Prof Ashok Jain - Example On Bi-Axial Bending IRC SP 114-App A3

Capacity Design of a Cantilever Pier under Bi-axial Bending - IRC SP114-2018
Problem Illustration of Capacity Design Method for a Pier Under Bi-axial Bending
IRC SP 114-2018 - Appendix A3 with Amendment Oct 2019
It is a 2 x 50 m span continuous bridge supported on fixed bearings at the middle pier and free bearings at the abutments.
There are only 2 bearings at the pier B. There are three lanes.
Solution
The pier needs to be analyzed and designed in the conventional manner using the Limit State design philosophy.
The reinforcement including curtailment of steel can be carried out using SP 16 charts as an approximation.
The Capacity Design Component is an add on to verify the objective of the design, that is, ductility.
Both IRC 112 and SP114 are silent about the detailed characteristics of confined concrete. The information given in
Appendix A2.8 are incomplete. Thus, the stress-strain curve for concrete in IRC 112 are essentially for unconfined concrete.
The details of confinement of concrete are given in EuroCode 8 - part 2 - Appendix E2 based on Mander's
procedure. The purpose of this exercise is to provide detailed procedure for Capacity Design of a pier under bi-axial
bending. The plastic moment capacity about L-L and T-T axis are obtained using a program developed in MATLAB.
Its theory is provided in "Dynamics of Structures with MATLAB Applications" by Ashok K Jain, and published by Pearson.
The basic data has been taken from the IRC SP114-2018 and Oct 2019 IH. There are differences in the various values as
available in the Code example and those are presented here. The Readers can draw their own reasons.
Table 1 Unfactored loads due to superstructure at bearing level - from each span
S. No. Description P HL HT ML MT
kN kN kN kNm kNm
1 Dead Load superstr 7710 0 0 0 0
2 SIDL - permanent SIDL-F 700 0 0 0 40
3 SIDL - surfacing SIDL-V 620 0 0 0 560
Total 9030 600
Live load reaction without impact factor
4 Pmax LL Q1 1982 0 0 238 3164
5 Max MT LL Q2 1321 0 0 159 4416
6 Max ML LL Q3 1326 0 0 1061 2121
Dr. Ashok K. Jain, Former Head of Civil Enginering, I.I.T. Roorkee, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, UP 201014
<dr.ashokkjain@gmail.com> 1
Table 2 Fb Braking forces at the base of pier

(Under seismic condition)
S. No. Description HL ML HT MT
kN kNm kN kNm
1 Pmax LL 284 284 x (10.25 + 0.25) 2982 0 0
2 Max MT LL 208 208 x (10.25 + 0.25) 2184 0 0
3 Max ML LL 284 284 x (10.25 + 0.25) 2982 0 0
0.25m - height of bearing
Longitudinal Period of Vibration
𝑚 𝑊/𝑔 2𝜋 𝑊∆
TL = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 =
𝑘 𝐹/∆ 𝑔 𝐹
If D = 1 mm, or, 1/1000 m
𝑊 𝐷
TL = 2.007 = 2 as used in IRC 6
1000 × 𝐹 1000 × 𝐹
W=D= Dead load of the superstructure and appropriate live load in kN 18060 kN
Live load = Nil in the direction of the traffic 0 kN
F= Horizontal force applied at the top of bearings to get 1 mm deflection
at the top of pier in the longitudinal direction of the horizontal force
Deflection at
𝐹 × 𝐻3 3𝐸𝐼𝐿 ∆
pier top = D or, F= D= 0.001 m
3𝐸𝐼𝐿 𝐻3
z= Distance from top of pier cap to CG of the superstructure 0.25 + 1.5 = 1.75 m 1.75 m
H= Height of pier above pilecap to the top of pier cap 10.25 m 10.25 m
E= Modulus of elasticity of pier concrete 5000 x  = 33541.0197 Mpa
33541019.7 kN/m2
IL = Moment of inertia of the cracked pier section about 2.1 x 1.7 m 0.859775 m4
4
longitudinal bending 75% Cracked inertia = 0.64483125 m
F= 60.252 kN
TL = 1.095 sec
Transverse Period of Vibration
D= Dead load of the superstructure and appropriate live load in kN 9030 kN

