Academic Reading Team

6
SUBWAY
Subway is an electric, underground railway designed to move large numbers of people quickly to
their destinations (adjective clause “B” reduction). Many systems include railways that are
elevated or at ground level. Subways are most useful in crowded urban areas, where heavy traffic
often slows down travel by bus or car. Many of the world's largest cities have or are planning
extensive subway systems.
London was the first city to have a subway. Today, London has 10 lines that provide quick,
cheap transportation to all parts of the city and suburbs. This subway system is often called the
tube or the underground. Some of its subway lines are so far underground that passengers go
down on elevators. London's first underground passenger line opened in 1863. It used steam
locomotives. The first deep-level line opened in 1890 and had electric locomotives. All subways
since then have used electricity.
Several large cities in the United States have subway systems. Boston was the first American city
to have a subway. It opened a line of 11/2 miles (2.4 kilometers) in 1897. The subway in New
York City is one of the largest in the world. A person can travel from the New Jersey shore,
under the city, beneath two rivers, and into Long Island without seeing daylight. The first
sections of New York's subway were opened in 1904. In the United States, subways also operate
in Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.
In Canada, subways operate in Montreal and Toronto.
There are three types of subways. One is called the open cut. The construction crew tears out the
streets and builds the subways in deep ditches. If two lines are going to cross, the crew digs one
roadbed deeper than the other. If the crew lays a pavement or other type of cover over the cut in
the ground, the subway is called a cut and cover subway. The third form of subway, which is
called a tube, is constructed by boring through the earth at the desired depth without disturbing
the surface. This type of construction is for one or two tracks. The tunnels of an open-cut subway
have a rectangular shape. The tunnels of a tube subway are usually circular or semicircular. New
York City's subway is mainly rectangular. Much of the London subway is semicircular.
SUBWAY
Subway is an electric, underground railway designed to move large numbers of people quickly to
their destinations. Subway гэдэг нь их хэмжээний хүмүүсийг очих газарт нь хурдан хүргэж өгөх
зориулалттай цахилгаан, газар доорх төмөр зам юм. Many systems include railways that are
elevated or at ground level. Маш олон системүүд дотроо өндөрт өргөгдсөн эсвэл газар дээрх
төмөр замыг агуулсан байдаг. Subways are most useful in crowded urban areas, where heavy
traffic often slows down travel by bus or car. Замын хөдөлгөөн ихтэйгээс болоод автобус эсвэл
машины хөдөлгөөн байнга удааширдаг хөл хөдөлгөөн, хотжилттой газруудад subway-үүд
хамгийн хэрэгтэй. Many of the world's largest cities have or are planning extensive subway
systems. Дэлхийн хамгийн том хотуудын ихэнх нь өргөн subway системтэй болсон эсвэл
системтэй болхоор төлөвлөж байна.
London was the first city to have a subway. Лондон хамгийн анх subway-тай болсон хот юм.
Today, London has 10 lines that provide quick, cheap transportation to all parts of the city and
suburbs. Өнөөдөр Лондонд хотын төв болон зах руу хямд түргэн тээвэрлэлт олгодог 10 шугам
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байна. This subway system is often called the tube or the underground. Энэ subway системийг the
tube эсвэл the underground гэж нэрлэх нь их. Some of its subway lines are so far underground that
passengers go down on elevators. Үүний зарим шугамууд нь газар дор маш гүн байдаг тул
зорчигчид лифтээр доошилдог. London's first underground passenger line opened in 1863.
Лондонгийн хамгийн анхны зорчигчдийн шугам 1863 онд нээгдэж байсан юм. It used steam
locomotives. Тэр нь уурын тэрэг ашигладаг байсан. The first deep-level line opened in 1890 and
had electric locomotives. Хамгийн анхны гүний шугам нь 1890 нээгдсэн ба цахилгаан тэрэгэй
байсан. All subways since then have used electricity. Түүнээс хойшх бүх subway-үүд хэрэглэдэг
болсон.
Several large cities in the United States have subway systems. АНУ-ийн хэд хэдэн том хотууд
subway системтэй. Boston was the first American city to have a subway. Бостон нь хамгийн анх
subway-тай болсон хамгийн Америкийн хот юм. It opened a line of 11/2 miles (2.4 kilometers) in
1897. Анх 1897 онд 11.2 миль (2.4 километр) урт шугам нээсэн. The subway in New York City
is one of the largest in the world. Нью Ёорк хотод байдаг subway нь дэлхийн хамгийн томуудын
нэгт тооцогддог. A person can travel from the New Jersey shore, under the city, beneath two rivers,
and into Long Island without seeing daylight. Хүн Нью Жерсигийн эргээс хот болон 2 голын
доогуур Лонг Аяландруу өдрийн гэгээ харахгүйгээр явж болно. The first sections of New
York's subway were opened in 1904. Нью Ёоркын subway-ийн хамгийн эхний хэсэг нь 1904 онд
нээгдсэн. In the United States, subways also operate in Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles,
Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. Мөн АНУ-д Атланта, Балтимор, Чикаго, Лос
Анжелс, Филидэлфиа, Сан Франциско, Вашинктон Д.С хотууд subway-ийн үйлчилгээ
явагддаг. In Canada, subways operate in Montreal and Toronto. Канадад Монтриал болон
Торонто хотод subway-ийн үйлчилгээ явагддаг.
