ian
tcorpora
te-
type p
ub-
3
0"
. l
i
sher
, i
tdoes n
ott
ake as
pan o
ftime f
or t
he
M
ike
, y
our s
chema
tic w
ith mod
stot
h
eNeo
- s
h
ip t
ore
spond t
othew hee
l: w
ecan t
urn o
n
p
hyte f
ron
t-end l
ook
sjus
tgrea
t! T
hank
sso ad
ime
,and w
eli
sten t
ow ha
twehea
rfrom o
ur
m
uch f
or t
hi
sc on
tribu
tion
. We have p
utt
hem r
eader
s!
i
nth
eN eophyt
eR oundup s
ect
ion o
fth
isis
sue
. I
fth
ere i
sone concep
tthatc
ould b
est
ressed
,
O
ne o
ther mod w
hich w
ewou
ld r
eal
ly l
i
ke t
o i
tisth
ateveryone iswe
lcome t
ocont
ribute
;
s
ee w
ould b
eo ne i
n
volv
ing t
hea dd
ition o
fan n
oone i
s"unwor
thy"
,n opro
jec
ti st
oosma
llo
r
"
S"m e
tertoei
ther t
heaud
io c
hain or, i
d
eal
ly i
ns
ignif
ican
tt ocons
ider f
or o
ur p
age
s. We
b
utprobablynotr
eal
ist
ica
lly, t
oth
ef rontend w
anti
npu
t, l
o
tso
fit
,and w
eno
tice t
hatt
he
n
earthe RF t
r
ansf
ormer. Anyone s
olving t
h
is f
l
ow isi
n
crea
sing a
sth
ewo
rd a
bou
tuss pr
eads
,
g
et
sth
e "
Bra
ins T
oSpare" Award
. t
hank
stogood g
uysli
key
ou w
ho b
el
ieve inu
s
A
gain
, our t
hank
st oyou
, M
ike
,for t
hegood a
nd p
ut u
s i
n
to t
h
e "
l
oop"
. F
or t
h
is, o
ur
s
ugge
stionsand t
hegrea
tNeophy
te mod
! g
rat
itude i
sunbounded
!
5
 r
-
QRP FREQUENC
IES LED R
esis
tor Char
t
Opera
ting a
n LED w
ithou
tus
ing
as
er
ies r
es
istor may c
ause d
amage

CW S
SB
VDC I
+ n
D
1
810 k
Hz V
oltage 1
0ma 2
0ma

3
560 kHz 3
985 kHz 2
4V 2
.2k
S2

1
5V 1
.
3kS
2
7
040 k
Hz 7
285 kHz
1
2V l
kS2
1
0
,106 k
Hz
9
V 7
50S
2 3
601
2

1
4
,060 kHz 1
4
,285 kHz
5
V 3
00S
2 1
50S
2

2
1,060 kHz 2
1,385 kHz 3
V 1
00S
2 5
112
U
se 1
/2wattre
sis
tors
. Mos
t LED
s ope
rate
a
t 2v
ol
ts DC and d
raw 1
0to20 MA
2
8,060 kHz 2
8
,885 k
hz
L (
Cou
rtesy o
fGa
teway E
lec
tron
ics
) _1

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IG-0-
RA MAI
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INE EXTENDED
: JUNE 1
,1994
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IGN FOR A MONOBAND TRANS M
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akewood
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D
eci
sion o
ft h
ej udg
esi sfi
nal
. A l
ls ubmissionsa r
esubjec
tt opub
lica
tion b
yH ambrew
.
Manuscrip
ts r
e
turned ifS.A
.S.E. in
clud ed
. V o
id where p
rohib
ited b
ylaw
.
Notvo
id w hereno
tp roh
ibited by l
aw
. S ubjec
tt ow h
im. Have f
un ordon
'tbo
the
r!

6
KIT REVIE W

T
he MXI
VII
ndu
str
ies
S
upeRX
/TX

T
he S
upeRX
/TX
, a
vai
lab
le f
or 8
0,4
0, 3
0or2
0m, i
nc
ludes c
i
rcu
itb
oard a
nd b
oard
c
omponen
ts(
s
ee t
e
xt)
.
F
rom d eep int hehearto fTexa scomes p
lacemen
t,t
h
ough a
sina
l
lki
ts
,po
lar
ity
aki
t t h
at c omb ines T he S imple Texas o
fdi
ode s a
nd p
ola
rized c
apac
ito
rs mu
st
T
ransm i
ttera nd t h
eS upeRX r eceiverina b
eobserved
.
t
r
uly c ompac t p ackage. A s a
dverti
sed, One ofthegreatdes
ign fea
turesofthe
t
hecircuit boa rd m easures 31 /2" X 3
", S
upeRX se c
tion i
stha
ti tr
equire
sn ote
di-
a
nd come s n icely t i
nned a nd ready f
or o
ustoro
id winding wha
tsoever
. T h
ere a
re
p
ar
tsp lacemen ta nd so
lde ring
. f
our sl
ug-tuned coi
ls to in
stal
l, wh
ich
Building thek i
ti s abreeze
,t hanks t
o p
rov
ide nop roblemsinp l
acemen t
.
t
h
epart
s-ident
ifica
tion p
r
int
ed o
nthet
op Once a
llth
ep ar
tsa r
ei nplace a
nd t
he
o
f t
h
e board. E ach c
omponen
t isi
nd
i- b
oard i
sc hecked fo
r u nwanted so
lder
c
a
ted b
ypa
rtnumbe
ra nd p
l
acement(
e
.g.
, b
r
idges and i
ncor
rectp ola
rit
ies, t
hefun
R
1,et
c.
),a
nd a
f
terche
cking t
ode
term
ine r
ea
lly b
egin
s! I
n o
ur c
ase
, w
hen t
h
e
t
h
ata
l
lcomponen
tsa
r
eaccoun
ted f
o
r i
n r
ece
iverw aspowered upforthefi
rs
tt ime
,
t
h
epackage,th
eb u
ilde
rcan r
ead t
h
rough a
l tha
tw asheard was af a
inthum a nd a
t
h
e i
nstruc
tions t
o make s
ure t
hat t
he s
l
ightc l
ick when th
ep owe rw as t
urned
c
ons
truc
tion p
roc
edu
rei
sunde
rstood
. o
f. N o
ti mmed
iate
ly daunted
,w echecked
I
nbui
lding t
h
erece
ivers ec
tion f
i
rst
,i t c
ont
inuity a
nd f
ound ac o
ld jo
intintheIF
w
asfuntofol
low t
h
ei n
struc
tions
: "I
nsta
ll s
ec
tion
. Once th
is wa
s r
epai
red, t
here-
a
nd s
o
lderal
lre
sis
tor
s" -whatcould b
e c
e
iverjumped t
oli
fe
,and w
ew er
ea maz
ed
mo
redi
rec
tand t
othepo
int? B
yl ook
ing a
tth
ee x
tremely h
igh s
en
sit
ivi
ty,se
lect
iv-
a
tth
ep lacementi
ndica
tors o
nthetop o
f i
t
ya nd a
udio v
olume a
to urfi
nge
rtip
s!
t
h
eb oa
rd,ther
eisli
t
tle c
hanc
ef o
rer
rorin T
he d
oub
le c
onve
rsion (
Con
t.p
g
.8)
7
(
Cont
inued f
rom p
age 7
)
s
upe
rhet d
es
ign p
rovide
s as
i
gna
l t
oth
e l
i
s
-
t
e
nerwhich i
scl
eara
nd s
t
rong
. T he s
en
sit
ivi
ty
i
sgr
eat
, asbecame e
v
ident when we used a
T
en T
ee t
r
ansce
ive
r t
oca
lib
rate t
h
e t
un
ing
d
ia
l. S
igna
ls r
e
ceived o
nth
ecomme
rcia
l r
i
g
w
erea
l
so r
i
ghtt
h
ere o
nth
eSupeRX
.
T
he i
nbound f
r
equency a
tth
efr
onte
nd o
f
t
h
e r
e
ceive
r i
sconver
ted t
o a4
55 k
Hz I
F
,
w
hich i
n
gen
iou
sly i
sro
uted t
h
rough ac
e
ram
ic
I
Ffi
lte
rtot h
e vo
lume cont
rol (l
inked t
oan
MC3340 v
ar
iable a
t
tenua
tor
), t
hen tr
ave
ls o
n
t
obec
onver
ted i
n
to a
naud
io f
r
equency r
a
nge
.
A
l
ignmen
toft
h
ere
ceive
rrequ
ire
son
ly a f
o
rth
eband o
fcho
ice
. G
iven t
h
esimp
lic
ity o
f
h
am orgener
alc
ove
rage re
ceivertosettheI
F t
h
ecir
cui
t,th
eP ie
rcet yp
ecrys
talosc
il
latoris
a
bove o
rbe
low t
h
eo pe
rat
ing fr
equency (
a
bove
, s
t
eady a
nd c
hirp f
ree
, and h
as n
o key c
lick
s
i
nourca
se,w
ith t
h
e3 0mete
rv er
sion)
,a c
com- e
v
ident. The p
owe rou
tputi
sad
justab
le d
ur-
p
l
ished b
ytu
ning t
hea
ppropr
iate t
rans
forme
r. i
ngth
eb u
ilding o
ftheki
t bys
elec
tion o
fthe
T
he si
gna
l ispeaked a
nd t
hetun
ing range o
f c
oup
ling c
apac
ito
rbe
tween t
heo
sc
il
lato
rand
t
he ma
in tun
ing capac
itor s
e
t b y t
h
e s ame b
ufferstages (
from le
ss th
an 1w a
ttt o more
means
. t
han 3w at
ts)
.
T
he ma in tun
ing c apacitorisa n op
tional The TX TX useson
ly th
reetr
ans
istors
,a nd
e
xtra f
or the k
it (available for $
7.50); i
tin- whi
le at o
roida
l induc
to risu
sed inthe fi
nal
c
ludes avernie
rd rive,f or wh
ich MX M h ad a f
i
lter
,itisnot ahea
rt owind
,and t
heb i
nocular
n
eatidea concerning thea ddi
tion of apo
inter t
o
roid t
r
ans
forme
rbe
tween t
h
ebu
ffe
rand t
h
e
f
or afrequency d ia
l plate
: b y removing the f
i
nal s
tages i
snotproblema
tica
l ei
ther
. T he
1
/4"col
leta nd se
ts crew from ano l
dk nob (we r
emainder o
f co
ils a
re min
iature RF choke
u
sed asmall k
nob a
nd accomplished t
here
- t
ype
s -plug i
nand so
lder
.
mova
l wi
th li
neman
'spliers
),and so
lder
ing a B
ruce Wi
lliams, the cr
eator and fo
rce
p
ointe
r( made f
rom d
ouble si
ded P CB
)t oi
t
, b
ehind MX M
, is av
ery ta
lented a
nd c
reat
ive
t
h
epo
inte
rmay b
eat
tached t
oth
esha
fto
fth
e d
es
ignerwho has acon
siderable f
o
llowing i
n
t
u
ning c
ap (
see p
hoto a
bove
). h
am c
i
rcle
s. Upon l
i
sten
ing t
oth
e S
upeRX
The t
r
ansmit
ter s
ect
ion o
fth
is k
i
tcomes r
eceive
r,a
nd p
ut
ting t
h
iski
t onth
eai
r
,w ecan
w
ith ac
rys
tal f
o
rth
e QRP c
a
lling f
r
equency c
ertain
ly s
e
e why. The c
ab
inetinwhich we
c
hose t
opre
sentth
eS upeRX/TX i
sab
i
t
l
a
rger than mo
st backpacke
rs m
igh
t
p
refe
r. We w
ished t
o i
n
corpora
te a
l
a
rge d
ia
l p
la
te, a
nd t
o a
dd a t
un
ing
c
apac
itorto"rubb
er" t
hecr
ysta
l s
ome-
wha
tt oprov
ide amodicum oftu
ning
l
a
t
itude
.
Afina
l n
ote
: MX M s
t
and
s b
ehind
i
t
s k
i
ts; shou
ld aki
t n
otwork
, MX M
w
i
llm ake i
twork f
o
r $
10 (
a
ssuming n
o
r
ep
lacemen
toft
h
eci
rcu
itb
oard i
snec
-
e
s
sary
) -c
er
tain
ly ar
easonab
le o
f
fer
!
T
he k
i
ti s$
79
.95 +$
4 S&H fr
om MX M,
R
t 1
,B ox 1
56C
, Sm
ithv
il
le, TX 7
8957
(
5
12)2
37-3906
. G
rea
tki
t
,gr
eatp
r
ice
!
8
Ama
teur Rad
io QRP D
esign a
nd Con
struc
tion
, P
artI

S
oldering and P
art
s
I
dentif
icat
ion
B
ruce O
.Wi
ll
iam
s, WA6
IVC
MX M I
ndus
tries
, Sm
ithv
ille
, T
exa
s78957

O n
eoft
h
ejoy
sof QRP o
pera
ting i
s l
ook new a
nd s
h
iny,alwayscl
eanse t
he
t
h
atthee
quipmen
trequ
iremen
tsaresimp
le f
o
ilside o
ftheboa
rd,and t
h
en ta
ke c
are
e
nough t
oal
low th
eaverage o
pera
torto n
ottotouch t
hec i
rcu
itt r
acesw i
th t
hebare
h
omebrew much
,i fnotal
l
,o fhi
sst
at
ion f
i
ngers
. N o mat
terh ow often you wa
sh
e
quipmen
t. There a
re s
evera
l QRP k
it
s t
h
em ,yourf i
ngerscar
ry s k
in oi
lstha
twil
a
vai
lab
le t
ha
ta r
ed es
igned tope
rmi
tt h
e i
n
ter
ferew i
th th
es o
ldering pr
ocess
. Wash
a
verage ki
t con
structo
r toquick
ly puta t
hefo
ilside o
ft h
eb oa
rd w ith asoap
-fi
lled
c
omme rc
ial-qua
lity r
igontheairatmini
- s
t
eel-wool pad, or anon -metal
lic soap-
mum cos
t. Herea r
e afew h
in
tsand ki
nks f
i
lled po
t scrubber unt
il t he tr
aces are
t
oh e
lp make you rconst
ruc
tion simp
ler b
r
ighta nd sh
iny. B e s
u re torin
se w el
l,
a
nd le
ssfrust
rat
ing. r
emoving al
lt r
acesoft hes oap from the
c
onnect
ion pads and holes intheb oard.
SOLDER ING T
he boa
rd should be "
wate r
-break"c l
ean.
Make s
ure tha
tthecomponen tl e
ads ar
e
T
he s
e
cre
ttos
u
cce
ssfu
lso
lde
ring i
scl
ean
- c
lean
,s c
raping t
hem wi
th ah obby knif
e
l
i
nes
s. A
lthough y
ourc
i
rcu
itb
oard may o
rs ma
llf i
ne f
i
le,ifn
ecessary
.
(
Con
tinued NextPage
)

