Concepts of modern grid

Dr. K. R. Niazi
Professor in Electrical Engineering
Malaviya National Institute of Technology
JAIPUR-INDIA

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

4. Concepts of modern grid.

Goal
Upgrade the grid in Smart way

Smart Grid

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 MICROGRIDS

A Microgrid is defined as, “ a group of

interconnected loads and distributed energy
resources within clearly defined electrical
boundaries that acts as a single controllable
entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can
connect and disconnect from the grid to enable
it to operate in both grid-connected or island
modes”

3
 Microgrid Features

Controllable
Loads
Controllable
Loads

Critical Loads Storage

Controllable
Loads

Generation

Fast Switch

Utility Grid
4
 Major Benefits of Microgrids
• Providing energy services tailored to the
requirements of microgrid end users, such as
service continuity in times of main grid outage
and increased renewable generation.
• Enabling parallel operations with the main
grid for improved financial performance
through economic exchange of energy and
ancillary services between the two.

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 Major Benefits of Microgrids..contd

• Enabling parallel operations with the main grid

for improved service reliability through
coordinated response during emergency
situations to serve critical loads and to reduce
outage impact.
• Leveraging and/or deferring capital
investments for critical energy and grid assets

6
 Issues to be addressed

• The issues of protection ( both directions),

automatic separation, synchronization, and
reconnection need be addressed at the point of
interconnection between a microgrid and the
utility.

7
 Goals of Smart Grid

• To dynamically optimize grid operations and

resources for a robust ,flexible, .and electric
grid.
• To fully integrate demand response and
consumer participation in to grid resource
planning and operations.
• Microgrid activities supports the achievement
of both these goals

8
 Distribution Network reconfiguration

• The reconfiguration of distribution system is

one of the most effective operational strategies
to improve the efficiency of distribution
system and to improve the reliability and
power quality at customer end.
• Alters the topological structure of distribution
network by changing the open/close status of
sectionalizing-switches (normally close lines)
and tie-switches

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Distribution Network reconfiguration

• Distribution systems are generally structured

in mesh but operated in radial configuration .
• Find a radial operating configuration that
optimizes certain objectives while satisfying
operational constraints

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Distribution Network reconfiguration
(DNRC)
• For loss minimization the problem of DNRC
can be stated find network configuration which

E
Pi 2 + Qi2
Min PLoss = Ri =1
i
Vi
2
; i  n

Subject to
1. Radial topology constraint
Ф(r) = 0
2. Node voltage constraint

Vmax  Vi  Vmin ; i  n
Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur
 Distribution Network reconfiguration

Objectives that can be achieved:

✓ Minimization of real power loss
✓ Minimization of node voltage constraint violation
✓ Minimization of branch current constraint violation
✓ Minimization of feeder load unbalancing
✓ Minimization of number of switching operations
✓ Reliability improvement
✓ Service restoration etc.

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 7.1 Distribution Network reconfiguration

• DNRC problem is a difficult multi constrained

combinatorial optimization with conflicting
objectives

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Distribution Network reconfiguration

• Classical/analytical Approaches available to solve DNRC problem

✓ Branch & Bound method
✓ Exhaustive Search method
✓ Switch Exchange method
✓ Heuristic methods
• ANN-based Approaches
• GA-based Approaches
• Other AI-based Approaches

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

• The installation of optimal sizing of shunt capacitors is an

effective way to enhance the performance of distribution
systems.
• The optimal capacitor placement regulate the reactive power
flow in the distribution networks thus reduces feeder loss,
improves voltage profile, power factor and thereby optimizing
line flow.
• As a consequence, the system security and reliability levels
improved.

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

• However Capacitor Placement is capital intensive.

• Benefits and cost need to be taken into account
• Net annual savings becomes important
• Installation should be based on annual load & savings
• Tuning is required at every load level to extract further
benefits.

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

The optimal capacitor placement problem is a multi–objective

optimization problem which involves the determination of
optimal number, optimal strategic locations, optimal sizing and
the optimal control setting of shunt capacitors to meet out the
variations in the prospective load demand in such a way that the
net annual saving is maximum and network operation constraints
i.e., node voltage magnitudes, feeder current limits etc are
satisfied.

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

Formulation of the objective function is of significant importance

to achieve intended objectives in the best possible manner within
the constraints imposed by the distribution network operation.

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

Capacitor placement is a multi–objective optimization

problem which may be stated as:
Determine the number, location and sizing of capacitor
banks such that it minimizes
• annual cost of energy loss
• annual investment on capacitor cost
• subject to the constraints that all node voltages and
line currents are within permissible limits

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 7.2 Capacitor Placement

• If the objective is to minimize the peak power loss, annual energy

loss and capacitor cost, the problem can be mathematically
expressed as
𝑛 𝑚

𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒 ෍ 𝑇𝑖 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐾𝑐 ෍ 𝐶𝑗 + 𝐾𝑝 𝑃0
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

Where Ke, Kp and Kc are the constants for energy cost ( Rs/ kWh) , peak power
cost (Rs/kW) and capacitor cost (Rs/kVAr). Pi is the power loss at load level
ith , Ti the the duration of load level ith and P0 corresponds to peak power. Cj is
the cost of capacitor at jth bus and m is the total number of buses at which
capacitors are installed.

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

• If the objective is to minimize the peak power loss, annual energy loss,
capacitor cost and the number of capacitors (M), the problem can be
mathematically expressed as

𝑛 𝑚

𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒 ෍ 𝑇𝑖 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐾𝑐 ෍ 𝐶𝑗 + 𝐾𝑝 𝑃0 + 𝑃𝑓 𝑀2
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

• Pf is the penalty factor

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

 Capacitor Placement

• Methods Available:
✓ Analytical
✓ Numerical programming
✓ Heuristics,
✓ Artificial intelligence-based
✓ Hybrid methods

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur

Thanks

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT- Jaipur