There are three types of subways. Гурван төрлийн subway байдаг. One is called the open cut.
Нэгийг нь open cut гэдэг. The construction crew tears out the streets and builds the subways in
deep ditches. Барилгын ажилчид гудамжуудыг ухаж гүн шуудуунуудад subway-үүдийг
байрьдаг. If two lines are going to cross, the crew digs one roadbed deeper than the other. Хэрэв
хоёр шугам огтолцхоор болвол барилгачид нэг замын суурийг нөгөөгөөс нь илүү гүн ухдаг. If
the crew lays a pavement or other type of cover over the cut in the ground, the subway is called a cut
and cover subway. Хэрэв ажилчид газар дахь шуудууг замаар бүрхвэл үүнийг cut and cover гэж
нэрлэдэг. The third form of subway, which is called a tube, is constructed by boring through the
earth at the desired depth without disturbing the surface. Tube гэж нэрлэгддэг 3 дахь төрлийн
subway нь гадаргийг сүйтгэхгүйгээр газар өрөмдөж барьдаг. This type of construction is for one
or two tracks. Энэ төрлийн барилгийн арга нь нэгээс хоёр зам барихад зориулагдсан. The
tunnels of an open-cut subway have a rectangular shape. Open cut төрлийн subway-үүд тэгш
өнцөгт хэлбэртэй байдаг. The tunnels of a tube subway are usually circular or semicircular. Tube
subway-үүд ихэвчлэн бөөрөнхий эсвэл бөөрөнхийдүү хэлбэртэй байдаг. New York City's
subway is mainly rectangular. Нью Ёорк хотын subway ихэнхдээ тэгш өнцөгт хэлбэртэй байдаг.
Much of the London subway is semicircular. Лондонгийн subway-ийн томоохон хэсэг нь хагас
тойрог хэлбэртэй байдаг.
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7
SEWAGE
Sewage is water that contains waste matter produced by human beings. (2 adjective clauses) It is
also called wastewater. It contains about a tenth of 1 per cent solid matter. Sewage comes from
the sinks and toilets of homes, restaurants, office buildings, and factories. It contains dissolved
material that cannot be seen, plus bits of such solid matter as human waste and ground-
up garbage. Some sewage may also contain ground and surface water runoff that occurs after
storms or floods. Most sewage also includes harmful chemicals and disease-producing bacteria.
Most sewage eventually flows into lakes, oceans, rivers, or streams. In the United States, almost
all sewage is treated in some way before it goes into the waterways as a semiclear liquid called
effluent. Untreated sewage looks and smells foul, and it kills fish and aquatic plants.
Even treated sewage can harm water. For example, most methods used to treat sewage convert
organic wastes into inorganic compounds called nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates. Some of these
compounds may serve as food for algae and cause large growths of these simple aquatic
organisms. After algae die, they decay. The decaying process uses up oxygen. If too much
oxygen is used, fish and plants in the water will die.
A system of pipes that carries sewage from buildings is called a sanitary sewerage system. There
are two main types of sanitary sewerage systems: (1) urban sewerage systems and (2) rural
sewerage systems.

SEWAGE
Sewage is water that contains waste matter produced by human beings. Бохир гэдэг нь хүмүүсийн
үүсгэсэн хаягдал агуулсан ус юм. It is also called wastewater. Энэ нь мөн муу ус гэж
нэрлэгддэг. It contains about a tenth of 1 per cent solid matter. Үүнд 1 хувийн 10-ны нэгтэй
тэнцүү хатуу бодистой байдаг. Sewage comes from the sinks and toilets of homes, restaurants,
office buildings, and factories. Бохир нь айлуудын, ресторануудын, оффисын барилгуудын
болон үйлдвэрүүдийн угаалтуур, суултуураас гардаг. It contains dissolved material that cannot
be seen, plus bits of such solid matter as human waste and ground-up garbage. Дотроо нүдэнд
харагдахгүй ууссан материал бас хүний ялгадас, нунтагласан хог гэх мэт биет материалуудын
хэсэг агуулсан байдаг. Some sewage may also contain ground and surface water runoff that occurs
after storms or floods. Зарим бохирын ус бас шуурга болон үерийн дараа урсах хөрсний болон
гадаргын усыг агуулж болдог. Most sewage also includes harmful chemicals and disease-
producing bacteria. Ихэнх бохирын ус бас хорт бодис болон өвчин үүсгэгч бактертай байдаг.
