Naval Architecture - Development & Principles - Britannica

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The mission of a ship

Weight and buoyancy
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Calculation of ship weight and buoyancy volume
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Metacentric stability
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General
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General arrangement features by ship type
Alternative Title: marine engineering
Cargo handling
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Naval architecture, the art and science of designing boats and ships to perform the
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missions and to meet the requirements laid down by the prospective owners and operators.
Resistance and propulsion
It involves knowledge of mechanics, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, steady and unsteady
Computing friction resistance
body motion, strength of materials, and design of structures.
Wave-making resistance
Separation resistance
Resistance of submarines
Resistance in shallow and restricted waters
Ship form for minimum resistance
Action of propulsion devices
Interactions between propeller and ship

Efficiency of propulsion
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Weight and buoyancy
Hydrostatic forces

General arrangement 
A cargo ship passing the Golden Gate Bridge, near San Francisco.
Cargo handling © tomasworks/iStock.com
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A good naval architect and ship designer must have experience in a number of fields of
engineering, as well as in the field of engineering economics. The architect must also
understand the characteristics and properties of construction materials and be familiar
with the latest and best methods of fabricating parts and joining them. Like other branches
of engineering, naval architecture involves estimates and predictions of the final
performance of the ship and all its parts, and of initial and operating costs. Such
calculations must be made while the ship is still in the paper stage in the form of plans and
specifications.

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Introduction
Weight and buoyancy

Hydrostatic forces

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A tanker in a shipyard, Gdańsk, Poland.
Cargo handling © Nightman1965/Fotolia
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The Mission Of A Ship

The detail requirements for any given ship are made up on the basis of its mission. Just
how much cargo and how many passengers is it to carry? What are the requirements for
manning the ship? What is to be its maximum or sustained speed, and under just what
conditions? What must be its cruising radius, in terms of days as well as of distance? For a
tug, the towing pull or free-running speed must be stated. For an icebreaker, capacity to
push its way through ice of a specified thickness must be shown. For a warship, the
armament must be given, and the weight and volume requirements for electronics
equipment.
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Introduction
Weight and buoyancy

Hydrostatic forces
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Cargo handling Tugboat guiding a barge.
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The wide variety of missions for watercraft produces a great number of distinct and
Introduction
specialized types. Considering naval architecture and design, these are subdivided roughly
into two main classes: warships and merchant ships. The distinction is not always a sharp
Weight and buoyancy
one. A naval transport may closely resemble a merchant passenger ship and may be
Hydrostatic forces
designed in the same way. A fast motor cruiser may be designed like a PT boat without
torpedoes, guns, and depth charges. In fact, the navy of any nation includes many merchant
types, among them store and supply ships, oilers, ammunition- and missile-supply ships,
repair ships, tenders for small craft, hospital ships, and personnel transports. The detail
requirements for a specific ship can only be established by careful consideration of the
system in which the ship is to operate: a transportation system in the case of a merchant
ship or naval auxiliary and a ship-weapons system for a combatant vessel.
Inclining experiment 
Acajutla port
General arrangement
Container ship (foreground) and a U.S. Navy hospital ship in Acajutla port, El Salvador.
General arrangement features
U.S.by ship
Navy type
photo by Joshua Karsten (Image no. 070730-N-8704K-053)
Cargo handling
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Commercial ship operators and designers are concerned with the overall door-to-door
movement of general cargoes from inland point of origin to inland destination overseas.
This concern has led to a growing trend toward unitization of cargo, that is, assembling of
individual packages and cartons into larger units for greater ease of handling, for
transferring from one transport mode to another, for less expensive packing, and for
reduced opportunities for pilferage. Such concern results in problems for the naval
architect regarding these large cargo units: should the cargo be strapped to pallets or
stowed in containers? If containers are used, what size should be adopted for best efficiency
and for coordination with land transportation? The ship designer must
Getalso
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concerned
back-to-
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with the layout of terminals and a choice between shore-based or ship-mounted cranes. The
ship itself must be designed to function efficiently in the land-sea-terminal system.
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Introduction
The mission of a ship container ship
A container ship being loaded with cargo at the port of Veracruz, Mexico.
Weight and buoyancy © Neil Mey—Nmey/Dreamstime.com
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Hydrostatic forces
Achieving
LNG tankerslevel attitude or trim
Overview of tankers carrying liquefied natural gas (LNG).
Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz
Concept
See offor
all videos thethismetacentre
article