9
(
Continued from p age 9
) a
dditiona
l $5, maybe, b
utthis i
s agood
U
se ag ood grade ofsolder -t h
es mal
l i
nvestment!
r
o
lls a vai
lable from h ardwa re a nd the When solde
ring ac onnect
ion, p
lace
c
hain h ome-electronics sto
re s are s u
s- t
het i
po ftheso
ldering i
ron onthepad t
o
p
ect
. Ir ecommend u s
ing thes ame sold e
r which th
ec omponen tlead istobe c
on-
t
hatm ili
tary const
ruction specifies
. A l- n
ected
,jus
tt o
uching t
h
ecomponen
tle
ad.
t
hough at yp
eo fs o
lderc a
lled 60-40 (60% I
tisab
solu
tely m
andato
ry t
h
atth
ecompo-
t
i
n-40% lead
)i st
he mo
stcommon t
ype n
ent l
ead a
nd t
he p
ad be a
tthe s
ame
a
va
ilab
le, Ir
ecommend u
s
ing S
N63 (
6
3% t
empe
ratu
re f
o
r ag
ood s
o
lderj
o
int
. App
ly
t
i
n-37% l e
ad). S N63 h
as al
ow m e
lting j
u
st atouch o
fn ew
, clean so
lde
r tothe
p
o
int(le
ssd amaging t
ocomponent
s)a nd i
n
ter
face o
fpad a
nd l
ead
,a nd a
low e
nough
i
s eu
tectic (ha
s n o p
las
tic p
hase
, i ti
s t
ime f
o
rt h
es o
ldert
o"flow" i
nto t
h
ejo
int
.
e
i
ther mo lten ors o
lid)
. T h
is makes t he When you r
emove t
h
ei ron a
nd a
low th
e
c
hance ofc old so
lderjoint
sl es
sp oss
ib le. j
o
int toc
ool, b
e sure th
at th
e solderhas
Bo
th 6 0-40 a nd S N63 are avai
lable i n f
l
owed around thej o
int and presen
ts a
g
ood electronics st
oresfora bout$10 -12 smoo
th a
nd sh
iny appearance. Ifitl
ooks
p
erp ound r o
ll
. B i
te theb u
lletand buy a d
i
rty o
rcry
staline
,r eheatthejo
intu n
ti
lit
p
ound ofg ood so
lder. Itwillla
styou f or i
ssmoo
th a
nd s
h
iny
.
y
ears
,a nd i sthebestinvestmenty ou c an
make fo
ry ourw ork bench.
U
se t h
es mal
lestsoldering ir
on avail-
a
ble, not mo re than 25-wa tt rating. A
l
a
rge r iron c an be used f or t ube-type
c
onstruction,b u
tf orso
l id-s
ta te construc
-
t
i
on,t hes mallert h
ei r
on,t heb et
ter. T here
a
res everals tyleso fsoldering t i
psa vail
-
a
ble,b ut Irecommend as mallc hisel ti
p
.
When y ou b uy y our s o
lder ing i r
on o r
s
o
lde rs t
ation,i twillundoub tedly bef ur
- Remembert h
att helead i
ntheso
lder
n
ished w ith ac oppe rsoldering t ip
. T hi
s p
re
sent
s ahea
lth problem! Alwayswash
t
i
p w ill n o
t l as
t through ag ood h our'
s y
our h
and
s afte
r s o
ldering
, and DONT
work withou te roding t o auseless me ss
. h
old t
hesolderinyour mou
th wh
ile a
p-
B
es u
re t og e
ta niron ori r
on -c
lad t i
pf or p
lying t
heiron
. Don'
te atand s
o
lder
! I
y
ou r so
lde ring i r
on; i twil
l c osty ou a n h
ave a
sked my (
Cont
inued o
npage 1)

I
fyou a
r
ebui
lding o
rhave b
uil
t ah
am r
ad
io orr
e
lated p
ro
ject
,
wewanttoh
earaboutit
! Take ac
o
lororb/w p
hoto o
fitand
i
t
sre
levan
tpa
rtsi
fyou c
an
,and w
ri
te a
bou
tit
. S
imp
ly w
rite
d
own wha
tw asf
un,new,di
ffe
rent
,di
fficu
lt,whatprob
lems you
h
ad t
oso
lve,et
c. I
nc
lude as
chemat
ic i
fithe
lps
.T hen s
end i
ttousat

PO B
ox 2
60083 •L
akewood
, CO 8
0226
-0083

K
itbu
ilde
rsa
r
ealway
sin
tere
sted i
nnew o
rol
derk
i
ts -t
e
llu
sabou
tit
!

1
0
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age 1
0
) A
lmostal r
e
sis
torm
anufac
tur
e r
suse t
hest
an-
p
hys
ician a
bou
ti n
hal
ing t
h
es o
lde
rfumes
,and d
ard r
e
sis
torco
lorc
ode t
ha
tu sesco
lorbands
h
efee
l sth
ere i
snori
sk o
flead p
o
ison
ing
, b
ut o
n t
h
ere
sis
torb
ody t
ospec
ify t
hev
a
lue
, t
h
e
i
t
'
s probably ag
ood i
dea t
oven
ti
late t
he s
o
l- t
o
lerance
, a
nd t
h
e v
o
ltage r
a
ting
. F
or mo
st
d
er
ing area s
o t
hat t
he f
umes won
't c
ause a ama
teur s
o
lid
-sta
te work
, a5%, 1
/4 wat
ti s
p
rob
lem
. a
dequa
te. P
opula
te y
ourjunk b
ox w
ith t
hese
r
e
sis
tor
s,a
nd y
ou s
hou
ld n
oth
ave ap
rob
lem
CO MPONENTS w
ith t
h
ese p
ar
ts
.
T
he s
t
anda
rd c
o
lorc
ode f
o
r 5%
, 1
0% a
nd
N
ow t
ha
tyou'
re r
e
ady t
oa pp
ly hea
tand s
o
lder
, 2
0% r
e
sis
tor
s c
ons
ist
s o
fth
ree b
and
son t
h
e
w
ebe
tte
rspend al
it
t
le t
ime de
termin
ing i
fwe r
e
sisto
rb ody
. T he f
i
rs
tb and,onth
eextreme
h
ave t
h
eprop
erp
ar
ts
. O
vert
h
eyea
rsy
ou w
i
ll l
e
ft
,s p
ecif
iesth
ef i
rs
ts i
gnifican
tnumbe
r. The
b
u
ild u
p a"
j
unk b
ox"ofsp
are
p
ar
ts
. Many w
ri
ters w
i
ll t
e
ll
1
s
tSi
gni
fic
ant 2
nd S
.
N. 3
r
d S
.
N. T
ole
rance B
and
y
ou tosa
lvage p
ar
tsf r
om old
N
umber (
n
o band =20%)
CBs
, TVs, e
tc
. Ih ave n
ever
f
ound th
is approach to b
e
p
rac
tica
l
. When y ou areex
-
p
er
imen
ting with n
ew de-
s
i
gnso
requipment
,you d
on
't
n
eed t
he u
ncer
tain
ty t
ha
t
c
omes f
rom us
ing s
alvaged
o
rjunk p
ar
ts. Components
s
uch a
s r
es
isto
rs o
rc apac
i-
t
o
rs a
re n
ot e
xpen
sive
, a
l
-
t
hough t
hey may b
eha
rd t
o
l
o
cate
, s
ome
time
s. T
ake e
very o
ppo
rtun
ity s
econd b
and s
pecif
ies th
es econd sign
ifican
p
oss
ible t
oacqu
ire p
ar
tsa
tswap f
e
sts
,ba
rga
in n
umber. The t
h
ird band s
pecif
iest h
en umber
t
a
bles
,et
c. B
uy 1
00 e
ach o
fse
vera
l v
a
lues o
f o
fzero
stob ea
dded tothesign
ifican
tn umbers
.
r
e
sis
tor
sand c
apa
cito
rsf
r
om m
ail
-orde
rhou
ses
. I
fth
ere i
snofou
rth b
and
,th
eto
lerance i
s20%.
C
ommon 5% r
es
isto
rscan behad f
or ac
ouple I
fth
ef o
urth b
and i
sgo
ld,t
heto
leranceis 5%
,
o
fcen
ts a
p
iece
,a nd c
apac
itor
s ar
en ot much a
nd i
fiti
ssi
lve
r,t
o
ler
anc
eis1
0%. T
he c
oding
more e
xpensive
. R ad
io Shack s
el
ls as
sort
- s
ystem for 1% r
e
sistor
s a
dds an a
ddit
ional
men
ts o
f severa
l va
lues a
tfair
ly r
easonab
le s
ignif
ican
t number
, and t
hus w
il
l have f
ive
p
r
ices. The impor
tantth
ing toremember is b
and s
.
t
h
at y
ou w
ant t
ouse NE W p
ar
ts w
herever Yea
rsa go
,inth
eU .S
. Navy
, Il
ea
rned t
he
p
oss
ible
. c
ode
s w i
th a s
imple
, but maybe r
aunchy
mnemon
ic a
i
d:
COMPONENT I
DENT
IFICAT
ION COLOR VALUE MNE MON
IC
B
lack Z
ero B
ad
C
omponen
t m
anufac
turer
s i
n t
h
e U
.S. a
nd B
rown One B
oys
a
broad u
se s
eve
ral d
i
ffe
ren
tme
thod
stoi
d
en- R
ed Two R
avish
t
i
fyp
ar
ts v
a
lue
s. B
ecome t
ho
rough
ly f
ami
lia
r O
range T
hre
e O
ur
w
ith t
he f
o
llow
ing s
imp
le h
in
ts s
o t
ha
t y
ou Y
ellow F
our Young
d
on'
thave t
ore
ad ab
ook o
rfi
nd t
h
is a
r
tic
le G
reen F
ive G
irl
s
w
henevery
ou s
t
artt
opu
tsome
thing t
o
gethe
r. B
lue S
ix B
ut
V
iole
t S
even V
iolet
RES
ISTORS G
rey E
ight Goe
s
(
Con
tinued o
npage 1
2
)
1
1
(
Continued f
r
om p
age 18
) t
h
ird n
umbe
rspec
ifie
sth
enumbe
rofz
ero
sto
Whi
te Nine W
ill
ingly b
ea dded
. The va
lue isalway
s specif
ied in
Remember B
ad BoysRav
ish Our Young p
ico
farads (
pF)
. T hu
s, acapaci
tor ma rked
G
ir
ls B
utV
iole
tGoe
sWi
lling
ly. "
104"has av
a
lue o
f1 0fo
l
lowed byf ou
rz eros
,
o
r100
,000 p
For0
.
1mic
rof
arad
s(uF o
rpF
). A
CAPAC
ITORS c
apac
ito
r ma
rked "
270
" h
as av
a
lue o
f 2
7
We g
ene
ral
ly u
se f
ourd
i
ffe
ren
ttypes o
f f
o
llowed b
ynoz
ero
s,o
r27p
F
. A
nal
terna
te
c
apac
itorsins
o
lid-sta
te c
ons
truct
ion -smal
l m
ethod m
ay j
u
sts
pec
ify t
h
eva
lue
,such a
s0.
1
mono
lith
ics
, c
eramics
, s
i
lver
-m icas o
relec
- u
F
,e tc
.
t
o
lyt
ics
. S
ome d
es
ign
sspe
cify p
o
lye
ste
rty
pes
,
b
utt
h
ese a
r
e s
oexpens
ive a
nd h
ard t
ofi
nd i
n S
i
lve
r-M
ica C
apac
ito
rs
t
h
e r
i
ght v
a
lue
s t
ha
twe w
on'
tdi
scuss t
h
em
h
ere
. G
ene
ral
ly, t
o
lerance v
a
lue
s o
fcapac
i- S
i
lver-mica
s may bem arked i
n amanne
r
t
o
rs a
re n
ottoo c
r
it
ica
l inH am R
adio wo
rk, i
den
tica
l to mono
lithic
s orceramic
s. Some
a
nd t
he p
roduc
tion t
o
lerance
s o
f awel
l-de- s
i
lver-mica
s may s p
ecify t
he va
lue a
nd th
e
s
i
gned k
i
twi
ll p
rov
ide s
u
ffic
ien
tad
jus
tmen
t t
o
lerance
, s
uch a
s420+
/-5%
.
r
ange t
o a
ccomoda
te w
ide t
o
lerance v
a
lues
.
T
he importantcharac
teris
tic forcapaci
to r
si s E
lec
tro
lyt
ics
s
t
abil
ity -thecapac
itor muste xhib
itthes ame
v
a
lue over ara
nge oftemperatures
. Inthec ost E
lect
roly
tic c
apaci
tor
s are marked w
ith
c
hain
, ce
ram ics ar
et he l
eas
te xpens
ive, fol
- t
h
evalue i
nmicro
farads(
uF)
,t o
getherwi
th a
l
owed by monolith
icsa nd t
h en si
lve
r-m icas
. v
o
ltage r
a
ting
. Anel
ect
rolyt
ic wi
th ahi
ghe
r
E
lect
roly
ticsprovide nochance ofselect
ion - v
o
ltage r
a
ting t
h
an s
pec
ified m
ay alway
sbe
weneed th
e la
rge value
sa nd can'
ts ubst
itute s
ubs
titu
ted
! REME MBER t h
at mo
stelect
ro-
a
nothertype
. I n mostkit
s, s
ilver-micas are l
y
tic
sa repo
lar
ized a
nd MUST b
ei n
sta
lled i
n
u
sed int
unable r
esonantci
rcui
t s
,a nd changes t
h
ec i
rcu
itinaccordance wi
th th
eir po
larity
.
i
nva
luesc
an b
eaccommoda
ted
. I
n
sta
ll
ing e
l
ectro
lytic
sw rong may c
ause them
t
oexp
lode a
nd showery ou w
ith c
aus
tic elec
-
Mono
lith
ic a
nd C
eram
ic C
apac
ito
rs t
r
o
lyte
. The p
ola
rity i
sind
ica
ted ontheside of
t
h
ecapac
ito
rand g
ene
ral
ly t
h
epo
sit
ive l
e
ad i
s
l
o
nge
rth
an t
h
enega
tive
. •••
Monol
ith
ic and c
eram
ica c
apac
ito
rs ar
e
g
ene
ral
ly ma
rked w
ith at
h
ree
-numbe
rsystem
.
N
extI
n
sta
llmen
t:T
ran
sis
tor
sand I
C'
s
T
he f
i
rs
ttwo n
umbe
rsa
r
esi
gnif
ican
tand t
h
e