Most sewage eventually flows into lakes, oceans, rivers, or streams. Ихэнх бохир эцэсдээ нуур,
далай, гол эсвэл урсгал усанруу урсдаг. In the United States, almost all sewage is treated in some
way before it goes into the waterways as a semiclear liquid called effluent. АНУ-д бараг бүх бохир
усны сувгуудруу орохдоо ямар нэгэн байдлаар цэвэршиж effluent гэдэг нэртэй хагас тунгалаг
шингэн болдог. Untreated sewage looks and smells foul, and it kills fish and aquatic plants.
Цэвэршүүлээгүй бохир муухай үзэмж ба үнэртэй байдаг ба загас болон усны ургамлуудыг
алдаг.
Even treated sewage can harm water. Цэвэршүүлсэн бохир ч гэсэн усанд хортой байж болдог.
For example, most methods used to treat sewage convert organic wastes into inorganic compounds
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called nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates. Жишээлбэл бохирыг цэвэршүүлдэг ихэнх аргууд
органик хаягдлыг nitrates, phosphates болон sulfates гэх мэт органик бус бодис болгон
хувиргадаг. Some of these compounds may serve as food for algae and cause large growths of these
simple aquatic organisms. Эдгээр бодисуудын зарим нь algae-д хоол болдог ба эдгээр усны
организмын хэмжээг ихэсхэд хүргэдэг. After algae die, they decay. Algae үхсний дараа задралд
ордог. The decaying process uses up oxygen. Задралд орох процесс нь хүчилтөрөгч хэрэглэдэг.
If too much oxygen is used, fish and plants in the water will die. Хэрвээ хэтэрхий их хүчилтөрөгч
хэрэглэгдвэл усан дахь загас болон ургамлууд үхнэ.
A system of pipes that carries sewage from buildings is called a sanitary sewerage system. Бохирыг
барилгаас зайлуулдаг системийг цэвэр бохирын систем гэж нэрлэдэг. There are two main types
of sanitary sewerage systems: (1) urban sewerage systems and (2) rural sewerage systems. 2
төрлийн цэвэр бохирын систем байдаг: (1) хотын бохирын систем (2) хөдөөгийн бохирын
систем.

8
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is the act of moving people or goods from one place to another. Transportation
takes people where they need or want to go, and it brings them the goods they need or want
(Adjective clause empty conjunction). Without transportation, there could be no trade. Without
trade, there could be no towns and cities. Towns and cities are traditionally the centers of
civilization. Therefore, transportation helps make civilization possible.
Throughout most of history, transportation was extremely slow and difficult. In prehistoric times,
people traveled mainly on foot. They transported goods on their backs or heads or by dragging
them along the ground. About 5000 B.C., people began to use animals to haul loads. By 3000
B.C., wagons and sailing vessels had been invented. The use of animals, wagons, and sailing
vessels enabled people to transport loads farther and more easily than before. But the speed of
transportation improved only slightly over the centuries.
Inventors produced the first engine-powered vehicles during the late 1700's and the early 1800's.
This development marked the beginning of a revolution in transportation that has continued to
the present. Today, jet airliners carry travelers nearly as fast as, or faster than, the speed of
sound. Trains, trucks, and giant cargo ships haul goods to buyers in almost all parts of the world.
Automobiles provide convenient transportation for millions of people.
Although engine-powered transportation has benefited people in many ways, it has also created
several difficult problems. For example, the engines use great quantities of fuel and so strain the
world's energy supplies. Automobiles jam many streets and highways, making travel slow (Noun
clause “A” reduction). In addition, their exhaust fumes pollute the air. Such problems are so
difficult to solve that governments have become increasingly involved in transportation.
This article discusses the kinds of transportation, the history of their development, and today's
systems of engine-powered transportation. The article also discusses the transportation industry
and current developments in transportation. Vehicles are also used for recreation, warfare, and
space exploration.
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TRANSPORTATION/Kinds of transportation
There are three main kinds of transportation: (1) land, (2) water, and (3) air. Land transportation
depends mainly on wheeled vehicles, especially automobiles, trains, and trucks. Ships and boats
are the most important water vehicles. Air transportation depends almost entirely on airplanes.

TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is the act of moving people or goods from one place to another. Тээвэрлэлт гэдэг нь
хүмүүс болон юмсийг нэг газраас нөгөөрүү зөөх үйлдлийг хэлдэг. Transportation takes people
where they need or want to go, and it brings them the goods they need or want. Тээвэрлэлт нь
хүмүүсийг очих хэрэгтэй эсвэл хүсэж буй газарт нь хүргэдэг ба хэрэгтэй эсвэл хүссэн
зүйлсийг нь тэдэнд авчирдаг. Without transportation, there could be no trade. Тээвэрлэлтгүйгээр
худалдаа байх боломжгүй. Without trade, there could be no towns and cities. Тээвэрлэлтгүйгээр
хот, тосгонууд байх боломжгүй. Towns and cities are traditionally the centers of civilization. Хот,
тосгодууд нь уламжлал ёсоор иргэншлүүдийн төв нь билээ. Therefore, transportation helps
make civilization possible. Тиймээс тээвэрлэлт нь иргэншлүүдийг бий болоход тусалдаг.