Live load = 20% of LL transverse to the direction of the traffic - 2 x 2 lanes of CL 70R 800 kN
4
IT = Moment of inertia of the cracked pier section about 1.7 x 2.1 m 1.311975 m
4
transverse bending 75% Cracked inertia = 0.98398125 m
F= Horizontal force applied at the CM of the superstructure to get 1 mm deflection
at the top of pier in the transverse direction
Deflection at
𝐹 × 𝑧 × 𝐻2 𝐹 × 𝐻3 𝐹 × 𝐻2
pier top = D + or, 3𝑧 + 2𝐻 D= 0.001 m
2𝐸𝐼𝑇 3𝐸𝐼𝑇 6𝐸𝐼𝑇
6𝐸𝐼𝑇 ∆
or, F= F= 73.196 kN
𝐻 2 (3𝑧 + 2𝐻)
TT = 0.733 sec
Seismic coefficient medium soil
Z= 0.24 sa/g
R= 3 2.5 for 0 < T < 0.55
I= 1.2 1.36/T 0.55 < T < 4
Table 3 Seismic Coeff Sa/g alphaH alphaV

T - Long, sec 1.095 1.242041302
alphaH-L 0.24 x 1.2 x 1.24/2 x 3 0.060 0.039745322
T - Trans, sec 0.733 1.855567849
alphaH-T 0.24 x 1.2 x 1.86/2 x 3 0.089 0.059378171
(Z/2)(I/R)Sa/g alphaV = 2/3 x alphaH
4500 mm
Part 1 500
Part 2
2800 800
1200 2100 1200

Plan of Pier Cap Section of pier cap
550
1700
550
Pier cap
Vol of rectangular part = Volume Weight c.g.
3
4500*2800*500 = 6300000000 mm 157.5 1.05 m
Vol of trapezoidal part =
A1 = 4500x2800 = 12600000 mm2
A2 = 2100x1700 = 3570000 mm2
3
V = 0.5h (A1 + A2) 6468000000 mm 161.7 0.441 m
Net c.g. of pier cap above pier top 0.74149342 m
Table 4 Vol and weight of pier/cap
Volume Weight
Element mm3 m3 kN
Pier cap 12768000000 12.768 319.2
pier = A2*h 31951500000 31.9515 798.79
Height of pier = 8950 mm
Table 5 Unfactored Seismic Force from each superstructure

Weight/Reaction Seismic force C.G. above pier base
kN HL HT
kN kN m m
DL 7710 459.6546449 686.7085495 10.5 10.5
SIDL-F 700 41.73258774 62.34707972 10.5 10.5
SIDL-V 620 36.96314914 55.22169918 10.5 10.5
PierCap 319.2 19.03006001 28.43026835 10.25-1.3+0.741 9.691
Pier 798.7875 47.62209918 71.14581135 (10.25-1.3)/2 4.475
Live Load 20% LL for Transverse dir
Q1 1982 0 35.30626058 10.5
Q2 1321 0 23.53156923 10.5
Q3 1326 0 23.62063649 10.5
Braking force
Q1 0 284 0 10.25+0.25 10.5
Q2 0 208 0 10.5
Q3 0 284 0 10.5
Mass of superstructure in longitudinal direction 2 x (7,710.00 + 700.00 + 620.00 ) 18060 kN

far ends being on rollers.
Mass of superstructure in transverse direction (7,710.00 + 700.00 + 620.00 + 0.2 x 1982 ) 9426.4 kN
Seismic Base shear at the base of pier

In Longitudinal direction
due to superstructure 2 x (459.65 + 41.73 + 36.96 ) 1076.70 kN
due to pier & pier cap 19.03 + 47.62 66.65 kN
Factored shear for R = 1, 1.5 x (1,076.70 + 66.65) x 3 5145.08 kN
In Transverse direction
due to superstructure 686.71 + 62.35 + 55.22 + 35.31 839.584 kN
due to pier & pier cap 28.43 + 71.15 99.576 kN
Factored shear for R = 1, 1.5 x (839.58 + 99.58) x 3 4226.22 kN
To be used for shear design of pier
Table 6 Summary of Factored forces at the base of pier
S. No. Description P HL HT ML MT
kN kN kN kNm kNm
Earthquake along longitudinal direction
1 14344.18 1771.83 16169.1238 3512.01
1.35(DL+SIDL-F) +1.75(SIDL-
2 14211.98 1756.63 16009.5238 3504.59
V) + 0.2Qi+0.2Fb+1.5Feq
3 14212.98 1771.83 16169.1238 3504.65
Earthquake along transverse direction
4 14344.18 1391.09 4850.74 11706.705
1.35(DL+SIDL-F) +1.75(SIDL-
5 14211.98 1379.31 4802.86 11681.979
V) + 0.2Qi+0.2Fb+1.5Feq
6 14212.98 1379.40 4850.74 11682.166
Factored Seismic force - Long dir