Capac
itor V
alue
s

1
000 pF i
n .
001pF
1
000n l
pF 4
72 4
700pF =4
n7 =
.0047pF
2
n2 .
0022pF 4
73 4
7n = .
047pF
2
2n .
022pF 4
74 4
70n = .
47pF
2
20n .
22pF
2
n2 = .
0022 pF p
icofarad
1
02 = 1
0(2
) 1
000pF = i
n =.
001pF 1
02 =
.001 nF n
anofarad
1
03 1
0000pF = 1
0n =
.01pF 4
72 =
.0047 pF = m
icrofarad
1
04 1
00000pF = .
1pF F
rom L
o-Ke
y, c
omp
ilied b
y
1
05 = 1
pF D
on, VK5A
IL

1
2
 AT
rio o
fTIR Sw
itche
s
F
red B
onav
ita
, W5QJ M
PO B
ox 2
764
S
an An
ton
io, TX 7
8299

Whi
le look
ing f
or ways t
o ma
te my old o
f ah
ass
le.
r
e
liable D
rake2 B r
e
ceiverwi
th aQRP t
rans- K
it
sprov
ide t
h
ec omponen
tsf
o
rw h
ich t
h
e
m
itt
erI '
djus
tb u
ilt
, Icame a
cros
ss ever
al k
i
ts b
oards w
ere l
a
id ou
t. Relay
s a
re t
h
e c
hief
a
nd ci
rcu
itsfortr
ansmit
/re
ceive sw
itche
s,and w
orry w
hen b
uying o
nly t
h
eboa
rd,s
i
nce t
he
t
h
ree o
fth
eki
tsw
i
ll b
edi
scu
ssed h
ere
. d
es
ignerca
lls f
or aspec
ific un
it, and r
e
lays
The
se u
ni
ts -commonly k
nown asTIR c
ome i
n as
tagger
ing ar
ray ofsizes
,p in s
pac
-
s
witches -a
llow f
o
rfu
ll- o
r s
emi
-break
-in i
ng
s,fi
e
ld c
oilre
sis
tancesa nd p
owe r
-handl
ing
o
pera
tion
. Two employ r
e
laysf o
rt h
es witch- c
apab
il
itie
s. Ofcour
se,b
u
ild
ing f
r
om s
c
ratch
i
ngchores
,offe
rsi
detone o
sc
il
latorssokey ing b
ypas
sest ha
tprob
lem.
c
an be moni
tored
, and have an adjus
tab le T
he t
h
ird T
IR s
wit
ch a
l
so d
uck
sth
atp
rob
-
b
reak
-in d
elay
. T
he t
h
ird i
sfu
ll b
reak
-in l
em,s
i
ncei
tus
esn
ore
lay
. O
nly t
h
ep-
cbo
ard
(
QSK
) w
ith d
iode s
witch
ing b
ut w
ithou
t a i
sava
ilab
le,and t
heothercomponen
tsl
i
kely
s
i
detone o
sc
il
lato
r. a
r
ei nthewel
l-appo
inted j
unk b
ox
.
My need w
as f
or aT
IR sw
itch t
ha
twould The T
/R swi
tche si
nvo
lved h
ere a
re
: The
s
h
ift t
he an
tenna
, mute t
h
e rece
iver
, a
pply f
u
ll QSK d
iode c
ircu
itb
yD oug D
eMaw i nh
is
v
ol
tage a
tth
eri
ghtt
ime a
nd s
equence i
nth
e "W1FB
's QRP N
otebook
," as
wi
tch
-and
-side
-
p
rocess
, and p
oss
ibly d
o o
the
r thing
s. The t
one c
ircuit b
y Oak H
il
ls R
esea
rch, and a
l
i
tera
ture ha
s s
evera
lTIR c
i
rcuit
sa va
ilab
le'
, t
ransm
itte
rc on
tro
l s
ys
tem by624 K
it
s.' Al
l
a
nd t
h
ede
signs a
ree
a
sily d
upl
ica
ted o
r mod
i- wen
ttoge
therw
ith n
o ma
jorp
rob
lem
sand i
n
f
i
ed wi
thoutco
sting t
h
eb u
ilde
rana
nn, al
e
gor s
hor
torder
.
a
notherpar
toft h
eanatomy. T
he D
eMaw QSK s
wi
tch c
an h
and
le u
pto
Io
pted f
ort
hose f
o
rwh
ich c
i
rcu
itb
oards 5w
att
sof RF p
owe
r,(
Con
tinued o
npage 1
5)
w
erea
va
ilab
le a
s ac
onven
ience
. Ib
ough
tki
ts
w
ith t
wo o
fth
em b
ecause Ih
ave f
ound i
tle
ss I
•2 S
ee f
ootno
tesa
tend o
far
t
icle
1
3
A Co mplete S
tat
ion On T en S
quare I
nches
Of Board

P
hot
oofv
ers
ion b
ui
lt
Db
yHambrew Magaz
ine

T
he S
imp
le S
upeRX
1TX QRP s
t
ation c
omb
ine
sth
eSupeRX r
ece
iver a
nd t
h
e
7
X7Xt
r
ansm
itt
er o
n as
i
ngle c
i
rcu
itb
oard t
oal
low p
utt
ing as
t
ation o
nth
eai
rfor
l
e
ssthan $
100. Prov
ision
sf or u
sing th
ereceivera
s aside
tone mon
itor a
re i
nc
luded
o
n t
h
isc ombined b
oard. The r
eceiver i
sth
ef an
tas
tic S
upeRX and c
an b
ep u
to n80,
4
0
, 3
0
, o
r20m
eter
s. Ac
rys
talf
or t
h
e QRP c
al
ling f
requency o
fyour b
and c
hoice
i
sin
clud
ed i
nth
eet
. T
he c
i
rcu
itb
oard m
easure
s 31
2" b
y3" -s
mal
lenough
f
or t
h
atb ackpack o
rsuitcase r
i
gy ou've a
lwayswanted
. Allyou need t
ocomplete
t
h
esta
tion isacab
inet
, at un
ing capaci
tor, av
olume c
ontro
lp ot
, coax c
onnec
tor
and j
acksfor t
hepower inpu
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nd key
.
$
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ipping a
nd Hand
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ASE f
or f
ul
lcata
log

NDUS ES
M X M Re;I
,Box 1
56C •S
n!di
v
ine
, TX 7
8957 •5
12-237
-3906

S
end u
s a "M
urphy L
ove
s" W
e'l
lcar
toon i
tf
or y
ou!

1
4
(
Con
tinued F
rom P
age 1
3
) f
i
er todr
ive as
mal
l s
peake
rtok
eep t
r
ack o
f
s
oit
'
s fi
ne f
o
r QRP
's "
l
ega
l l
im
it"
. T
he b
oard k
eying
.
i
sava
ilable f
rom FAR C
ircu
its, a
nd a
snoted T
he T
/R b
y 6
34 K
its i
sano
ther v
ersa
tile
a
bove
, itca
llsfo
rnohard
-to
-find c
omponent
s s
wi
tch
. P
atB
unn
,N4LTA
,th
egu
iding l
i
ghto
f
Wh
ile i
tist
he l
e
ast
-expens
ive o
f t
h
e l
o
t t
o t
h
ec ompany ,w rote a
bou
ti ti
n CQ Magazine
b
u
ild
,th
eDeMaw T
/R c
i
rcu
iti
sno
twi
thou
tit
s f
o
rF ebruary 1992 i
nanart
icle t
h
atre
cite
st he
d
rawbacks
, a
nd b
u
ilde
rss
hou
ld r
e
ad c
a
refu
lly i
n
struc
tion sheets
.
h
i
sexp
lana
tion o
fth
e d
es
ign b
efo
re s
t
art
ing R
athe
rth
an as
i
ngle r
e
lay
, t
h
is k
i
tha
s t
wo
t
h
epro
ject S
PDT u
ni
ts,o
ne o
fwh
ich i
sano
pt
ion
. Two
D
oug c
a
lls f
or f
our2
-amp
, 5
0-vo
lts
i
l
icon r
e
lays d
o n
ot c
onserve p
owe
r, b
ut t
h
ey d
o
r
e
ctif
ierd
iode
sfo
rsw
itch
ing
, b
uth
edoe
sno
t i
so
late RF-
sw
itching f
rom o
therchor
es( vo
lt-
o
t
herw
ise i
d
ent
ify t
h
em,a
nd t
h
ey a
r
eno
ttob
e a
ge sw
itch
ing
,r e
c e
ive
rm u
ting,et
c
.). Pa
ts ays
f
ound i
nth
eu sua
l read
ily a
vai
lable s
ource
s. t
h
is PR s
witch c
an h
and
le u
pto1
00 w
att
s;
T
he boa
rd i
sla
id ou
tf o
rthese d
iode
s. h
ave n
otpu
t mo
ret h
an 2
0w at
tst
h
rough m
ine
.
Iw
ound up h
aving t
ouse 1
N5400
s( 3amp
, A word o
f c
aut
ion: the
re was ac
onf
lic
t
5
0vo
lt)
, a
nd st
anding t
h
em onone e
nd r
a
the
r b
etween t
h
e s
chema
tic a
nd t
hep
ar
ts o
ver
lay
t
h
an s
olde
ring t
hem f
l
ush w
ith t
h
eb oard
. They p
rov
ided with t
h
eki
t Ig
ota
nd r
epea
ted i
nthe
a
re l
a
rger phys
ica
lly t
han t
he diodes D
oug CQ ar
tic
le. D 1 a
nd D
2 a
re s
hown in th
e
u
sed
,and a
s ar
e
sul
t, t
h
e FAR p
-
cboa
rd h
ast
o s
chemat
ic w
ith t
h
eir r
e
spec
tive c
a
thode
sc on
-
b
ed r
il
led o u
tt ohandle t
he
ir heavie
rleads
. n
ected t
oth
e key i
npu
t, b
ut D2
's p
ola
rity i
s
When quizzed abouthi
s choice ofdiodes
, r
e
ver
sed i
nthep
art
sove
rlay
. Pr
ic eis$
20
,plu
s
Doug rep
lied "The ones t
hat Iused a
r
e m in
i $
3 f
or amu
te r
e
lay,a
nd $3 p
ostage
. •••
u
n
itsth
at Ibough
tsome y
earsago
. Inolo
nger
r
e
cal
l t
hebrand ors
our
ce.
..You c
an u
se 3amp S
ee s
chema
tic o
npage 1
8
d
iode
s i
fyou w
ish
, a
nd t
h
ey c
an b
est
ood o
n
e
nd i
fneed b
e
. I
tisu
nfo
rtuna
te t
h
at mo
st
v
endo
r s s
e
ll o
nly t
hel
arger 1
000 s
e
rie
srec
ti-
f
i
erdiodes
..
." Fo
otnotes
:
O
therwise
,th
is T
/R s
witch p
e
rfo
rmsassp
eci- 1
. D e Maw, D
oug
, "W1FB
's QRP No
te-
f
i
ed i
nth
e QRP No
tebook. Heeding Doug
's b
ook
," ARRL 1
991
, p
p 1
40-144
.
w
arn
ing a
bou
tth
ec u
rren
tt h
is u
n
itc on
sumes, H
aywa
rd, We
s,a
nd D
e Maw
, "
so
lid S
ta
te
Ih
ave nott
r
ied i
tin ab
at
tery
-powered QRP D
esign f
o
rt heR
adio Ama
teu
r," ARRL 1
986
,
o
pera
tion
. I
nadd
it
ion t
oth
is QSK u
n
it,Doug
's p
p 174
-180.
b
ook d
eta
ils a s
emi
-break
-in c
i
rcu
it i
nth
e Dobbs
, theR ev
. Geo
rge, e
d.
, " G-QRP
s
ame c
hap
ter
. C
lub C
ircu
itB ook
",G -QRP C
lub, 1983 (
la
ter
A
lthough t
h
eOak H
i
lls T
/R s
wi
tch a
nd s
i
de- e
d
ition p
ubl
ished byR SGB) p
p68a nd 8
5
.
t
one k
i
t i
s ad
i
scon
tinued i
t
em, i
tis ag
ood 2
. FAR C
ircu
its
, 1
8N640 F
ie
ld C
our
t,
e
xamp
le o
f ac
omb
ina
tion b
reak
-in d
e
lay a
nd Dundee
,Ilino
is 60
118. F
ree c
ata
logue
. P-c
s
ide
tone osci
llator ci
rcuit
. D ick Wi
tzke, b
oard i
s$3
.50 p
lu
s$ 1
.50 p
os
tage f
oruptof
our
KE8KL,th
ec ompany
'sg uru
,w aski
nd e
nough b
oards
. S
pec
ify QSK '
PR Swi
tch, F
ig
.4 -24
,
t
o perm
it reproduct
ion h ere o
f th
e c
ircu
it f
r
om "W1FB's QRP N
otebook" when o
rder
-
(
F
igure 1
)
. D ick s
ays h
e dropped t
h
e u
n
it i
ng
.
b
ecau
se o
fli
t
tle b
ui
lderin
terestini
t O
ak H
i
lls R
ese
arch
,208
79 Mad
ison S
t
,Big
T
he O
ak H
il
ls T
/R s
witch u
ses a s
i
ngle R
apids
, Mich
igan 49307. Ca
talogue $1
.
DPDT r
e
lay i
n a1
6
-pin D
IP s
ocke
ttoc
hange 624 K
it
s, 1
71 S
pr
inglake D
r
ive,S pa
rtanbu
rg,
o
ver the a
ntenna, v
oltage
, o
r wha
tever i
s S
outh C
aro
lina 2
9302
. F
ree c
a
talogue
.
n
eeded
. Itc
an hand
le u
pt o20w
att
sofRF,and The s
chematic r
eproduced i
nFigure 1
,page
t
h
e s i
detone o
sci
lla
tor c
an be fed i
n
to th
e 1
8 isrepr
inted here t
hrough t
hecourtesy o
f
r
e
ceiver
'saud
io orin
to as
epa
rate a
ud
io amp
li- O
ak HillyResearch,Big Rap
ids,Michigan
.
1
5
 •N
ew P
roduc
ts•