Throughout most of history, transportation was extremely slow and difficult. Түүхийн ихэнх хэсэгт
тээвэрлэлт нь маш хэцүү ба удаан байсан. In prehistoric times, people traveled mainly on foot.
Эрт цагт хүмүүс ихэвчлэн хөлөөрөө аялдаг байсан. They transported goods on their backs or
heads or by dragging them along the ground. Тэд юмсийг нуруу, толгойн дээрээ эсвэл газраар
чирж зөөдөг байсан. About 5000 B.C., people began to use animals to haul loads. МЭӨ
ойролцоогоор 5000 жилийн үед хүмүүс ачааг амьтдаар тээвэрлэж эхэлсэн. By 3000 B.C.,
wagons and sailing vessels had been invented. МЭӨ 3000 жил гэхэд тэрэгнүүд болон усан
онгоцнууд зохиогдсн байсан. The use of animals, wagons, and sailing vessels enabled people to
transport loads farther and more easily than before. Амьтад, тэрэгнүүд, усан онгоцнуудын
хэрэглээ хүмүүсд юмсийг өмнөхөөс хол болон амар зөөх бололцоо олгосон. But the speed of
transportation improved only slightly over the centuries. Гэвч тээвэрлэлтийн хурд зуунаас зуунд
өчүүхнээр нэмэгдэж байсан.
Inventors produced the first engine-powered vehicles during the late 1700's and the early 1800's.
Зохион бүтээгч нар хамгийн анхны хөдөлгүүрт тээврийн хэрэгслийг 1700-гаад оны сүүл ба
1800-гаад оны эхэн үед бүтээсэн. This development marked the beginning of a revolution in
transportation that has continued to the present. Энэ хөгжил нь өнөөг хүртэл үргэлжилж буй
тээвэрлэлтийн хувьсгалын эхлэлийг тэмдэглэсэн юм. Today, jet airliners carry travelers nearly as
fast as, or faster than, the speed of sound. Өнөөдөр жет онгоцнууд зорчигчдыг бараг дууны
хурдтай адил эсвэл түүнээс ч хурдан зөөдөг. Trains, trucks, and giant cargo ships haul goods to
buyers in almost all parts of the world. Галт тэрэгнүүд, ачааны тэргүүд болон аварга ачааны
усан онгоцнууд ачааг дэлхийн бүх хэсэг дахь худалдан авагч нарт хүргэдэг. Automobiles
provide convenient transportation for millions of people. Автомашинууд олон сая хүмүүсд амар
тээвэрлэлт олгодог.
Although engine-powered transportation has benefited people in many ways, it has also created
several difficult problems. Хэдий хөдөлгүүрт тээврийн хэрэгслүүд хүмүүсд маш олон талаар
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ашигтай байсан ч хэд хэдэн хэцүү асуудлыг бий болгосон. For example, the engines use great
quantities of fuel and so strain the world's energy supplies. Жишээлбэл хөдөлгүүрүүд маш их
хэмжээний шатахуун хэрэглэдэг тул дэлхийн энергийн нөөцөд муугаар нөлөөлдөг.
Automobiles jam many streets and highways, making travel slow. Автомашинууд олон
гудамжууд болон хурдны замуудыг дүүргэж хөдөлгөөнийг удаашруулдаг. In addition, their
exhaust fumes pollute the air. Дээрээс нь ялгаруулдаг утаа нь агаарыг бохирдуулдаг. Such
problems are so difficult to solve that governments have become increasingly involved in
transportation. Энэ асуудлууд шийдэхэд хэцүү тул засгийн газгууд тээвэрлэлтэнд илүү
оролцоотой болсон.
This article discusses the kinds of transportation, the history of their development, and today's
systems of engine-powered transportation. Энэ нийтлэл тээвэрлэлтийн төрлүүд, түүхэн хөгжил
болон өнөөдрийн хөдөлгүүрт тээврийн хэрэгслүүдийн талаар ярина. The article also discusses
the transportation industry and current developments in transportation. Мөн энэ нийтлэл бас
тээвэрлэлтийн салбар болон өнөөгийн хөгжлийн талаар ярина. Vehicles are also used for
recreation, warfare, and space exploration. Тээврийн хэрэгслүүд нь бас зугаа, дайн болон сансар
судалгаанд хэрэглэдэг.
