ORTHODONTICS

DANCEL-BALUYOT, Angela
Maureen O.
Definition
Diagnosis, prevention, and
correction of malocclusions, and
facial irregularities or abnormalities

Orthodontists

Definition

Dentofacial Orthopedics
History
Egyptians
– Crude metal bands around the
teeth
– Catguts
Etruscans
– (women) Gold band to preserve the position
of the teeth after death
Greeks
– (400 B.C.) Hippocrates – wrote the first known description
of tooth irregularities
Romans
– (1 A.D.) Celsus – recommended to push the newly emerging
teeth into its proper position by using your fingers
Romans
– Pliny the Elder – advised filing of elongated teeth to correct
them
17 and 18
th th

Century
– Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann
– used wax to take impressions
– (1756) Phillip Pfaff – used
plaster of Paris
 17 and 18 Century
th th

– Pierre Fauchard – “Father of Dentistry”

– “The Surgeon Dentist”
– invented bandeau: horseshoe-shaped metal strip with
holes
– – also used dental pelican
17 and 18 Century
th th

– Christophe-François Delabarre – swelling threads or

wooden wedges to separate crowding teeth
Orthodontics in the
United States
– (1822) J.S. Gunnell – invented occipital anchorage; a
headgear that fastens the jaw to the outside of the mouth
to exert gentle pressure
Orthodontics in the
United States
– (1840) Chapin A. Harris – “The Dental Art”
– soldered knobs on bands to assist with tooth rotation
– gold caps to molars: open the dental bite
Orthodontics
in the United
States
– E.J. Tucker – first American
Dentist to use rubber – rubber
tubing
 20 Century
th

– (1880) Edward H. Angle – “Father of Modern Orthodontics”

– – 6 Keys of Occlusion
1900s
– (1970) anchored brackets to teeth by winding
wires
– Stainless steel replaced gold and silver wires
due to its manipulability
– Lingual braces were first introduced
Types of Malocclusions

Angle’s Classification
Class I
– A normal molar relationship
exists but there is crowding,
misalignment of teeth, cross
bites, etc.
Class I
– Crowding – inadequate space
for teeth
– Diastema– extra space in
between teeth
– Cross bite - the maxillary teeth
do not come down slightly in
front of the mandibular teeth
when biting together normally;
may be anterior or posterior
cross bite
Class II
– Buccal groove of the mandibular first molar is
distally positioned when in occlusion with the
mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar
– Has 2 divisions
Class II
Division 1
– Maxillary anterior teeth are
proclined and a large overjet is
present
Class II
Division 2
– Maxillary anterior teeth are
retroclined and a deep overbite
exists
Class III
– Buccal groove of the
mandibular first molar mesially
positioned to the mesiobuccal
cusp of the maxillary first molar
when the teeth are in occlusion
Appliances

Fixed
Braces –
Metal
– Stainless steel brackets and
metal alloy wires.
– Adjust with the help of
ligatures or rubber bands –
attached the wires to the
brackets
– may be self-ligating – have clips
instead of ligatures
Braces –
Ceramic
– Brackets may be tooth-colored
or clear
– Also have metal alloy wires and
ligatures
– May or may not be self-ligated.
Fixed Space
Maintainers
– Keeps the space of the
extracted deciduous tooth
open to allow the permanent
tooth to erupt into place
– May be unilateral, crown and
loop, distal shoe, or lingual
Appliances

Removable
Removable Space
Maintainers
– The same function as fixed space maintainers
– Usually made of acrylic
Aligners
– Clear, thin trays
– Shifts the position of the teeth
– Each tray is worn for
approximately 2 weeks before
replacing with new set of trays
– Alternative for traditional braces
– Virtually invisible and removed
when eating, brushing, and
flossing
Jaw Repositioning
Appliances
– Aka Splints
– Used for TMJ disorders
– Worn on either top or lower jaw
– Trains the jaw to close in a more favorable
position
Lip and
Cheek
Bumpers
– Keeps the cheeks or lips away
from the teeth to relieve
pressure
Palatal
Expanders
– Plastic plate
– Widen the upper jaw
– Outward pressure by screws
force joints to open lengthwise
widens palatal area
Removable
Retainers
– Prevents shifting of the teeth to
their previous position
– Can be modified to prevent
thumb sucking
 Headgear
– Strap is placed around the back of the head
and attached to a metal wire in front, or face
bow
– Slows the growth of the upper jaw
– Holds the posterior teeth in place
– Anterior teeth are pulled back
Training
Training
United States of America
– 2 or more years of education after
4 years in dental school in an ADA-
approved orthodontic training
program
Philippines
– 2 to 3 year full-time graduate
residency program after obtaining
a 6-year dental degree
– Clinical preceptorship programs,
study groups or short seminars
 Schools in the Philippines that are currently offering graduate programs in Orthodontics
– University of the Philippines