Ve
lleman K
its o
fBe
lgium has i
nit
s l
i
ne a The
re iso
ne fe
ature w
hich d
ese
rves m
en-
Mor
se Decoder k
i
t which w
e found t
o b
e t
i
on. The
re i
s amic
rophone
,ra
therth
an l
ine
-
e
xcept
iona
l i
nsevera
l fea
tur
es. The c
ompo
- b
ased
, i
npu
t, wh
ich works much b
et
tert
han
n
ent
sa rev
ery h
igh q
ual
ity,in
clud
ing t
hed
is
- e
xpec
ted
! T he un
it d
ecoded si
gna
ls wh
ich
p
l
ay. T
he PCB i
sone o
fth
ebe
stw
e've s
een
, w
erev
ery c
l
ose t
ono
ise l
e
vela
c
ros
sth
eroom
w
ith under
standab
le p
ar
ts-
layoutd
esign and f
r
om t h
er e
ceiver
!
l
o
cation, t
hough s
ome v
ery c
lo
se s
o
ldering i
s Othe
rf e
aturesinc
lude s
ens
it
ivi
ty a
nd f
i
l
ter
r
equ
ired i
nsome i
n
stance
s. w
idth c
ont
rols (
t
he f
i
l
teri
ssup
er -a
l
low
ing
T
his d
ecode
rki
t s
hou
ld n
otb
eunder
taken e
x
treme
ly b
road t
ove
ry n
arrow w
idth a
d
jus
t-
b
y ab
eg
inn
ing k
i
t-bu
ilde
r,a
nd t
h
erea
r
esome m
ent
). T
he u
n
iti
sdes
igned f
o
rba
tte
ryo
pera
-
p
i
tfa
llst
oavo
id: t
h
ein
struc
tion
scan b
edi
ff
i- t
i
on.
c
u
ltt
ounde
rstand o
n ac
oup
le o
fpo
int
s,d
ue A s
ugge
stion
: p
lace t
he p
ar
ts f
i
rst
, a
nd
p
e
rhap
stot
h
efa
ctt
h
att
h
ey w
erew
r
itten (
t
ran
s- d
oub
le c
heck p
os
it
ion a
nd c
omponen
tid
ent
i-
l
a
ted?
)inE
urope a
nd i
n
corpo
rate s
ome p
hra
ses f
i
cat
ion
,et
c.
,be
fore s
o
lde
ring
. O
nce a
f
fixed
,
w
hich c
an l
e
ave a
n Ame
ric
an b
u
ilde
rwonde
r- t
h
e p
ar
ts w
il
l b
e e
xt
reme
ly d
i
fficu
lt t
ode
-
i
nga
stot
h
ein
tended m
ean
ing
. F
ore
xamp
le, s
o
lde
rand r
e
loca
te. Wa
tch o
utf
o
rth
esi
gna
l
"
s
creen
" i
sused t
omean "
g
round
". d
iode
: t
h
e y
e
llow b
and i
sth
eca
thode e
nd ,
B
utn
one o
fth
eamb
igu
it
iesw
eree
nough t
o u
n
like t
h
eot
hert
wo d
iode
sint
h
eki
twh
ich a
r
e
p
reven
tsucce
ssfu
l c
omp
let
ion o
fth
edecode
r, o
f Ame
rican m
anufac
ture
.
a
nd though t
he s
olde
ring o
fthe l
eads t
othe Th
is k
itto
ok on
ly abou
tfou
rhou
rst
ocon
-
d
i
splay became ab
itted
iou
s,iti
s aun
itwhich s
t
ruc
t,c
ompa
red t
oothe
rs w
hich h
ave t
aken
y
ou c
an t
ake much p
r
ide i
nas
semb
ling
. u
p t
oei
ght
! I
n s
hor
t, y
ou c
an e
xpec
t t
obe
H
ave anew p
roduc
t?
Puti
tin Hambrew
!
1
6
 •
SUBSCR
IBE TO HA MBRE W
•
No
tava
ilab
le i
nst
ore
sord
enta
lof
fice
s, Hambrew c
an o
n
ly b
e
t
r
ansmi
tted t
oyou
r mai
lbox! Touse y
our ma
ilbox a
s ap
rimit
ive r
ece
ive
r,
s
end t
h
iscoupon (
or acopy t
h
ereo
f)with a$
20 check o
r money o
rde
rto
:
Ha mbrew •POB 2
60083 •Lakewood
, CO 8
0226
-0083
V
ISA o
r Mastercard
: Ca
ll 1
-800
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IG

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ame C
al
l
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ddress

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i
ty S
ta
te Z
ip

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xp:

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ore
ign R
ate
s: $
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r;C
anada
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ico $
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r

c
hal
lenged byt
h
is ki
t, b
uti
tiswe
ll wo
rth t
he T
his V
el
leman k i
tisa
vai
lab
lef
rom
e
f
fort
, and t
hep
erfo
rmance o
fth
eu n
itistr
u
ly T
apto Corporation
e
xcept
ional
! 2
650 18
th.S treet
S
ummary (
Sca
le o
f 1t
o10
): D
enver
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PCB 1
0 8
0211
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art
s 1
0 (
303
)480
-7544
P
erformance 1
0
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n
struct
ions 5 R
eta
ilp
rice $
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.95 .
..
D
iff
icu
lty 8

• H
ere
'sa
nothe
rli
t
tle g
em f
r
om B
i
ll Ma
son
,
• NOKEP. A morest
urdy
,heav
ier
-du
ty v
er
sion
N
,
▪of RG
-58 c
oax u
sed t
ofe
rry p
owerf
rom t
heca
r
b
a
ttery t
oth
e 2Meterri
g -t
hesh
ield i
sused f
or
t
henega
tive f
e
ed, k
eep
ing n
oi
se outo
ft h
el i
ne!
G
ood u
ptoa
round 2
0wa
tts
, s
aysB
i
ll
.

1
7
 'o
,
C;
e o,
0
,
.

o
-
o
o
)
n

.
i
0

›
M3I A W 011 09

8
1
o
n
O
n
SCHEMATI C FOR T/R SWI TCH WITH SI DETONE
 A 2Me
ter 5E
lemen
t Quad
(
or How T
o Make Y
our 5Wat
tsSound L
ike 4
5)
B
il Todd
,N7 MFB
(
with h
elp f
rom Mon
ty Wa
les
, W7EVS
,and L
igh
tning B
olt An
tennas
)

T
he F
ie
ld D
ay j
ust p
ast s
hou
ld r
emind W
ire
: S
t
iffb
are c
oppe
r 1
8gauge u
nbra
ided
QRP
'er
sth
at 2m
ete
rs i
sbe
com
ing mo
re a
nd w
ire i
sbe
st I tise
asy t
oshape i
nto asquare
mo
re i
mpor
tan
t a
spa
rt o
f ac
oncer
ted QRP f
orm f
orplacementon t
hespreader
s. You '
ll
c
ontest
ing e
ffo
rt
. Since 2m e
tersi
scon
side
red n
eed a
bout3 5fe
etofwir
ef o
rt heproje
ct.
a"free" s
ta
tion during Fie
ld Day, agood
a
ntenna i
sessent
ial
. C
oax
: A 4f
oot l
e
ngth o
f RG
-8 o
r RG
-58
Iwas i
n
spired t
ob u
ild afi
ve e
l
ementquad (
make i
t5f
e
etl
o
ng i
fyou w
anta
nRFb
a
lun
).
f
r
om r
ough n
ote
ssupp
lied b
y Mon
ty Wa
les
,
W7EVS,a
l
ong w
ith p
roven f
i
ne-tuned m
eas- B
oom C
ons
truc
tion
u
remen
tsf
r
om Mike Duddy o
fLightn
ing Bo
lt
A
ntenna
sofV
oland
, PA
.
A
fte
ryou cu
tthePVC p i
pe t
osi
ze
,m a
rk o
ffth
e
A
cco
rding t
oMike
,th
is f
i
ve e
l
emen
tquad
v
ar
iousdis
tancesbe
twe en t
h
ee l
ementsofth
e
i
scapable of 1
2 Db f
orward g
ain
. My own q
uad;s
tar
ta tl
ea
st 2in
chesfr
om theend o
fth
e
e
xper
iences howst
hat as
i
gnalon 2mete
rsw
i
ll b
oom f
o
rth
eref
lec
tor
.
i
nc
rease about 6D
bo ver av
er
tica
l.
F
rom s
t
art t
ofi
nish
, t
he a
ntenna p
ro
jec
t Ma
rk t
h
eboom a
t t
h
efo
llow
ing p
o
int
s:
t
ook a
bou
tfou
rh our
stob
u
ild
,and c
os
tmel
e
ss
t
han $
20 f
orpar
ts
.
R
eflec
tor 2I
nches
D
riven E
lemen
t 1
5Inches
R
equ
ired P
art
s 1
s
tD irec
tor 2
7Inche
s
2
nd D
irector 3
9Inches
B
oom
: S
chedu
le 4
0 PVC p
ipe (
11/
4"o
ut
side 3
rd D
irec
to r 5
1 I
nche
s
d
iame
ter
) L
eng
th =5 1
/
2fe
et I
fyou d
on o
th ave ad
r
il
lpr
ess
,bo
rrow o
ne. I
t
'
s
ah
eck o
f al
ote
as
iert
od r
il
la ccura
tely w
ith a
S
preader
s
: (10
) 1
/
4"w
ooden d
owe
ls 4f
tlo
ng d
r
il
l p
res
st h
an d
o
ing i
tbyh and.
(
Oak isb
est
) (Cont
inued onp age 2
0)
1
9
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age19
)
B
oom A
ssemb
ly,c
ont
:

D
ri
ll a1/4" h
ole t
hrough t
he p
ipe a
teach I
fyou h
ave m
easured c
orrec
tly
, t
he s
econd
m
arked p
o
int B esu
re tod
ri
ll t
h
eh o
lesinth
e d
owe
lshou
ld b
e al
i
t
t
le d
i
ff
icu
ltt
opu
sh t
h
rough
e
xac
tmidd
le o
fth
epi
pe a
t ap
er
fec
t90d
egr
ee b
ecaus
eitw
i
llr
ub a
ga
ins
tth
eot
herd
owe
l
. Do
a
ng
le t
oth
epi
pe. C
lean u
pth
ero
ugh e
dge
sof t
h
is f
o
reach o
fth
efi
ve s
p
reade
rs.
t
h
edr
il
led h
ole
s. V
iew t
h
ean
tenna f
r
om e
nd t
oend
. U
nle
ssy
ou
D
r
ill as
e
cond s
e
tofho
lesate
ach ma
rked p
o
int a
r
e ag
r
eatc
r
aft
sman
,you w
i
llf
i
nd o
ne o
r mo
re
o
nthesi
de o
ftheb
oom ju
stunde
r1 /4i
nch t
o s
p
reade
rst
h
atd
ono
tli
ne u
ppe
rfec
tly
. I
fth
is
t
h
eri
ghto
fyou
ror
igina
l s
e
tofh
o
les
. i
sth
eca
se, p
ush as
l
ive
rofw
ood (
perhap
sa
Y
ou'
ll k
now i
fyou h
ave d
one t
h
is c
or
rec
tly i
f
, t
h
ick t
oo
thp
ick
)nex
ttot
h
eof
fend
ing s
p
reade
r
w
hen y
ou p
utt
hed
owe
ls t
h
rough t
h
eboom
, t
ost
ra
igh
ten i
tout D
ono
tat
temp
ttot
r
im o
f
f
y
ou s
eea
n"X
"wh
ile l
ook
ing a
tth
eboom f
r
om t
h
eex
tral
e
ngth o
fth
esp
reade
rsy
et Y
ou c
an
e
nd t
oend (
f
igur
e 1
-B)
. d
oth
atl
a
tera
f
tera
l t
h
ewir
esa
r
eat
tached
.

S
preader A
sse mb
ly Wire A
sse mb
ly

B
efo
rey ou p
ush t
h
edowels t
h
rough t
heboom, Ic
hose t
ocu
tth
ean
tenna f
o
r 1
45 Mhz
, a
nd
t
r
eatth
e w ood f
i
rstw
ith s
ome kind o
fw a
ter u
sed t
hefo
llowing l
eng
ths o
fwire
. T he a
n-
s
ea
lant so t
he d
owels do n
ot warp d
ue t
o t
enna w
ork
sgrea
ton 145 a
nd 1
47 Mhz a
swel
l.
mo
istu
re. It
r
ied b
u
ilding aq
uad o
nce f
o
r440
Mhz w
ithou
tdo
ing t
h
is
,and a
f
ter af
ew w
eek
s R
eflec
tor 8
65/
8in
ches
t
h
esp
reade
rsw
arped s
obad
ly t
h
ati
tac
tua
lly D
riven E
lemen
t 8
25/
8in
che
s
d
e
- tuned t
heantenna. 1
s
tD irec
tor 8
0in
che
s
P
ush one dowel th
rough theboom, a
nd th
en 2
nd D
irecto
r 8
0in
che
s
p
ush thedowe
lj usttotheri
ght(on t
h
es i
de of 3
rd D
irec
tor 8
0in
che
s
t
h
eP VC) o
ft h
ef i
rstd owe
l. (
Con
tinued o
npage 3
8)

2
0
 T
he 4 ter P
0 Me ipsqueak

T
he P
ipsqueak S
peak
s!