TRANSPORTATION/Kinds of transportation ТЭЭВЭРЛЭЛТ/Тээвэрлэлтийн төрлүүд
There are three main kinds of transportation: (1) land, (2) water, and (3) air. Үндсэн гурван
төрлийн тээвэрлэлт байдаг: (1) газар, (2) ус болон (3) агаар. Land transportation depends mainly
on wheeled vehicles, especially automobiles, trains, and trucks. Газрын тээвэрлэлт дугуйтай
тээврийн хэрэгслүүд ялангуяа автомашинууд, галт тэрэгнүүд болон ачааны машинуудаас
голчлон тогтдог. Ships and boats are the most important water vehicles. Усан онгоцнууд болон
завиуд хамгийн чухал усны тээврийн хэрэгслүүд болдог. Air transportation depends almost
entirely on airplanes. Агаарын тээвэр бараг бүхэлдээ онгоцнуудаас тогтдог.
9
METROPOLITAN AREA
Metropolitan area consists of a central city and the developed area that surrounds it. The
developed area may be made up of such jurisdictions as cities, boroughs, towns, townships, or
villages.
In the United States, a metropolitan area is officially called a Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two
or more adjacent metropolitan statistical areas form a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area.
U.S. metropolitan areas have at least one city or urban area with a population of 50,000 or more,
and include the entire county in which the city is located. Adjacent counties may be considered
part of the area, depending on their population density and the number of workers who commute
to jobs in the central county. (2 adjective clauses) The term greater applied to a city refers to a
metropolitan area, such as Greater Paris. In England, clusters of small cities around a large city
are called metropolitan counties.
In developed countries, most people live in metropolitan areas. In the United States, about 80
percent of the people live in the nation's 268 metropolitan statistical areas. In Canada, about 60
percent of the people reside in 25 metropolitan areas.
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The development of suburbs

As cities grow, people move beyond official city boundaries, creating suburbs. (Noun clause “A”
type of reduction) This process of suburbanization has been going on since the late 1800's.
Several factors contributed to the development of metropolitan areas. Originally, large numbers
of people came from rural areas to central cities in search of employment. This population shift
produced overcrowded cities, causing other people to move to outlying areas. (Noun clause “A”
type of reduction) The use of automobiles, together with the improvement of roads and
highways, increased tremendously following the end of World War II in 1945. As a result, more
and more people have settled in communities outside of central cities since the late 1940's.
By 1970, more people in U.S. metropolitan areas lived in suburbs than in central cities. But by
the early 1980's, the rate of suburban growth had decreased for a number of reasons. For
example, many people moved to the suburbs to avoid such problems of big cities as crime,
housing shortages, and racial conflicts. However, as the suburbs grew larger, they developed the
same problems. Urban revitalization programs drew some people back to central cities.
People who live in the suburbs of a central city have traditionally considered the city as their
workplace because of its commercial and industrial activities. Suburbanites also use the city's
cultural, professional, and recreational facilities and services. Since the 1950's, however, many
businesses and industries have moved to the suburbs. Today, many suburbanites who once
commuted to and from work in the city work, shop, and enjoy various recreational activities in
the suburbs.

9
METROPOLITAN AREA
Metropolitan area consists of a central city and the developed area that surrounds it. Метрополитан
газар төвлөрсөн хот болон түүнийг бүсэлсэн хөгжсөн мужаас тогтдог. The developed area may
be made up of such jurisdictions as cities, boroughs, towns, townships, or villages. Хөгжсөн муж нь
хотууд, жижиг хотууд, тосгод, хотхонуудаас тогтож болно.
In the United States, a metropolitan area is officially called a Metropolitan Statistical Area. АНУ-д
Метрополитанийг албан ёсоор Metropolitan Statistical Area гэж нэрлэдэг. Two or more adjacent
metropolitan statistical areas form a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area. Хоёр ба түүнээс
дээш хөршилсөн metropolitan statistical area-ууд нийлээд Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical
Area болдог. U.S. metropolitan areas have at least one city or urban area with a population of
50,000 or more, and include the entire county in which the city is located. АНУ-ийн metropolitan
areas ядаж нэг 50’000-аас дээш хүн амтай хот эсвэл хотожсон хэсэгтэй байдаг ба хотын
байршсан county бүхлээр нь хамардаг. Adjacent counties may be considered part of the area,
depending on their population density and the number of workers who commute to jobs in the
central county. Хөрш county-нууд хүн амын нягтрал болон төв county-д ажлаар явдаг
хүмүүсийн тооноос хамаараад энэ газрын нэг хэсэгт тооцогдож болдог. The term greater
applied to a city refers to a metropolitan area, such as Greater Paris. Greater Paris гэдэгтэй адилаар
Greater гэдэг үг хотын нэрэнд хэрэглэгдвэл metropolitan area-ийн талаар ярьж байна гэсэн үг.
In England, clusters of small cities around a large city are called metropolitan counties. Англид том
хотыг тойрсон олон жижиг хотуудын цуглуулгыг metropolitan counties гэдэг.