P= 1.35 (DL+SIDL-F) + 1.75 (SIDL-V) + 0.2(Qi) + 0.2(Fb) + 1.5 (Feq) 14344.18
ML = alphaH[1.35*2* (DL+SIDL-F) + 1.75*2* (SIDL-V)] + 0.2(Fb) 16169.124
factored Seismic force - Trans dir 1.35 (DL+SIDL-F) + 1.75 (SIDL-V) + 0.2 (Qi) + 0.2(Fb) + 1.5 (Feq)
Design of Section at the Base of the Pier Clause 8.3.2 of IRC 112-2011
(1) Bending about transverse axis, b= 2100 mm
D= 1700 mm
T A= 3570000 mm2
ILL 1.312E+12 mm4
Direction of traffic ITT 8.5978E+11 mm4
L L rL = 606.217783 mm
rT = 490.747729 mm
L= 10250 mm
lLL 16.908115
T lTT 20.886495
eLL = MuT/NEd 16,169.12/14,344.18 1127.22514 mm
eTT = MuL/NEd 11,706.71/14,344.18 816.12911 mm
beq = rL x sqrt(12) 2100 mm
Deq = rT x sqrt(12) 1700 mm
𝑒𝐿 Τ𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑇 Τ𝑏𝑒𝑞
1.706 > 0.20 Not Good 0.586 > 0.20 NG
𝑒𝑇 Τ𝑏𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝐿 Τ𝐷𝑒𝑞
Now, let us apply bi-axial interaction check. Grade of concrete 45 Mpa
Grade of steel 500 Mpa
Let us change the notation for bending moments in accordance with theory of bending
MuL now becomes MuT, and MuT becomes MuL. That is, bending ABOUT the axis of bending not ALONG the axis.
𝑃𝑢
= 14,344.18 x 10^-3/(45 x 2.1 x 1.7) 0.08928841
𝜎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑇
=
𝜎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 2 16,169.12 x 10^-3/(45 x 2.1 x 1.7^2) 0.059204789
2
Let us use best available chart for design. Using Chart 47 of SP16 for d'/D = 0.05 0.675% 24097.5 mm
(2) Bending about longitudinal axis gives,
𝑃𝑢 14,344.18 x 10^-3/(45 x 1.7 x 2.1) 0.08928841

=
𝜎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝐿 11,706.71 x 10^-3/(45 x 1.7 x 2.1^2) 0.034700415

=
𝜎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 2 Using Chart 47 of SP16 for d'/D = 0.05 0.000%
2
Clause 16.3.1 of IRC 112-2011 requires minimum vertical steel = 0.24% 8568 mm
Let us make use of Clause 8.3.2 of IRC 112-2011 for simplified bi-axial bending analysis
Let us provide 1% steel higher than that required because of bi-axial bending
\ p/sck = 1.0/45 = 0.022 Pu/sck bD = 0.083, MuT/sckbD2 = 0.075
\ MRdT = 20482.875 kNm
Similarly, \ p/sck = 1.0/45 = 0.022 Pu/sck bD = 0.0848, MuL/sckbD2 = 0.076
\ MRdL = 25639.74 kNm
𝐴 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓
NRd = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

NRd = sck /1.5 x b x D + sy/1.15 x p x b x D = 87814239.13 87814.23913 kN
NEd/NRd = 14,344.18/87,814.24 0.163346893 \ a= 1.05
Interaction equation gives,
𝛼 𝛼
𝑀𝐸𝑑𝐿 𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑇 (11,706.71/25,639.74)^1.05+ (16,169.12/20482.875)^1.05 1.22
+ < 1.0
𝑀𝑅𝑑𝐿 𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑇 > 1 NG
where, MEdL = Design moment about L-L axis
MRdL = Uni-axial moment capacity about L-L axis
\ Increase the reinforcement, say p = 1.70% and revise the check
\ p/sck = 1.70/45 = 0.0377 Pu/sck bD = 0.08928841 MuT/sckbD2 = 0.1 SP16