H e
r
es aQRPp t
f
unw
ith
,ify
oyw
ou li
ke
ec
an a
. D
l h
iscove
ave s
red b
u
ome
r
ied
r
a
nge
b
u
i
. W
i
ld i
l
ta
la
nyone o
nd m
easu
utt
h
e
re i
t
r
sw
ei
nH
a
l
amb
rew
land
lop? We'd s
u
reli
ke
i
nanavalanche o
foldn o
tesa nd oddsn 'end
s, t
oknow
. Iti
scapab
le o
flight
ing awhea
tlamp
w
e thought i ta
n elegantly simple circu
it i
nse
ries w
ith a2 m
egohm r
e
sis
tor n
ow, s
o
w
heresome components mu s
td od ouble
-duty s
ome RF i
sle
aking f
r
om i
t
s l
i
l
' mou
th, e
v
i-
i
nse
rvice t
ot h
eosci
llato
r/transmi
tter. d
ent
ly.
O
rig
ina
lly d
es
igned f
o
r30m
ete
rs,w
e mod
i- H
ow a
bou
tana
f
terbu
rne
rofs
o
rts
,pe
rhap
sto
f
i
ed i
tt
osqueak o
n40
,a nd r
ea
lly c
anno
tplace j
a
ck itu
p abi
ti np
ower -maybewith abu
ffer
?
w
her
ei tc
ame f
rom o
r
igina
lly
! H ave y
ou s
een Abe
llor wh
ist
le o
rtwo? You mus
ta g
ree th
at
,
i
tbe
for
e? A nyway
,l i
ke ab
aby l
ef
to n adoor
- i
nit
spre
sentfo
rm,itisp
reeminen
tly bu
ildab
le
s
t
ep, we h
ereby c
hr
isten i
t"P
ipsqueak"
,a nd a
t
, s
ha
ll w
esay
,af
fordab
le p
r
ices?
o
f
feritupfors
ome e
xper
imen ta
tion
. We
ll,have funand l
e
tusk
now w
haty
ou f
i
nd
We h
aven
'tth
efo
ggie
stn o
tion o
fhow much o
utand con
trive!
p
owe
rth
e'S
queak i
spour
ing i
n
to t
h
ean
tenna
, T
he P
ipsqueak S
aga w
i
llb
econ
tinued
.
..
t
h
ough w
esu
spec
tsomewhe
rei
nth
emic
rowa
tt S
ee t
h
eschema
tic o
nth
epage 2
2
. •••

N
ot A Grea
tPho
tographer?

I
fyou h
ave ap
rojec
tand wou
ld l
i
ke t
osend ap
hoto t
ous t
obep
ubl
ished
,
b
uty
ou a
re p
uto
ffb
y t
h
ink
ing t
hat we n
eed b
lack a
nd wh
ite p
hoto
s,
d
on'
tworry
! Ou
rpress h
as av
ery h
igh
-qua
lity t
win
-la
serp
anch
roma
tic
s
canner wh
ich h
and
les c
olor p
hotos magn
ificen
tly
! S
o s
end c
olo
r
p
olaro
ids
,pr
ints f
rom d
isk
-whee
lfi
lm,e
tc
. -No p
rob
le m
!

2
1
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age 2
1)

T
he "
Squ
eak
" o
nper
iboard

P
ipsqueak s
chema
tic
:simp
lic
ity p
erson
ifi
ed

2
2
 Neophyte
MgmE
oc
o ke
T
he F
irs
tRepor
tInA
nOngo
ing
C
omp
ila
tion O
f N
eophy
teI
nf
orma
tion

T
he N
eophy
te w
asd
esigned b
yJohn D
il
lon
, WA3RNC o
fLew
istown
, PA
. A
d
i
rect
-conver
sion t
ype r
eceive
rb u
iltaround t
h
eS igne
tics NE602N mixer
/osc
illa
tor
I
C, a
nd or
iginal
ly conce
ived for 8
0 or 40 me
ter operat
ion, i
tpreviewed in t
he
F
ebrua
ry, 1
988 i
s
sue o
fQST
, a
nd s
t
imu
lated much i
n
tere
st i
nth
e h
am-bu
ilder
c
ommun i
ty. Low no
ise,good s
ens
itiv
ity and l
ack o
fh um
/microphon
ics
,a long w
ith
g
ood f
requency s
t
abil
ity mad
eitac ontender t
ofunc
tion o
n acommunicat
ions l
evel
.

R
2 D
1 S
WI
o
•
-•-o
1
00 6
VDC
C
20
C
16 O
l
iF C
19

l
E
p
f
.
T
i
0
1
uF

C
1
3
7
0

A
NT C
aA C
4B 1
0v
U
l I
R
6 j1
G
AIN N
E602N C
IS L
2
= P
EAK
M
IXER/OSC 0
47 1 047
F 0
.
1
7

G
ND IC, z i1
c 4 R
3 N
C R
5
4
.7

ai
&r Tio
‘
e 3
1 7
0
1 1.
5k
5
4
1
0V 1C
k
C
7 c
8
.
"330 3
30 —
C
9 1
20
E
xcept a
s tn
c
lic
ated, d
eama l
v
a
lues of c
apaatance are I
n T
2
C
18 J
2
m
icro
farads (
pF)
; othe
rs are C
10 6
8
p
i
c
,ofa
rads (
pf)
. N
C 1
00dF P
HONES
(
1000 pF 00
1 t/F) C
12 9 - 1C11
C
I Isdi
sc ce
ram ic
: 365 X ' -
r1 50 N
C 1
0V -
C
7-C11 are NPO, Poly
- T
UNING
s
tyrene e
x sl
iver ruca
c
apaators
(
4
0m N
eophy
te

C
2,C
5,C
13,C
15: 0
.047
14F C
11: 1
50pF NPO T
l,T
2: 1
0
.7 MHz I
F
c
eram
ic o
rpo
lyes
terfi
lm C
12: 3
65pF v
ar
iab
le t
r
ansfo
rme r
,7:
1 tu
rns
C
3,C 6
, C
20: 1
0pF e
l
ectro
lyt
ic, C
14,C
16,C
17: 0
.
1pF r
at
io (42
1F123)
1
0to2
5V C
18: 1
00pF e
l
ect
roly
tic U
l: NE602N
C
4: Two
-sec
tion
,po
lye
thy
lene
- C
19: 470
/4F e
l
ect
roly
tic U2
: LM386
d
ie
lec
tric v
ar
iab
le; s
ec
tions 5
9
.2 D
l: 1N4001
a
nd 1
41
.6pF (Mouse
r24TR222
) J
i
: Two p
os
ition t
e
rmina
l
C
7,C8: 3
30pF NPO s
t
r
ip (
o
rst
anda
rd a
nt j
ack
)
C
9: 1
20pF NPO J
2
: P
hone j
ack
C
10: 6
8pF NPO S
i
: S
PST s
witch (
Con
tinued o
npage 2
4)
2
3
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age 2
3)

Modif
ica
tion t
oI mp
rove AM
-Broadca
st Rev
ise RF i
nputc
i
rcu
itf
o
r"t
rue
"
S
igna
l Rejec
tion b
a
lanced RF i
nput
:

T
50-2
1
8T C
T

U
l

e
1
5
0 N
E602N
M
IXER/OSC

Tuned T
o40 Me
terB
and

T
his r
ev
ision r
educes(
bu
td oes n
ote
l
im ina
te) AM b
roadca
sts
tat
ion p
i
ckup.
Ib
el
ieve th
ereduct
ion i
sdue t
otheb
alanced i
npu
t,bu
ti tm
igh
tb edue t
o t
hen
ew
H
igh
-Q i
npu
tci
rcu
it

M
ike D
ino
lfo
, N4M WP

T
he Neophy
te: An Aud
io Amp Chain,
Bandpas
s Fi
lter a
nd Frequency D
ial

- 40
S
TBY B
AND P
ASS P
RE A
NT.E
NNA R
ECE
IVER
PHO MS AMP T
UNE

S
tock N
eophy
te w
ith a
udio a
f
terburners
,frequency d
ia
l &r
educ
tion g
eart
u
ning
(
con
tinued n
extpage)
2
4
 Want
ing t
oputtheNeophyte t
ogood commun
icat
ions u
se
, Iadded w
hat If
e
ltcou
ld b
enef
it
t
hea
udio p
or
tion o
fthec
ircu
itwithout ma
jore
xper
imentat
ion a
nd mods
. The s
tock k
i
tut
i
lizes
a
n RF g
a
in c
ont
rol a
s a
n a
udio g
a
in d
evice
. B
y a
dding a
n LM386 i
n ac
ommon
ly-u
sed
c
onf
igu
rat
ion (
s
ee f
i
g 1
)
,th
eaud
io c
ame u
pto as
peake
rle
vel
. If
ound t
ha
tle
aving t
he RF g
a
in
c
ont
rol i
nth
efr
onte
nd h
e
lped t
oel
imina
teb
roadca
sti
n
ter
ferenc
ewi
thou
tto
tal
ly e
l
imina
ting t
h
e
d
es
ired s
igna
l(s
)
.

1
0 p
F
. 1
_
- i
I
-- -04- -- O
ptional a
ddi
tion o
fth
is
+
V C
l c
apacitor y
ie
lds ga
in o
f
2
00. D ele
te for g
a
in o
f
2
0

80

Q
1: L
M386 A
udio Amp
lif
ier
F
igure 1

Ia
l
so a
dded t
he v
ar
iab
le b
andpa
ss a
udio f
i
lte
r a
s s
hown i
nth
e Au
tumn
, 1
993 i
s
sue o
f
Hambrew
. T
he t
o
tal s
cheme i
sou
tl
ined i
nth
eblock d
iag
ram b
e
low
:

6
VDC
o+
12VDC
+
VCC Reg
In
S
tock
N
eophy
te A
udio O
ut

R
eceive
r
C
i
rcuit LM 3
86
6
_4 P
ane
l
A
udio Amp
SW
1B M
ounted
i
lSW
1A AF Ga
in
+
VDC
In ? •N
C• •
SW1: D
PDT
V
ar
iab
le
B
andpass F
i
l
ter
Fi
lter -
«
1
11
1-- B
ypass