In the transportation of bulk cargoes, either dry or liquid, economics has also introduced
vital new problems for the naval architect. Cargo handling has not been involved in this
equation, since efficient pumping methods and dry bulk handling techniques have long
been available. The economic gains from increasing ship size pose problems in the design of
General arrangement
terminals and offshore loading and discharge facilities. In addition, the necessity of
transiting locks and canals places an upper limit on the size of some ships. The Panamax
Cargo handling
and Suezmax classes of tanker have been devised with the specific dimensions of the
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Panama Canal and Suez Canal, respectively, in mind.
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Resistance
For overalland propulsion
system efficiency, is it better to limit the size of the ships to suit the ports to be
Computing
served or to friction resistance
transship from larger to smaller ships in a deepwater port? The naval architect
Wave-making
must considerresistance
such problems before beginning the technical design of the ship itself.
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Novorossiysk: oil-pipeline terminal
Tanker at the oil-pipeline terminal of Novorossiysk, Russia.
© Igor Grochev/Shutterstock.com

InEfficiency
a similar of manner,
propulsionthe naval designer must consider the system or systems in which the
naval ship is intended to operate. For example, an Ohio-class nuclearGet kids back-to-
submarine is
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intended to be able
General design to launchofa propellers
and positioning Trident missile while submerged against any target
Expedition: on
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earth.
ModelAn aircraft carrier, with its supporting and protecting screen of ships, is a system for
experiments
bili
projection of military force through airpower. Other ship-weapon systems have
Introduction
antisubmarine missions, either defensive or offensive. The effectiveness of all such ship
systems is continually evaluated by the defense establishment in competition with other
Weight and buoyancy
land- and air-based systems.
Hydrostatic forces


Concept of the metacentre Trident missile
The Ohio-class fleet ballistic-missile submarine USS Maryland test firing an unarmed Trident II D5 missile, in the Atlantic Ocean
Indexes of metacentric stability off the coast of Florida, August 31, 2016.
Vertical position of metacentre Navy Media Content Services/U.S. Department of Defense

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Naval
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KEY PEOPLE
William
Achieving levelFrancis Gibbs
attitude or trim
John Ericsson
B. F. Isherwood
Concept
Davidof the metacentre
Watson Taylor
Robert Livingston Stevens
Donald McKay
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William of metacentre
Froude
Joshua
Vertical Humphreys
position of centre of gravity
Olin James Stephens II
Sir John Isaac Thornycroft
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Introduction Login Subscribe

The mission of a ship

Interactions between propeller and ship

The mission of a ship

Concept of the metacentre

Interactions between propeller and ship

Weight and buoyancy

Concept of the metacentre

Computing friction resistance

Weight and buoyancy

General arrangement features by ship type

Watertight closures © Index Open

Resistance and propulsion

Computing friction resistance

Interactions between propeller and ship

Computing friction resistance

Indexes of metacentric stability

Interactions between propeller and ship

Vertical position of metacentre Navy Media Content Services/U.S. Department of Defense

General arrangement features by ship type

Resistance and propulsion

Computing friction resistance

Interactions between propeller and ship

The mission of a ship

Resistance and propulsion

Computing friction resistance

Interactions between propeller and ship

The mission of a ship

Concept of the metacentre

Vertical position of metacentre

General arrangement features by ship type

Resistance and propulsion

Computing friction resistance

Interactions between propeller and ship

The mission of a ship

Concept of the metacentre

Vertical position of metacentre      

General arrangement features by ship type

Resistance and propulsion

Computing friction resistance

Interactions between propeller and ship

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