\ MRdT = 27310.5 kNm
Similarly, \ p/sck = 1.70/45 = 0.0377 Pu/sck bD = 0.08928841 MuL/sckDb2 = 0.1 SP16
\ MRdL = 33736.5 kNm
NRd = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
NRd = sck /1.5 x b x D + sy/1.15 x p x b x D = 98679456.52 98679.45652 kN
NEd/NRd = 14,344.18/98,679.46 0.145361392 \ a= 1.03
Interaction equation gives,
𝛼 𝛼
𝑀𝐸𝑑𝐿 𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑇 (11,706.71/33,736.50)^1.03+ (16,169.12/27310.5)^1.03 0.92
+ < 1.0
𝑀𝑅𝑑𝐿 𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑇 < 1 OK
2
Area of steel required = 60690 mm
Area of steel provided along 1.7 m face = 15-28 mm bars each
Area of steel provided along 2.1 m face = 17-40 mm bars each
2
Total steel provided = 2* [15 x 6.16 + 17 x 12.56] 611.84 mm
OK
Now, let us carryout non-linear analysis of the pier section to derive M-f curve, plastic moment capacity and M-P interaction
Confined concrete is assumed in accordance with Mander's formulation. Analysis is done using MATLAB.
MPL 35500 kNm using MATLAB
MPT = 33500 kNm Using MATLAB This program is based on confined concrete.
Let us generate the ML-MT curves using the Excel sheet. This sheet is based on unconfined concrete.
Load Case -1 P = 14450 kN, MUL = 16200, MUT = 11700 Based on Table 6
P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve
Load Case 2 P = 14450 kN, MUL = 4850, MUT = 11700 Using Table 6
Load Case 3 P = 14450 kN, MUL = 16200, MUT = 3510
Let us revise the reinforcement in the pier to 1.5% from 1.7%.

Provide 2 x 13- 28 mm bars
Total steel = 536.8 cm2
1.50%
MATLAB gives, MPL = 33600 MPT = 31200
Load Case 1

Load Case 2

Load Case 3
Length of plastic hinge
Clause 17.2.1.4 of IRC 112-2011 gives length of plastic hinge. Lp = greater of (1.7 m or 0.2*10.25 = 2.05 m) = 2.05 m
SDC CALTRANS V1.7, April 2013

7.6.3 Plastic Hinge Region The plastic hinge region, Lpr defines the portion of the column, pier, or shaft that requires
enhanced lateral confinement. Lpr is defined by the larger of:
• The region of column where the moment exceeds 75% of the maximum plastic moment, col M p
• 0.25×(Length of column from the point of maximum moment to the point of contra-flexure)
• 1.5 times the cross sectional dimension in the direction of bending
EC8-part 2, Appendix E3.2
For a plastic hinge occurring at the top or the bottom junction of a pier with the deck or foundation (footing or pile cap),
with longitudinal reinforcement of characteristic yield stress fyk (in MPa) and bar diameter dbL, the plastic hinge length Lp
may be assumed as follows:
Lp = 0,10L + 0,015fyk x dbL (E.19)
where L is the distance from the plastic hinge section to the section of zero moment, under the seismic action.
Different Codes give different expressions to compute the length of plastic hinge. The IRC 112 is the most conservative.
Let us curtail the reinforcement in the pier to 1.3% from 1.5% at 5 m above the pier base
Provide 8 - 40 mm + 7 - 32 mm bars each long face
Total steel = 473 cm2
1.32%
MATLAB gives, MPL = 31100 MPT = 28900
MPL at the curtailed section - MATLAB
Over strength factor for concrete = 1.35

Overstrength moment at the base MoL = 45360 kNm
Overstrength moment at the base MoT = 42120 kNm
Over strength required at 5 m height are given by
MoL = 45360 x (10.25-5)/10.25 = 23233.17073 kNm