A
uc
io
O
ut T
o H
eadphones/Spk
r

I
'
ve w
orked al
o
tofs
t
at
ion
swi
th t
h
is a
r
rangemen
t,a
nd t
h
ere
sul
tsh
ave b
een s
a
tis
fac
tory
. T
he
v
ern
ierd
r
ive i
s a6
:
1 f
r
om Oc
ean S
ta
te (
s
ee a
d
, i
n
side b
ack c
ove
roft
h
is i
s
sue
) -as
c
rap p
l
ast
ic
p
oin
terw
as a
dded
. S
ome g
rea
tNeophy
te s
t
uffi
sro
ll
ing i
nfo
rth
e n
exti
s
sue
! -WFOK
2
5
 T
he R
igh
tStuf
f
L
arry F
eick
, NFOZ
I
f t
h
is a
r
tic
le w
ere m
ere
ly
a
nothe
r"Dec
,oup
ling L
oop
" s
uc
-
c
esss
t
ory
, i
twou
ld o
n
ly s
e
rve t
o
c
l
ari
fy t
h
eway w
evi
ew t
h
ein
vis
-
i
b
le w
orld o
f RF
. Much mo
re
t
han t
hat
, itis ata
le a
bout a
n
e
nchan
ting h
e
rm i
tage d
eep i
nth
e
moun
tains o
f C
olo
rado
, w
here
J
ane Woden
ing
, KBOHPH
,
w
ri
tese
xc
it
ing n
ove
ls a
nd m
ake
s
QRP aw ay o
fli
fe
.
I
fone werefl
ying ove
rK lon
-
d
ike Mounta
in i
n ali
ghtair
craf
t,
t
h
ey would b
e more l
i
kely t
ospot
t
he s
un
's ref
lec
tion f
rom Jane'
s
s
o
larpane
lsthan t
ospo
th e
rs mal
l
t
wo r
oom, t
wo-s
tory c
abin w
hich
i
s perched inconspicuously
among t
h
epine t
r
ees a
t9750 f
e
et
a
bove s
eale
vel
.
S
evera
l mi
les removed from
e
l
ect
ric p
owe
ra nd t
e
lephone l
i
nes
,
J
ane dwe
lls l
u
xur
iously i
nnine
-
t
een
th c
entu
ry c
omfo
rta mong t
h
e
mountain b
eas
tsa nd t
hecl
amo r-
i
ngq u
iet J
ane
'sm ounta
in cab
in:one le
goft h
eZ epp i
sseen a
tright
.
Cozy a
nd conten
ted
,Jane si
t
si nherfa
vor- "
Fearno
t,Jane,yourprob
lem i st
helousy
i
t
ec ha
i r
, i
mme rsed i
nther
adianthea
tc oming g
round c
ond
ition t
ha
te x
ist
so ntha
t mountain
.
f
r
om h er wood s
t
ove
. J
ane r
eache
s f
o
r h
er T
he a
ggrega
te r
ock a
nd c
l
ay i
sfa
i
ling t
opr
es-
s
peake
rm ike. e
nt ac
oun
terpo
ise f
o
ryou
rsi
gna
l. Ip
lan t
o
"
This i
s KNOHPH
, H
erm
its P
refe
rHi
ll- s
end B
il
land Lar
ry u
pt ha
tm oun
tain o
fy ou
rs
t
op
s,m oni
tor
ing o
ntheC a
stle R
ock R
epea
ter
." t
obui
ld adecoup
ling l
oop f
o
ry ourZepp."
"
KBOHPH , t
h
is i
s KEONH ,Good Morn- "
Oh, my
. Tha
t
'sw onde
rfu
l
. W
ill Ib
eab
le
i
ng
,Jane." t
o make QS0sth
en?
"
"
Good Mo
rning
, Wes
, h
ow a
r
e y
ou t
h
is "You b
ety
ou w
i
ll. B
utp
rom
ise m
e o
ne
mo
rning?
" t
h
ing
..."
"
I
'm j
us
tfi
ne
. Wha
t's n
ew w
ith y
ou i
nth
e "
Anyth
ing
! Wha t
?"
F
our
th o
fJu
ly C
anyon?
" "
Keep ac
lose e
ye o
n B
i
ll a
nd L
arry
, b
e-
"We
ll
, We
s,m
aybe Is
hou
ld g
i
ve u
pon HF
. c
ause t
h
ey wil
l have s
harp t
oo
ls. Id
on'
twan
t
T
his i
sthe s
econd winte
r th
at Ihave b
een t
hem t
oh ur
tt h
emselves
."
p
umping af
u
llt wo w
att
s from my Ho
t Wa
ter
8in
to t
he A
ll B
and Z
epp
, a
nd s
t
i
ll n
obody E
ven i
fso
ilc
ond
it
ion
sint
h
isc
anyon w
ere
a
nswer
s me
." e
xce
llen
t, aq
uick g
l
anceatthepho
to a
bove
(
Con
tinued o
npage 2
8)
2
6
 8Minu
te I
.D
. T
imer
George D
eGraz
io, WFOK
E
verf
i
nd y
our
self i
d
ent
ify
ing y
ours
t
at
ion 5
55 o
utpu
tcan s
our
ce o
rsi
nk 2
00 mA
, a
nd
mo
r eof
ten t
han n
eces
sary b
ecause y
ou f
ee
l a t
h
eou
tpu
tand s
upp
ly a
reTr
',c
ompa
tib
le. I
n
s
ense o
funeas
iness a
tnotknowing h
ow long t
h
is appl
ication, the c
hip isconf
igured as a
i
t
'
sb een s
i
ncethela
stID,o
rb e
cause t
h
esta
tion o
ne-shot monostable opera
tion
. T he c
hip i
t-
w
ith whom you a
rec ommunica
ting j
ustid
en- s
e
lf can b
eo perated to+18VDC .
t
i
f
ied and y
ou ar
en'
ts ure? The n
ot
ion occu r
st h
atitw ou
ld b
ep os
sible t
o
H
ere
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imple c
ircui
tusing a555 t
ime
rI C i
n
stal
l acircu
itsuch a
sth
is i
n ahomeb
rewed
t
ha
twi
ll b
l
ink a
n LED a
tyou r
ough
ly e
i
ght t
r
ansceive
rt orem
ind t
heope
rato
ro fh
isorh
er
m
inu
tesafteryou r
ese
tthetimer
. T he h
ear
tof t
ime s
t
atu
s -o
nth
epane
l! H
oweve
r,p
or
tab
il
-
t
heci
rcu
iti sthe h
andy 5
55, which can t
ime i
t
yalow suse o
nthedashboa
rd wh
ile mobi
le.
f
r
om microseconds t
h
rough hours
,d epend
ing Th
is c
an b
e ahandy l
i
t
tle t
ime
r,a
nd i
sf un t
o
o
n t
he r
e
lat
ionsh
ip b
etween C
l a
nd R
1 (
s
ee u
se a
nd v
ery d
ependab
le. J
us
tdon
'tf
o
rge
tto
s
chema
tic
, p
age 4
0)
, a
nd t
h
eva
lue o
fCl
. r
e
seti
taf
tery
ourl
a
stI
D! (
Cont o
npage 4
0)
T
he r
u
le o
fth
umb
: t
h
e mo
re c
apac
itance a
t
C
l, t
h
elo
nge
rth
etime d
e
lay
. Is
e
lec
ted 2
20
1
4
Finp
ara
lle
lw ith 1
00/
.
4f b
ecause i
tac
tivated
t
h
eLED a
t ali
t
t
le over 8m
inu
tes,and Iwished
t
ohave ac
oup
le o
fminu
tes o
fbu
ffe
rbe
tween
t
h
eal
arm a
nd t
hee
nd o
fth
ete
n-m
inu
te t
ime
s
egmen
t.
Ap ower
-on i
ndica
tor LED wa
s a
dded a
sa
r
emindertha
tth
eu ni
tiso n
, s
i
nce i
tise
asy t
o
w
alk a
way f
r
om t
hes
hack wh
ile s
t
i
ll t
im
ing
a
nd t
h
eal
ertL
ED i
sof
f,o
n
ly t
ore
turn t
o ad
ead
b
at
tery.
I
na ddit
ion t
oth
ead
jus
tab
le d
uty c
yc
le,t
h
e
2
7
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age 2
6) "
Don
'ty
ou m
ean ad
ecoup
ling l
oop?
"
w
i
llgive t
h
ereade
r aconcep
to fth
ec ha
llenge
s "No
. Im
ean ad
ecoup
ling no
o
se.
.,f
o
ryou
r
f
a
cing J
ane a
nd h
er2-wattH ea
thkit n
eck
!"
J
ane s
pen
tth
ewin
ter o
f'9
2/93 p
erfec
ting U
sing 3
00 o
hm t
w
in l
e
ad,L
arry p
roceeded
h
er CQ onth
es t
raigh
tk ey a
nd s
t
rengthen
ing t
owind a7
-tu
rn l
oop
, 18
"i nd
iameter
. Heused
h
erwris
t,bu
tr e
ceived v
ery f
ew a
nswe
r stohe
r p
l
ast
ic ga
rbage b
ag ti
esand e
le
ctrica
l t
ape t
o
b
eck a
nd c
a
ll
. h
old t
h
ewind
ing
sto
gethe
r. B
i
llt
hen s
p
liced
B
i
llw
armed h
i
shand
sove
rth
ewood s
t
ove t
h
elo
op i
n
to t
h
e300 o
hm f
e
ed l
i
ne o
nJane
's
a
sL a
rry r
ea
ched f
o
rano
the
rofJ
ane
'sf
amou
s Z
epp
.
p
ancake
s. "We
're r
e
ady f
o
rth
esmoke t
e
st
," h
o
lle
red
"
Bi
ll
,doy
ou t
h
ink t
he
se p
ancake
sar
ere
- B
i
llasLarry r
eached f
o
ra no
the
rp ancake
.
a
ly t
h
isg
ood
,ord
oyou t
h
ink i
t
'
sth
eid
ea t
h
at J
ane a
s
sumed theope
rat
ing p
os
it
ion,l o
aded
J
ane h
ad t
osnow
shoe s
i
xmi
lesf
o
rth
ein
gre
- t
h
ean
tenna w
ith h
er MF
Jan
tenna t
une
r,a
nd
d
i
ent
s t
h
atmake
sth
em s
pec
ial?
" b
egan t
ohamme
rou
t a"
CQ"o
n 1
5me
ter
s.
"
Id on
't know, b
ut y
ou had b
et
ter s
ave KBOHPH deDJ9NG DJ9NG DJ9NG
a
nothe
rp ancake f
o
rmeor Iw
i
llshow you h
ow GM J
ane
. .UrRST i
s5 59 5
59 i
nHe
ide
,
t
omake ad
ecoup
ling n
oose
!" G
ermany
.

J
ane
, w
i
th m
outh a
gape a
nd e
yes l
i
ke s
aucer
s, g
ree
ts Hor
st, DJ9NG
, w
i
th h
er n
ervou
sfi
st
.

"Whati
syour s
ecretin
gered
ient?
"asked L
arry a
sher e
ached f
o
rano
the
rpancake
.
"
J
u s
ttheri
ghtst
uf f
," r
ep
lied J
ane
. "
Justth
er i
ghtst
uff
."

F
or ad
i
agram o
fJane
'sZ
epp a
nd d
ecoup
ling l
o
op,s
ee p
age 4
3

2
8
 2
0/20 H
ind
sigh
t
I -L
ook
ing B
ack I
n
to P
astI
s
sues •U
pda
tes & E
labora
tion
s

Au
tumn
, 1
993 I
ssue
, V
ariab
le Bandpass F
ilter
,page 1
2:
E
tch
ing pa
ttern a
nd p
art
splacemen
tdiagram

Dynam
ite DX D
ipo
lesU
pda
te
(
Autumn
, 1
993 I
s
sue
)

We
sFa
rnswo
rth
's (
KEONH
) a
r
t
icle o
ndecoup
ling a
ntenna
sfr
om g
round t
oprov
ide a
p
roperc
ounterpoise
,a l
ong with o
uri
n
terv
iew w
ith NOKEP, B
ill Mason
,
i
lus
trat
ing s
ome pract
ical e
xten
sionsofs
ame int
heform o
flow-angle r
ad
iat
ing
p
ara
llel d
ipo
les,areelabora
ted u
pon b
yLar
ry Fe
ick, NFOZ
,and B
il
l,w ho
t
ravel
led toJane Wodening
's (
KBOHPH ) moun
tain h
ome
. La
rry t
e
lls t
h
e
s
t
ory i
nth
is i
s
sue
, r
e
lat
ing t
h
eapp
lica
tion o
fth
elo
op t
o J
ane
'sZ
epp
a
ntenna
. I
fyou e
n
joyed t
h
epr
evious a
r
tic
les
,bes
u
ret
o
n
ote t
h
ear
t
icle o
npage 2
6he
rein
. A
nd i
nca
se y
ou w
erewonder
ing
a
bou
tin
sta
ll
ing a d
ecoup
ling loop o
n ave
rtica
l antenna
, w
ehave
p
rov
ided asuggest
ion o
np age 30
.

2
9
(
20
/20 H
inds
igh
t, C
ont
inued f
r
om p
age 2
9)

I
nsta
llat
ion o
f Decoup
ling Loop o
n a Ver
tica
l Antenna

We
s, KEONH
, t
e
l
ls u
sth
att
h
isc
on-
f
i
gura
tion o
fth
edec
,oup
ling l
o
op o
na
v
er
tica
lan
tenna w
il
lw ork j
ustfi
ne
,and
t
h
att h
era
dia
ls may b
ee l
imina
ted! We
h
ave y
e
ttop
ro
totype t
h
isi
d
ea,s
oify
ou
a
r
ein
ter
ested
,have a
tita
nd l
e
tusk
now
t
h
ere
sults
!

Decoup
ling L
oop
(
Rad
ials m ay be e
l
iminated
)
T
r
ipod
R
oof Moun
t
(
The l
oop m
ay r
est o
n t
he t
r
ipod
)

NWQRP 3
0/30 T
ran
smi
tter
A
utumn
, 1
993 I
s
sue

R
6int
h
esc
hema
tic i
sli
s
ted a
s22k
52,b
uti
nth
epa
rtsl
i
sta
s2.
21Q
;
T
he c
or
rec
tva
lue i
s2.
2k1
2

T
he i
n
duc
torL
i i
sshown a
s181
4H onth
eschemat
ic, b
ut 1
8 MH i
nth
epa
rtsl
i
st
;
The c
or
rec
tva
lue i
s18pH

WUPS!
Yup
,weg
oof
ed.
..t
h
edead
line f
o
r
Mov
ing?
t
h
eRIG
-O-
RA MA C
onte
st
i
sno
tre
ally 1
0 mon
thsprior P
lease n
otify u
s o
fyou
rnew
t
othed
ate o
fourla
stis
sue! a
ddress -t
he P
osta
l S
erv
ice
S
0000,w eex
tended th
ed eadl
ine w
il
l n
ota
utoma
tica
lly f
orward
t
oa low t
ime f
orin
terested
y
ourc
opies o
f Hambrew
!
p
ar
tiestocook u
p awinne r
!
S
ee p
age 6forthe
c
orrec
tin
fo. •

3
0
 The D
i-Conica
l
Monopole An
tennna
D
ave C
lingerman
, W6OAL
O
lde A
ntenna L
ab,4
725 W
. Q
uincy
, D
enve
r, CO 8
0236