Training – University of the East

– Manila Central University
– Centro Escolar University
Organizations
Philippine Board of Orthodontics
– “a specialty board that accredits
the qualifications of dentists who
practice orthodontics”
– part of World Federation of
Orthodontists’ Committee on
National and Regional Orthodontic
Boards
– Diplomate – passed the PBO
Examinations
Association of Philippine
Orthodontists
– duly recognized as the official specialty
society for Orthodontics by the Philippine
Board of Dentistry on January 26, 2011
Asian Pacific
Orthodontic Society
– Inaugurated in Tokyo, Japan on October 10,
2001
– its purpose is to “assist affiliated societies/
associations to promote excellence in
orthodontics through education and research
in the Asian Pacific region”
World Federation
of Orthodontists
– largest global organization of
specialist orthodontists and
specialty orthodontic
associations
– encourages high standards in
orthodontic education, training,
certification, licensure,
research, and treatment
Interview
Interview with Dr. Lordjie Marr
Morilla
References
– Asian Pacific Orthodontic Society. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://www.
asianpacificortho.org/info/about/
– Association of Philippine Orthodontists. (n.d.). Who Can Perform Orthodontic
Treatment? Retrieved from https://www.apo.com.ph/who-can-perform-orthodontic-
treatment/
– Colgate. 2010. What is Orthodontics? Retrieved from https://www.colgate.com/en-
us/oral-health/life-stages/teen-oral-care/what-is-orthodontics
– Colgate Professional. 2009. Why Your Child May Need a Space Maintainer. Retrieved
from https://www.colgateprofessional.com/education/patient-education/topics/
orthodontics/why-your-child-may-need-a-space-maintainer
References
– Evans, David. (n.d.). The History of Braces & Orthodontics. Retrieved from https://
www.davidevansdds.com/history-of-braces/
?_ga=2.201711953.1940826146.1572333718-2064734666.1572333718
– Gallois, R. (n.d.). Classification of Malocclusion. Retrieved from http://www.columbia.
edu/itc/hs/dental/D5300/
Classification%20of%20Malocclusion%20GALLOIS%2006%20final_BW.pdf
– Green, J. (n.d.). Interesting Facts From The History of Orthodontics. Retrieved from
https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/cosmetic-dentistry/early-orthodontics/
interesting-facts-from-the-history-of-orthodontics-1014
– Gulabivala, K. & Naini, F.B. (2014). The ortho-endo interface. Endodontics, 329-333.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3155-7.00013-8
References
– Mitchell, J. (n.d.). Buying Teeth Aligners Over The Counter And What To Consider. Retrieved
from https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/cosmetic-dentistry/adult-orthodontics/
buying-teeth-aligners-over-the-counter-otc
– Mool, T. (n.d.). Ceramic Braces Vs Metal Braces. Retrieved from https://www.colgate.com/en-
us/oral-health/cosmetic-dentistry/early-orthodontics/ceramic-braces-vs-metal-braces-0417-
– Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millenia. Chapter 1: antiquity to the mid-19th century.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 127(2), 255-259. Retrieved
from https://www.aaoinfo.org/sites/default/files/default_images/WahlHistoryAJO-
DOChapter1.pdf?_ga=2.162999548.1940826146.1572333718-2064734666.1572333718
– World Federation of Orthodontists. (n.d.). Reason to join the WFO. Retrieved from https://
www.wfo.org/about-wfo/objectives/why-join-the-wfo/