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In developed countries, most people live in metropolitan areas. Хөгжингүй орнуудад хүмүүсийн
дийлэнх нь metropolitan area-д амьдардаг. In the United States, about 80 percent of the people live
in the nation's 268 metropolitan statistical areas. АНУ-д нийт хүн амын 80 хувь нь энэ улсын 268
metropolitan statistical areas-д амьдардаг. In Canada, about 60 percent of the people reside in 25
metropolitan areas. Канадад хүн амын 60 хувь нь 25 хуул оршин суудаг.
The development of suburbs Хотын захуудын хөгжил
As cities grow, people move beyond official city boundaries, creating suburbs. Хот өргөжихөд
хүмүүс хотын заагийг давж хотын захыг үүсгэдэг. This process of suburbanization has been
going on since the late 1800's. Several factors contributed to the development of metropolitan areas.
Энэ хотын захжилт 1800-гаад оны сүүлээс хойш үргэлжилж ирсэн. Originally, large numbers of
people came from rural areas to central cities in search of employment. Анх, олон тооны хүмүүс
хөдөөнөөс хотын төврүү ирсэн. This population shift produced overcrowded cities, causing other
people to move to outlying areas. Энэ хүн амын шилжилт хэт дүүрсэн хотууд үүсгэж бусад
хүмүүсийг хотын захруу нүүхэд хүргэсэн. The use of automobiles, together with the
improvement of roads and highways, increased tremendously following the end of World War II in
1945. 1945 онд Дэлхийн Хоёрдугаар Дайны дараа автомашины хэрэглээ замууд болон хурдны
замууд сайжирсантай хамт ихэссэн. As a result, more and more people have settled in
communities outside of central cities since the late 1940's. Үр дүнд нь 1940 оны сүүлээс эхлэн
илүү олон хүмүүс том хотуудын захын суурингуудруу нүүж эхэлсэн.
By 1970, more people in U.S. metropolitan areas lived in suburbs than in central cities. 1970 он
гэхэд АНУ-ийн metropolitan areas-д амьдардаг хүмүүсийн хотын захад амьдардаг хүмүүсийн
тоо хотын төвд амьдардаг хүмүүсийн тоог давсан байсан. But by the early 1980's, the rate of
suburban growth had decreased for a number of reasons. Гэвч 1980 охы эх гэхэд хотын захын
өргөжих эрчим хэд хэдэн шалтгааны улмаас буурсан юм. For example, many people moved to
the suburbs to avoid such problems of big cities as crime, housing shortages, and racial conflicts.
Жишээлбэл маш олон хүмүүс гэмт хэрэг, орон сууцны дутагдал, өөр үндэстнүүдийн тэмцэл
гэх мэт том хотуудын асуудлаас зайлхын тулд маш олон хүмүүс нүүсэн. However, as the
suburbs grew larger, they developed the same problems. Гэвч хотын зах өргөжихийг дагаад тэд
адилхан асуудлуудтай тулгарч эхэлсэн. Urban revitalization programs drew some people back to
central cities. Хотын төвийг дахин сэргээх прогаммууд хүмүүсийг хотын татсан.
People who live in the suburbs of a central city have traditionally considered the city as their
workplace because of its commercial and industrial activities. Хотын захад амьлардаг хүмүүс
худалдаа болон үйлдвэрлэлээс нь болоод хотын төвийг ажлын газар гэж үзэж ирсэн.
Suburbanites also use the city's cultural, professional, and recreational facilities and services. Хотын
захынхан бас хотын соёлын, ажлын, зугаа цэнгэлийн газрууд болон үйлчилгээг ашигладаг.
Since the 1950's, however, many businesses and industries have moved to the suburbs. Гэвч 1950-
аад оноос хойш олон бизнесүүд болон үйлдвэрүүд хотын захруу нүүсэн байдаг. Today, many
suburbanites who once commuted to and from work in the city work, shop, and enjoy various
recreational activities in the suburbs. Өнөөдөр хотын захаас хотын захруу ажилруугаа нааш
цааш явдаг байсан маш олон хүмүүс хотын захад ажилдаг, дэлгүүр хэсдэг мөн маш олон өөр
зугааны зүйлсийг хийдэг болжээ.
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10
BUTTERFLY
A butterfly begins its life as a tiny egg, which hatches into a caterpillar. The caterpillar spends
most of its time eating and growing. But its skin does not grow, and so the caterpillar sheds it
and grows a larger one. It repeats this process several times. After the caterpillar reaches its full
size, it forms a protective shell. Inside the shell, an amazing change occurs--the wormlike
caterpillar becomes a beautiful butterfly. The shell then breaks open, and the adult butterfly
comes out. The insect expands its wings and soon flies off to find a mate and produce another
generation of butterflies. Butterfly caterpillars have chewing mouthparts, which they use to eat
leaves and other plant parts. Some kinds of caterpillars are pests because they damage crops. One
of the worst pests is the caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly. It feeds on cabbage, cauliflower, and
related plants.