MPL > MoL OK
MoT = 42120 x (10.25-5)/10.25 = 21573.65854 kNm
MPT > MoT OK
At the curtailed section, the plastic moment capacity is higher than

the demand originating from the over strength of plastic hinge. OK
Shear Resistance of the Section outside the region of plastic hinge Clause 7.5.3.2 of IRC SP 114
read with Cl. 10 of IRC 112
Let us calculate factored moments for non-seismic actions: Live load and braking force
Longitudinal direction - 0.2 x 238 47.6 kNm
Max. braking force - 0.2 x 284 56.8 kN
\ Net value - 47.6 + 56.8 x 10.25 629.8 kNm
Transverse direction - 0.2 x 3164 632.8 kNm
Net increase in plastic moment,

along Longitudinal direction DML = 42120 - 629.8 41490.2 kNm
along Transverse direction - DMT = 45360 - 632.8 44727.2 kNm
Shear corresponding to this increase in moment is
ΣΔ𝑀
∆𝑉 =
ℎ
along Longitudinal direction 41490.2/10.25 4047.82439 kN
along Transverse direction - 44727.2/10.25 4363.629268 kN
Seismic Base shear at the base of pier obtained earlier with R = 1 are
along Longitudinal direction 5145.08 kN
along Transverse direction - 4226.22 kN
Therefore, design shear at the base of pier is greater of the two, that is,
along Longitudinal direction 5145.08 kN
along Transverse direction - 4363.63 kN
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The purpose of this exercise was to explain various steps to analyze and design a rectangular pier under bi-axial bending.
A lots of steps were skipped in the IRC SP114 that led to confusion among most of the designers. The designers need to be
aware of two points while going through this exercise:
(1) Sign convention for ML and MT. Except while using SP16 charts and MATLAB analysis, these symbols mean along
longitudinal and transverse direction. Elsewhere, they mean about the axis.
(2) IRC 112 does not give complete properties of confined concrete. One has to use Mander curves to get correct results.
(3) Unconfined concrete has a maximum strain of 0.35%, whereas, confined concrete can yield up to 1.6%
(4) A mere plastic analysis or capacity analysis is not enough to get a ductile response in the built up bridge. It depends
entirely on the quality of materials, workmanship and supervision at site. Even a slight weakness in any component of the
entire chain, the structure may fall like a pack of cards.
(5) The plastic moment capacity of a section with confinement and without confinement is nearly 20% higher.
References
IRC 6 - 2017 with amendments up to Oct 2019
IRC 112 - 2011 with amendments up to Oct 2019
IRC SP114-2018 with amendments up to Oct 2019
BIS SP 16-1978
Jain, Ashok K. Reinforced Concrete - Limit State Design, 7th ed. 2012, Nem Chand & Bros.
Dynamics of Structures with Matlab Applications, 2016, Pearson

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Capacity Design of a Cantilever Pier under Bi-axial Bending - IRC SP114-2018

Table 2 Fb Braking forces at the base of pier

Longitudinal Period of Vibration

If D = 1 mm, or, 1/1000 m

D= Dead load of the superstructure and appropriate live load in kN 9030 kN

Table 3 Seismic Coeff Sa/g alphaH alphaV

1200 2100 1200

Height of pier = 8950 mm

Table 5 Unfactored Seismic Force from each superstructure

Mass of superstructure in longitudinal direction 2 x (7,710.00 + 700.00 + 620.00 ) 18060 kN

Seismic Base shear at the base of pier

Table 6 Summary of Factored forces at the base of pier

Factored Seismic force - Long dir

𝑃𝑢 14,344.18 x 10^-3/(45 x 1.7 x 2.1) 0.08928841

𝑀𝑢𝐿 11,706.71 x 10^-3/(45 x 1.7 x 2.1^2) 0.034700415

NRd = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

\ p/sck = 1.70/45 = 0.0377 Pu/sck bD = 0.08928841 MuT/sckbD2 = 0.1 SP16

MPL 35500 kNm using MATLAB

P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve

P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve

Load Case 3 P = 14450 kN, MUL = 16200, MUT = 3510

P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve

Let us revise the reinforcement in the pier to 1.5% from 1.7%.

P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve

P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve

P-M Interaction curve ML - MT interactive curve

Length of plastic hinge

SDC CALTRANS V1.7, April 2013

MPL at the curtailed section - MATLAB

Over strength factor for concrete = 1.35

Over strength required at 5 m height are given by

MoL = 45360 x (10.25-5)/10.25 = 23233.17073 kNm

At the curtailed section, the plastic moment capacity is higher than

Net increase in plastic moment,

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