T
he Olde An
tenna L
ab fr
om time t
otime i
s b
ounce of
ft he mounta
ins a
nd g
ive u
s some
c
omm is
sioned t
odes
ign and c
rea
te s
ome ra
the
r w
eird s
ounding s
igna
lso re
ven al
osst
hereof
.
u
nique and i
nnovat
ive a
ntennas t
om eetcus
- S
ome o
ft hese e
f
fectsar
ed ue t
o mu
lt
ipath
. A
t
omer r
equ
iremen
ts. T
he mos
t r
e
cen
tbi
tof s
i
gna
l tha
th a
sjustra
tt
led ondown acanyon
i
nnova
tion w
as ar
eque
stt
oeng
inee
r as
imp
le, m
ay no
tc ome toy ourveh
icle w
ith t
hesame
u
nobtru
sive antenna th
at would re
spond to p
o
lar
iza
tion b
y which i
twasor
igina
lly p
ropa
-
b
oth v
er
tica
la nd ho
rizon
talpo
la r
izat
ion i
nthe g
a
ted
. This i
sal
so th
ecase i
nth
e HF band
: (3
VHF band (30-300 MHz )
, specif
ical
ly 146 -
30 MHz
). Once t
hew
ave f
r
onto
f ac
er
tain
MHz
. A
n a
ntenna d
es
igned t
o mee
t t
he
se p
ola
rizat
ion h
as b
een r
e
frac
ted b
y t
he i
ono
-
s
pec
ifica
tion
sisd
es
tined t
ore
side o
nth
eaf
ter s
phere
,itisa
nyone
'sgue
ssw ha
tthep
olar
iza
-
p
or
tion o
f ab
a
lloon
-bo
rne p
ayload
. T
he p
ay- t
i
on w
i
llb
eonce i
tre
turn
stoE
arth
.
l
o
ad w
i
ll c
i
rcle t
h
epo
larr
eg
ion o
fAn
tarc
tica An an
tenna t
hat i
ssensi
tive t
oo n
ly one
e
a
rly i
n1994
. T
his p
ro
jec
tisu
nde
rth
ele
ade
r- p
o
lar
iza
tion,i
n many i
n
stances
,isat al
o
ss. An
s
h
ip o
fDr
. N
orm K
jome
, P
hys
icsP
rofe
sso
r, a
n
tenna t
h
ate
xhib
itss
ens
it
ivi
ty t
obo
th v
e
rti
-
Un
ive
rsi
ty o
f Wyom
ing
. D
r
. K
jome h
asb
een c
a
land h
or
izon
tal p
o
lar
iza
tion
,prov
iding i
tis
c
reat
ing a
nd f
l
ying b
a
lloon
-borne s
cient
ific n
o mo
re o
btru
sive t
h
an ad
ualb
and v
er
tica
lor
p
ayload
sfory
earsa
nd ha
stohi
scred
itn umer- aH
alo
, s
hou
ld c
er
tain
ly f
i
nd a
ppl
ica
tion w
ith
o
uss
ucces
ses. t
he a
bove
-ci
ted VHF s
itua
tion. An added
Now
,n otal o
fusf
l
ypay
load
saround t
h
e b
enef
it i
stha
t o
nly o
ne antenna w
ould be
c
ont
inen
tofA
nta
rct
ica
,bu
tsuch a
nan
tenna r
e
quir
ed t
osuppo
rto
pera
tionsu
s
ing t
h
emu
lt
i-
may s
t
i
ll h
ave a
ppl
ica
tion t
oth
e e
veryday mode r
i
gs o
ftoday
. When o
pera
ting i
nth
e
h
am. Mob i
ling a
round t
he Fron
t R ange o
f S
SB mode on VHF/UHF, almos
t al
l ofthe
C
olorado
, th
ere a
re many t
imes ou
r signa
ls f
i
xed (
home QTH) (Con
tinued onpage 3
2)
3
1
(
Cont
inued f
r
om page 3
1) s
o th
atw e c
ould d
o a
n e
valua
tion. The r
e
-
s
t
at
ionsarehor
izonta
lly p
ola
rized
, w
hile o
ur s
ponse w
asgreat
, s
oone w
asc on
struc
ted f
o
r
FM repea
teropera
tion i
sju
stt
heoppo
site
. A X
-band (10 GHz reg
ion)
,a nd i
twa
sp l
aced a
t
s
ing
le antenna t
ha
tw i
ll a
l
low y
ou t
oo pe
rate t
hefocu
so fth
es p
inning s
pade
. We fo
und i
tto
b
o
th mode
sw h
ile mob
ile h
ast
obecos
t-e
ffec- work q
ui
te s
at
isfactor
ily
.
t
i
ve a
nd m aybe e
ven wife
-app
roved
. T his The li
t
tle o
b
jectj
ustcrea
ted r
esembled a
b
r
ingsu
sback t
oDr
. K
jome
s'r
eques
tfo
rhi
s t
oy "
top
" in away
. R
efer
ring t
oth
is o
bjecta
s
s
pac
ecra
ft VHF a
ntenna J
u
sth
ow d
i
dsu
ch a
n a"
Top A
ntenna
" d
idn
't s
ound l
i
ke a v
ery
a
n
tenna come a
bout? t
e
chnica
l name, s
o as
ea
rch ofma
th book
so n
Are
sea
rch e
ffo
rtwa
su nde
rtaken t
ofi
nd a
n c
onic s
e
ction
sw as u
nder
taken
,fo
llowed bya
a
ntenna t
hat w
ould mee
t the r
equiremen
ts s
ea
rch ina
n
tenna r
e
ferenc
ebooks
,butne
ithe
r
w
hich l
ed t
o t
he e
xplo
rat
ion o
f T
r
i-p
lane s
ugges
ted a
n ap
t name. Idec
ided t
otry a
O
rthog
ina
lTu
rns
ti
les
,En
twined L
oop
sand a l
ogica
l a
pproach t
odescr
ibe t
heob
jec
twhich
my
riad o
fot
herc
onf
igur
ation
s. S
ince v
er
tica
l wentsome
thing l
i
ke t
h
is: Si
nce ap
a
irofc
ones
a
nd h
o
rizon
talh
ad t
ober
ece
ived a
tal a
ngle
s, w
ith ac
ommon apex i
sknown as"B
i-con
ica
l",
i
ts
eemed t
oust
ha
tth
edev
ice s
omehow had t
o t
he d
iamet
rica
lly o
pposi
tiona
l di
splacement
b
eround i
nst
ruc
ture
. o
f tho
se cone s employ
ing a c
ommon base
A
tone ti
me when Iw
asdoing s
ome R&D mus
tt hen l
o
gical
ly benamed t
he"D
i-Con
ical
w
ork i
nth
e fie
ld o
fElec
tron
ic Coun
termea
- Monopole Antenna"
.
s
ure
s, w
e h
ad a r
equ
iremen
t t
o d
eve
lop a T
he theory behind the Di-Conica
l
s
pec
ial D
irect
ion
-Find
ing S
ystem
; spec
ial i
n Monopo
le An
tenna a
nd why i
two
rksrequ
ire
s
t
ha
ti tn
oto n
ly DF t
hesi
gna
l ofin
teres
t,but ap
arag
raph o
rsoo
fexp
lana
tion
. Emp
loyed a
t
a
l
so i
nd
ica
te i
fth
e s
i
gna
l w
as v
er
tica
lly o
r t
heN a
tional Labo
ratorie
s inBoulder
, C o
lo-
h
orizonta
lly po
lar
ized. We h ad a s
pinning r
ado
, Isoon b
ecame acqua
int
ed w
ith am ode o
f
r
e
flecto
rs ys
tem th
atw eused f
orsome X-band o
pera
tion u
sed t
ore
ceive v
er
tica
la nd h
or
izon-
w
o rk
, cons
ist
ing of a"
spade"
-looking r
ef
lec- t
a
l polar
iza
tion c
al
led "s
lant ri
ght"
. t h
is is
t
o
rthat d
irec
ted e
nergy i
n
to a
n o
pen
-ended a
ch
ieved th
rough t
heuse o
f aver
tica
lly p
ola
r-
w
aveguide
, so w
e used t
h
is a
s o
ur s
ta
rting i
z
ed b
i
-con
icalar
ray
. The ar
ray i
sth
en o
utf
it
-
p
o
int t
e
dwith as
lan
ted po
lar
izing g
r
id (s
ee f
i
gure
N
ext
, w
e n
eeded s
ome s
or
tofg
eome
tric b
e
low
). T
he g
r
id c
ause
s av
ene
tian b
l
ind e
f
fec
t
s
hap
e th
atw ou
ld have al
it
tle b
andwid
th a
nd
b
e sens
itive to ver
tica
l a nd hor
izon
tal
w
ave
fronts
. We exper
imented intwo-d
imen -
s
i
ona
l fi
gures t
otryand v
i
sualize someth
ing
t
h
atw ou
ld besu
itab
le. Whatl ooked f
eas
ible
w
as ac
oup
le o
fequ
ila
tera
l t
r
iang
les c
onf
ig-
u
red w
ith ac
ommon b
ase
. Ift
heapex o
fone
o
fthe t
r
iang
leswa
s t
hefeedpo
intand o
ne o
f
t
h
e s
i
des w
asp
laced n
ear ag
round p
lane b
ut
s
l
igh
tly e
levated f
r
om t h
eh orizonta
l, th
eo b-
j
e
ctw ou
ld have n
otquite aperfec
tly ho
rizon-
t
a
l c
ompon entand no
tq u
ite ap er
fect
ly vert
i-
c
a
lcomponent T
hisw
ould b
egr
eatf
o
rce
rta
in
a
ng
lesb
utn
ota
l
. We s
aw t
h
ati
fth
etr
i
ang
les
w
ere t
o b
ecome c
ones
, t
he b
ase b
ecame a
d
iame
ter
, t
hus w
e h
ad a
lmos
t v
er
tica
l a
nd
a
lmo
st h
or
izon
tal c
omponen
ts a
tal a
ngle
s.
O
ne w
asc
ons
truc
ted t
h
atw
as aq
uar
terw
ave
- o
nther
ece
ived wave f
r
ont Whethe
rt hewave
l
e
ngth a
pex t
oapex
,atS
-band (
2 GHz r
e
gion
), f
r
ont i
sver
tica
l or h
or
izon
tal
, itwil
l be a
f-
3
2
f
ec
tec
l b
yth
epo
lar
izing g
r
id. T
his e
f
fectwi
ll 4
5° w
hen t
h
e e
qua
tor
ial r
i
ng o
r b
ase o
f t
he
c
ause t
h
ein
com
ing ene
rgy toa
r
rive a
tth
ebi- d
evice i
s45
°to ah
or
izon
tal g
round p
lane
.
c
onical'
s r
ece
iving e
l
emen ti
nan at
ti
tude t
o A monopole p
erpend
icular t
o aground
t
r
an sfer amax
imum l e
vel o
f e
nergy t
othe p
l
ane w
il
le xh
ibi
t ate
rminalimpedance o
f36
t
r
ansm
iss
ion l
i
ne a
nd u
l
tima
tely t
h
ere
ceiv
ing o
hms
. T
ocau
se t
h
eimp
edancet
oapp
roach 5
0
s
y
stem
. o
hms
,th
ebe
sta
nd mo
std
i
rec
tway i
stos
t
ub-
T
he D
i-Con
ica
l D
ipo
le A
ntenna u
ses t
h
e t
une t
h
e r
ad
iat
ing e
l
emen
t a
tth
e f
eedpo
int
.
s
l
antr
i
ghtp
r
inc
iple f
o
rit
s mode o
fal
-ang
le Ano
the
rme
thod i
stob
end t
her
ad
iat
ing e
l
e-
r
ecep
tion o
fver
tical
ly and h
or
izonta
lly p
olar
- men
tt owa
rd t
heground p
lane
,in
creasing t
he
i
z
ed e ne
rgy b
y e mploy
ing th
e phys
ical con
- c
apaci
tance o
f t
he c
ircu
it
. Nw b es
ide s d
e-
f
i
gura
tion o
fth
erec
eiv
ing e
l
emen
tit
se
lf. A s
t
roy
ing a
nal
ready p
oorp
a
tter
n
,th
ein
crea
sed
p
o
intt
obem
ade h
ere i
sth
efa
ctt
h
at av
er
tica
l c
apac
itance l
owe
rst
h
ere
sonance p
o
into
fth
e
monopo
le a
n
tenna w
i
llr
ece
ive am
aximum o
f a
ntenna
. T
he D
i-Con
ica
l Monopo
le, b
e
ing
v
er
tica
lly p
o
lar
ized e
nergy w
hen i
tisa
l
igned b
road in t
he m
iddle
, has areduced Q a
nd
p
erpend
icu
lar
ly toi
t
s g
round p
lane
. Ifth
at t
here
fore ab
roade
rb andwid
th than as
k
inny
monopo
le i
sben
to u
tof t
he v
er
tica
l, t
h
e re
- r
ad
iato
r,
c
e
ived s
i
gnal w
ill d
ecrease a
t alevel cons
is- Q_— (
X Lo
r X C)
IR.
t
en
t w
ith t
he cosine func
tion of the angle T
he g
eome
try o
ft h
eD i
-Conica
lcause
sth
e
b
e
tween t
here
ceiv
ing elementand th
ea ngle o
f p
at
terntonotbe per
turbed when l
e
aned t
o
-
t
hew ave fr
ontE -f
ield po
larity
. O n
ly h
alf t
h
e wa
rd t
he g
roundplane a
swould b
e ask
inny
p
owe rof avert
ical
ly po
la r
ized wave f
r
ontwil
l r
ad
iato
r. The i
mpedance i
svery c
lo
se t
o50
b
er e
ceived when there
ceiving el
ementisatan o
hms o
ver ab
road b
and
, a
lowing a 1
.0: 1
a
ngle of45d egrees
: VSWR o
verabou
t30 MHz i
nth
e VHF band
,
C
osine 45° =.0707 o
r a20% bandw id
th. Const
ruction of aDi
-
20L og 0.707 =- 3dB
. C
onica
lD ipole r
equi
resth
ec on
s truc
tion o
fa
Any st
raigh t length of t
he Di
-Con ical p
a
ir ofcone
sw ith acommon base (s
eefigu
re
Monopole o bserved f r
om any angle never b
e
low )
. The b
ase i
sm ade o
f afl
at r
i
ng of
r
ea
che s as
ine angle of45°or ac
os
ine ang
le of c
oppe
ro rb
ra
ssabou
t (Cont
inued o
npage 3
4)

3
3
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age 3
3) Moun
t ac
oax
ialc
onne
cto
rofc
ho
ice i
nth
e
3
/8" w
ide (
abig wa
sher
). The l
e
ngth o
fth
e c
enter o
f t h
e ground plane o
r center o
f a
s
ide o
fth
eantenna i
nin
che
si sf
ound b
y v
eh
icle roo
f. So
ldero ne o
ftheend c
apstothe
2
800 /FMHz
. c
oax fi
t
ting cen
terp i
n, making s
ure t
hatthe
T
he di
ame terofth
ebase s
hou
ld b
eapprox
i- p
l
ane o
f t
h
e b
ase r
i
ng i
s45
° t
oth
e g
round
m
ate
ly 5% l e
sst
han t
h
eleng
th oft
h
eside o
fa p
l
ane
. T h
is pos
it
ioning wi
ll a
l
low the an
-
s
i
ngle cone
. t
e
nna
's v
er
tica
lplane
(s) a
tany a
ngle t
onever
T
he b
ase m
ay b
econ
struc
ted b
yfi
r
stl
a
ying b
eexac
tly v
er
tica
l n
ore
xac
tly 4
5deg
ree
sou
t
o
utt
h
eci
rcle f
o
rth
eou
tside o
fth
eri
ng o
na o
fv er
tica
l. The s
ame w
i
ll a
pply f
o
rth
eho
ri-
s
hee
t o
f c
oppe
r o
r b
rass
, t
h
en s
c
rib
ing t
h
e z
ontal component
i
n
side c
i
rcle w
ith 3
/8
" l
e
ssr
a
diu
s. Af
l
ycu
tte
r U
se d
i
elec
tric ma
ter
ial b
etween t
h
e b
ase
c
an beu
sed f
orth
ecutt
ing
, b
utg r
eatc
aut
ion r
i
ng a
nd g
round p
l
ane toh
o
ld th
eantenna i
n
mus
t bee
xerc
ised w
ith t
h
is me
thod: u
se o
f p
l
ace
. This "p
rop" c
an b
e made o
f ny
lon,
v
i
ses a
nd c
l
amp
s t
ose
cure t
he w
ork
, a
nd a t
e
flon® o
rdu
ral
l® ; c
heck w
ith al
oca
l p
l
ast
ic
s
a
fety e
xtende
rba
ron t
he l
e
vero
f t
h
e d
r
il
l s
uppl
ier
. The prop i
snotched a
tth
e t
op to
p
re
ssa
rere
commended. A
nalterna
te m
ethod a
t
tach t
oth
ean
tenna r
i
ng,a
nd i
sse
curedw
ith
i
stod
r
il
l t
hree o
rfou
rsma
ll ho
lestoin
serta as
crew
. Ah ole isd
r
illed t
h
rough t
heg
round
c
op
ing s
aw me
talb
lade
,whe
reupon t
h
eci
rc
les p
l
ane,and t
h
ep rop i
ssecu
red t
oitw
i
th as
crew
c
an b
e s
awed b
yhand. f
r
om th
eb ot
tom .
The cones a
re o
f s
kele
tal cons
truc
tion T
he o
r
igina
lcr
eat
ion o
fth
is a
n
tenna h
ad a
(
s
pines
/rods
). Ir
ecommend nol
ess t
han e
igh
t d
es
igned c
enterfr
equency of 146 MHz and
s
p
ines t
obe u
sed i
nthecons
truc
tion o
feach e
xh
ibi
ted af
l
atV S WR r
esponse o
f1.
0: 1from
c
one
. Making ap
ape
rtempla
te o
fthefl
atri
ng 1
30 t
o170 M
I-lz
. The p
at
tern i
shemisphe
rica
l
f
ac
il
itate
su s
ing ap
rotrac
tortodivide t
hecirc
le w
ith very l
i
ttle d
egrada
tion i
n s
i
gna
l l
e
vel
f
o
rl ayoutoft h
erods
. T he s
ide ofeach cone b
e
tween v er
tica
land hor
izon
tal
.
w
il
l bea pprox
imately 1/8 w
avelength atthe 73
,
l
owestfrequency o
fc on
templated opera
tion
. Dave -W6OAL
Af
ter t
he s
pine
s are s
olde
red toth
e ba
se
r
i
ng, t
heapexe
so fth
es p
inesc an b
eso
lde
red Note
: I
fy ou w
ould l
i
ke t
oh ave aDi
-Con
ica
l
t
oge
therin
to as ma
llcopperend c
ap
. Iused a Monopole b
utdon
'twish t
ob u
ild o
ne
,con
tac
t
3
/
8"p l
umb e
r'scoppercap
. Cons
truc
t aground Dave a
t
p
l
ane tha
t is0.5 w ave
length a
tt he d
esign T
he Olde Ant
enna L
ab
f
r
equency
: 4
725 W. Quincy
, D
enver
, CO 8
0236
D
iame
ter(
gnd p
l
ane
) =5
880 /F MHz
. (
303
)7 98-5926
• • •