Adult butterflies may have sucking mouthparts. The adults feed mainly on nectar and do no
harm. In fact, they help pollinate flowers. Many flowers must have pollen from other blossoms
of the same kind of flower to produce fruit and seeds. When a butterfly stops at a flower to drink
nectar, grains of pollen cling to its body. Some of the pollen grains rub off on the next blossom
the butterfly visits. Kinds of butterflies
Scientists group the thousands of species of butterflies into families, according to various
physical features the insects have in common. The chief families include (1) skippers; (2) blues,
coppers, and hairstreaks; (3) brush-footed butterflies; (4) sulphurs and whites; (5) metalmarks;
(6) satyrs and wood nymphs; (7) swallowtails; (8) milkweed butterflies; and (9) snout butterflies.
Each of these families has species in North America.
The life cycle of butterflies
The life of an adult butterfly centers on reproduction. The reproductive cycle begins with
courtship, in which the butterfly seeks a mate. If the courtship proves successful, mating occurs.
Butterflies use both sight and smell in seeking mates. Either the male or the female may give
signals, called cues, of a certain kind or in a particular order. If a butterfly presents the wrong
cue, or a series of cues in the wrong sequence, it will be rejected.
In courtship involving visual cues, a butterfly reveals certain color patterns on its wings in a
precise order. Many visual cues involve the reflection of ultraviolet light rays from a butterfly's
wing scales. The cues are invisible to the human eye, but butterflies see them clearly. The visual
cues help the insects distinguish between males and females and between members of different
species.
Usually, a butterfly that presents an appropriate scent will be immediately accepted as a mate.
The scent comes from chemicals, called pheromones, that are released from special wing scales.
(2 adjective clauses) A pheromone may attract a butterfly a great distance away. In most cases,
the male butterfly dies soon after mating. The female goes off in search of a place to lay her
eggs. She usually begins laying the eggs within a few hours after mating.(Adverbial clause “A”
type of reduction)
Every butterfly goes through four stages of development: (1) egg, (2) larva, (3) pupa, and (4)
adult. This process of development through several forms is called metamorphosis.
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BUTTERFLY
A butterfly begins its life as a tiny egg, which hatches into a caterpillar. Эрвээхэй нь өөрийнхөө
амьдралыг жижиг өндөгөөр эхэлдэг тэр нь ирээдүйд авгалдай болдог. The caterpillar spends
most of its time eating and growing. Авгалдай цагийнхаа ихэнх хэсгийг идэж, томроход
зарцуулдаг. But its skin does not grow, and so the caterpillar sheds it and grows a larger one. Гэвч
түүний арьс нь томордоггүй учир гуйжуулж илүү томыг ургуулдаг. It repeats this process
several times. Тэрээр энэ процесыг олон давтдаг. After the caterpillar reaches its full size, it forms
a protective shell. Авгалдай хангалттай томроод хамгаалалтын хальс бий болгодог. Inside the
shell, an amazing change occurs--the wormlike caterpillar becomes a beautiful butterfly. Хальсан
дотор гайхалтай өөрчлөлт явагддаг--өт шиг авгалдай үзэгслэнт эрвээхэй болж хувирдаг. The
shell then breaks open, and the adult butterfly comes out. Дараа нь хальс нь задарч насанд хүрсэн
эрвээхэй гарч ирдэг. The insect expands its wings and soon flies off to find a mate and produce
another generation of butterflies. Энэ хорхой удалгүй далавчаа дэлгэн нисээд хамтрагч хайж
дараагийн үеийн эрвээхэйнүүдийг бүтээдэг. Butterfly caterpillars have chewing mouthparts,
which they use to eat leaves and other plant parts. Эрвээхэйн авгалдайнууд жажлуур аман
хэсэгтэй байдаг ба тэд үүнийгээ навч болон бусад ургамлуудын хэсгүүд идэхэд хэрэглэдэг.
Some kinds of caterpillars are pests because they damage crops. Зарим төрлийн авгалдайнууд
хортон шавжнууд юм яагаад гэвэл ьэд ургацыг гэмтээдэг. One of the worst pests is the
caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly. Хамгийн муу хортон шавжнуудын нэг нь байцааны
эрвээхэйн авгалдай юм. It feeds on cabbage, cauliflower, and related plants. Тэд байцаа, цэцэгт
байцаа болон бусад төстэй ургамлуудаар хоололдог.
Adult butterflies may have sucking mouthparts. Насанд хүрсэн эрвээхэйнүүд сорогч аман
хэсэгтэй байж болдог. The adults feed mainly on nectar and do no harm. Насанд хүрэгчид
голчлон балаар хоололдог ба хор хөнөөл учруулдаггүй. In fact, they help pollinate flowers.
Үнэн хэрэгтээ тэд цэцгүүдэд тоос хүртээхэд тусалдаг. Many flowers must have pollen from
other blossoms of the same kind of flower to produce fruit and seeds. Олон цэцэгс адил төрлийн
бусад цэцэгсээс тоос хүртэж байж жимс, үр бүтээдэг. When a butterfly stops at a flower to drink
nectar, grains of pollen cling to its body. Эрвээхэй цэцгэн дээр зогсож бал уухад цэцгийн тоос
биенд нь наалддаг. Some of the pollen grains rub off on the next blossom the butterfly visits. Энэ
тоосны зарим хэсэг нь эрвээхэйн дараа нь очих цэцэгс дээр үлддэг.
Kinds of butterflies Эрвээхэйн төрлүүд
Scientists group the thousands of species of butterflies into families, according to various physical
features the insects have in common. Эрдэмтэд мянга мянган зүйлийн эрвээхэйнүүдийг
аймгуудад олон төрлийн биеийн шинжүүдээс хамааруулан хуваадаг. The chief families include
(1) skippers; (2) blues, coppers, and hairstreaks; (3) brush-footed butterflies; (4) sulphurs and
whites; (5) metalmarks; (6) satyrs and wood nymphs; (7) swallowtails; (8) milkweed butterflies; and
(9) snout butterflies. Each of these families has species in North America. Энэ аймгууд бүр Хойд
Америкд зүйлүүдтэй.
The life cycle of butterflies Эрвээхэйн амьдралын цикл
The life of an adult butterfly centers on reproduction. Насанд хүрсэн эрвээхэйн амьдрал үржил
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дээр төвлөрсөн байдаг. The reproductive cycle begins with courtship, in which the butterfly seeks
a mate. Дахин үржилт нь эрвээхэй ижлээ хайж эхэлдэг. If the courtship proves successful, mating
occurs. Хэрвээ хайлт нь амжилттай явагдвал үржил эхэлдэг. Butterflies use both sight and smell
in seeking mates. Эрвээхэй хамтрагч хайхдаа харах болон үнэрлэх мэдрэмжээ хоёуланг нь
ашигладаг. Either the male or the female may give signals, called cues, of a certain kind or in a
particular order. Эр эмийн аль нэг нь кюү гэдэг дохиог тодорхой төрөл болон дарааллаар
гаргадаг. If a butterfly presents the wrong cue, or a series of cues in the wrong sequence, it will be
rejected. Хэрвээ эрвээхэй буруу дохио өгөх эсвэл буруу дарааллаар өгвөл үл тоогдоно.
In courtship involving visual cues, a butterfly reveals certain color patterns on its wings in a precise
order. Харагдах дохиотой хайгуулд эрвээхэй далавчин дээрээ ямар нэгэн өнгөн хээ бий
болгодог. Many visual cues involve the reflection of ultraviolet light rays from a butterfly's wing
scales. Олон харагдах дохионуудад эрвээхэйн далавчнаас хэт ягаан туяа ойдог. The cues are
invisible to the human eye, but butterflies see them clearly. Эдгээр дохионууд хүний нүдэнд
харагпаггүй боловч эрвээхэйнүүд тод хардаг. The visual cues help the insects distinguish
between males and females and between members of different species. Эдгээр дохионууд тэдгээр
шавжнуудад эр эм болон өөр төрлөөс ялгахад тусалдаг.
Usually, a butterfly that presents an appropriate scent will be immediately accepted as a mate.
Ихэвчлэн зөв үнэр ялгаруулсан эрвээхэй түргэн хамтрагч олж чаддаг. The scent comes from
chemicals, called pheromones, that are released from special wing scales. Энэ үнэр эрвээхэйн
далавчнаас ялгардаг фермон гэдэг бодисноос үүсдэг. A pheromone may attract a butterfly a great
distance away. Фермон нь эрвээхэйг маш холоос татаж чаддаг. In most cases, the male butterfly
dies soon after mating. Ихэнх тохиолдолд эр эрвээхэй үржилд орсны дараа удалгүй үхдэг. The
female goes off in search of a place to lay her eggs. Эмэгтэй нь өндөгөө гаргах газар хайж явдаг.
She usually begins laying the eggs within a few hours after mating. Тэд ихэвчлэн үржилд орсны
дараа хэдэг цагийн дараа өндгөө гаргадаг.
Every butterfly goes through four stages of development: (1) egg, (2) larva, (3) pupa, and (4) adult.
Бүх эрвээхэй хөгжлийн дөрвөн шатаар дамждаг: (1) өндөг, (2) өт, (3) авгалдай, (4) бие
гүйцсэн. This process of development through several forms is called metamorphosis. Эдгээр
хөгжлийн процесыг метаморфис гэдэг.