3
4
 Mod
ify
ing The F
ire
-Ba
ll
R
oger J
.Wende
ll
, WBOJNR

Hav
ing always b
een f
ascina
ted w
ith QRP a
s
semb
led a
sadve
rtised
. I
tto
ok a
bou
tanh
our
(
l
ess t
han 5wat
ttransm
issions
), Id
ecided t
o t
os o
ldert hecoax connector
s, T
/R re
lay, 10
g
eti
nvo
lved a
t much l
owerleve
ls o
fpowerin t
urn po
t,and tr
ansmi
tter module (
anosc
illa
tor
e
a
rly '
9
3. Ib
egan byconcen
trat
ing my e
f
for
ts u
sed inpersona
lc omputers)toth
ep r
e-etched
a
tou
tpu
tle
vels o
fle
ss t
han o
ne w
att(
des
ig- c
i
r cu
itb oa
rd.
n
ated QRPp)
. I
no rde
ring t
he k
it
, Is
elec
ted ac
rys
tal f
re
-
A
fte
r a wh
ile
, If
ound t
ha
t c
ontac
ts w
ere q
uency o
f2 8
.060 Mhztoputmyfl
ea
-pow e
red
b
ecom
ing r
e
lat
ive
ly r
out
ine
, e
ven w
ith a t
r
ansm
itte
r o
n t
h
e "
i
nterna
tiona
l" QRP CW
d
owntu
rn inpropagat
ion
. A tp
owerleve
ls o
f c
a
lling f
requency
. B y s
imp
ly plugg
ing t
he
2
50 t
o5 00 m
il
liwatt
s, Iwa
sw o
rking mo
stof t
r
ansmit
ter
'ssuppl
ied c
ab
lesbetwe
en m yt
r
an-
t
h
eU.S
., C
anada a
nd Mex
ico o
n av
ar
iety o
f s
c
ieve
r(t
he F
i
re-Ba
ll
'sT
/R r
e
lay w
i
llp
as
s 1
00
HF b
and
s w
ith at
r
apped v
er
tica
l
. w
att
s t
h
rough f
or QRO o
pera
ting
) a
nd t
he
T
he t
ime h
ad a
r
rived f
o
reven mo
re s
e
riou
s c
oax t
o my v
er
tica
l -Iw
aso
nth
eai
r
.
QRPp l
e
vel
s. P
eru
sing t
h
eva
riou
sham maga
- T
he s
e
tup wo
rked g
rea
t, e
xcep
t t
ha
t t
he
z
i
nes
, Is
t
umb
led a
c
ros
sana
dfo
r at
r
ansm
itte
r d
ang
ling w
ire
s, c
onnec
tor
sand b
at
tery p
ack
k
i
tth
atb
oas
ted 1
0mi
lliw
att
s (
t
hat
's o
ne h
un- "
powe
rsupp
ly" (
noti
n
cluded i
nth
eki
t) w
ere
d
red
th o
f aw
att
) o
fou
tpu
tpowe
r. T
his "
pos
t- ab
i
tuns
igh
tly
,ina
ddi
tion t
obe
ing m
echan
i-
a
ge s
t
amp
"-s
ized t
r
ansm
itte
rca
lled t
h
eFi
re- c
a
lly f
r
agi
le. T
ocl
ean t
h
ing
sup ab
i
t
. Id
ec
ided
B
al
l w
as b
e
ing o
f
fer
ed b
y Sm
ith E
nte
rpr
ise
s' t
o moun
tevery
thing
, i
nc
lud
ing t
hef
our AA
a
t ar
ea
sonab
le p
r
ice
. Iq
u
ick
ly o
rde
red o
ne. c
e
llp
owe
rsupp
ly,i
n
to a
nol
d 5X 3X 2i
n
ch
T
he t
r
ansm
itte
r, a
l
ong w
ith as
equen
tia
lly a
l
uminum c
hass
is b
ox.
n
umbe
red m
embe
rsh
ip c
er
tif
ica
te,a
r
rived u
n- With af
u
ll t
ime j
ob,wife
,kidsand g
radua
te
'S
ee e
nd o
far
t
icle f
o
radd
ress s
chool
, Ih
ad l
i
t
tle t
ime (
Cont
inued o
npage 3
6)
3
5
(
Con
tinued F
rom P
age 3
5) i
ngtot
h
echas
sis w
al
l. Th
eO n
/Of
fs wi
tch
,key
f
o
rc ons
truc
tion "
a
rt"
. N ever
the
less
, Iw
as j
ack
, a
nd SO
-239 w e
re al
l mounted t
o t
he
a
b
le t
oqu
ickly a
nd ta
ste
fully moun
tt h
eFire
- c
hass
is box u
s
ing c
onvent
ional m
ethod
s.
B
al
ltr
ansmit
terand i
t
sa s
socia
ted pe
riphe
ral
s Labe
ling wa
salso a
ccompl
ished i
nane a
sy
i
n
to t
h
eb ox i
n amat
terofh ou
rs. a
nd i
n
expens
ive f
a
shion w
ith t
he u
se o
f a
n
T
he F
i
re-Ba
lli
sadve
rt
ised a
sbe
ing "
pos
tage e
ngrav
ing p
en. F
orp
hotog
raph
ic c
l
ari
ty, I
s
t
amp
"si
zed
. I
nre
al
ity i
ti
sabou
tasb
i
gaso
ne h
ave a
t
tached af
ew s
e
lf
-st
ick
ing s
t
r
ipsf
r
om a
o
ftho
se l
a
rge w
ate
rfow
lst
amp
sand p
osse
sse
s h
and l
abe
ler
. T
he t
wo c
hass
is h
a
lve
s w
ere
a
n a
lmo
st u
nmea
surab
le w
eigh
t. B
eing s
o t
h
en secured t
oge
the
r w
ith f
our m
ach
ine
l
i
ght
, itwa
s e
asy t
osimply mountin
to p
lac
e s
c
rew
s.
w
ith s
o
lde
r. T
his w
asaccompl
ished b
yso
lder
- The f
i
nished produc
t,inmyop
inion,issupe
-
i
ngt
h
eci
rcu
itb
oard g
round s
t
r
ip d
i
rec
tly t
oa r
i
ortotheo r
iginalkitint
ha
titi
sm echan
ical
ly
5
"piece o
f16gauge w
ire s
t
rung b
etween l
ugs s
ound
, a
es
the
tica
lly p
l
eas
ing a
nd e
as
ier t
o
s
ecu
red toth
et wo c
oax connec
tors
. T hese c
onnect " i
n-l
ine " b
etween the a
ntenna a
nd
SO-239 c
onnectors a
re s
ecured a
toppos
i te r
eceive
r.
e
nds ofthe e
nc
losure and p
rovide p
l
enty of T
he en
tire pro
jectwasinexpens
ive and t
ook
s
t
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omple
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3
6
 S
tock F
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acturer

F
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A
rt
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onc
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s
o
npage 4
2

1
3 cm M
icro Whee
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WHEEL H
orizon
tal
ly P
ola
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eacons

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llS
tackab
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?
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ini Whee
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trn
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. Q
uincy •Denver, CO •8
0236
A
TV (
303
)7 98-5926
3
7
(
Con
tinued f
r
om p
age 2
0) Cons
truc
tion No
tes
T
he m
easu
remen
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ken a
f
tert
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as
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f
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tance f
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t
tach t
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e
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b
oom
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he d
r
iven e
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ire s
hou
ld b
e m
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tached a
to ne c
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r o
fone o
f t
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fyou p
l
an t
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eth
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o
rsimp
lex 2m
ete
r
e
l
emen ts
preaderarms
. T
he e
xt
ra t
wo i
nche
s FM c
ontac
ts,b
esu
re t
omoun
tth
equad t
oyou
r
o
fwireo
neach e
nd o
fth
edr
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l
emen
twi
ll ma
storpo
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otha
tthefe
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round o
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fth
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p
reade
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tenna r
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a
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ou h
ave f
unbu
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ing th
equad
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h
at
y
ou a
rehappy w
ith t
h
er e
sul
ts! •••

H
ow about av
ery inexpen
sive s
olu
tion to
t
h
ea ge
-old c
abinet
/case d
ilemma for t
ha
t
n
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-too
-tal
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A VHS v
id
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sse
ttes
t
orage b
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an l
ook

B
ingo
!
p
ret
ty s
l
ick w
i
th whi
tet
ransf
erty
pe c
ont
rol
l
abe
ls(
acoa
tof h
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pray makes t
h
em
more p
ermanent
) and i
tha
s ap
op-
top
!A
g
reatidea f
rom KEONH.

3
8
 F
ree Hamb
rew C
lass
ified Ads
We
've E
xpanded T
hisS
erv
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oCommer
cia
lSubsc
riber
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Hambr ew w illprovide o ne cl
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ied adp er issue f r
eeo fc h
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ThanksF or Being A Hambr ew S ubsc riber!

N
eophyt
eRoundup

3
0 Me
ter Neophy
te

Y
ou are cordialy invited t
os end along a
ny photos
a
nd/or i nforma t
ion o n mods made toy our
Neophy te Receiver
t
obes hown i no u
r Neophy te Roundup in1994!
E
ven ify ou bui
lt astock ki
tw i
thout modif
icat
ion s
,
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ike tosee h
ow you
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nd tellusa bou tit
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And b
eont
he l
ookoutfort
he Neophy
te R
oundup
i
n Hambrew i
n'94
!

3
9
C
ont
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r
om p
age 2
7

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l b
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w
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N
EW D e
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t a
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rate wi
th a
f
a
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ting, n
on-
flammab le so
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p
opu
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ray
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vaporates qu
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ly, co
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cludes th
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4
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Par
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2365
S
ASE f
or i
nf
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Ear
th F
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ly T
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log
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QRPp L
ow P
ower Award

PURPOSE
: Topromote t
heenjoymentof l
ow p
owe
rope
rat
ing w
hile d
emon
stra
ting i
t
s
u
sefu
lne
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A WARD
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BENEF
ITS
: Byencourag
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ow p
oweropera
tion
s, i
tisb
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lieved t
ha
tth
ea r
t
, hobby
, and
p
rofes
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ssoc
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ith RF c
ommunicat
ionswi
llhave ag
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ternumbero
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s
k
illed and c
ompetentopera
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sposa
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naddi
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,lowerle
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QRM and RH wil
l b
eexpe
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e
ssp
re
ssu
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l
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nth
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E
arth
's r
e
source
s.
RULES
: A
ny a
u
tho
rized a
mat
eurf
r
equency a
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gal mode o
fcommun
ica
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e
u
t
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rson
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pplying f
orth
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rd mu
std
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stra
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oth
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s
a
tisfac
tion o
ftheCert
ificate Manager
, t
hefo
llow
ing
:
1
.Tha
tt h
ea pp
lican
t'
str
ansmit
tero
utpu
tp owerd
ur
ing t
hep
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fqual
ify
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c
ommunicat
ions,wasaccu
rate
ly m
easured t
obel
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h
an o
ne w
att(QRPp)
.
2
.T hat t
he d
istance b
etween t
he a
ppl
icant
's t
ran
sm i
tting a
ntenna a
nd t
h
e
r
e
ceiving s
ta
tion wasover 1
00 k
i
lometers (
6
3 mi
les)
.
3
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tnoar
tif
icia
lm eansofa c
tive r
e
lay wa
su sed t
ocomple
te t
hec ommuni
-
c
a
tion
s (
i
.e
., r
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ate
lli
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ansponde
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gipea
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s, l
and
-lines
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c.)
.
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fo fthe i
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urora
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uilding
s, a
i
rcraf
tb od
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o
the
rp as
sive ref
lectorsareaccep
table a
nd encou
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APPL
ICAT
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:A. S
end a s
i
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t
atemen
t t
o t
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e C
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if
ica
te Manage
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f
firm
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4
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4
4
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Colo
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4
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CHASS
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4
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