14/1/2015 Fixed Roof Tank

FIXED ROOF TANK Send Enquiry

Introduction:
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Fixed Roof Tanks may be of cone roof or dome roof type construction.
Dome roofs are usually supported from the shell by framing consisting of rafters and girders BNH Gas Tanks
pressed to the roof radius. B-23, Maya Nagari, Dapodi, Pune - 411012,
Maharashtra, India.
Cone roofs are usually supported from the shell by rafters or trusses. Phone: +91-20-30686720 / 21 / 22
Large cone roof tanks can also be built with columns and girders to support the rafters and Mobile: +91-9823616678, 9822076167
roof plates.
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Due to environmental concerns and to reduce vapour losses there is tendency to install
more and more internal fixed decks in fixed roof tanks either under construction or as a
retrofit.

This combines the advantage of both fixed and fixed roof design.

Breathing loss is the expulsion of vapor from a tank through vapor expansion and
contraction, which are the results of changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure.
This loss occurs without any liquid level change in the tank. Working loss is a result of an Other products:
increase in the liquid level in the tank. Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or equipped
• AMMONIA
with a pressure/vacuum vent. The latter allows the tanks to operate at a slight internal Am m onia Gas C ylinde r
pressure or vacuum to prevent the release of vapors during very small changes in Anhydrous Am m onia C ontaine r
temperature, pressure, or liquid level. It is also possible to inert tanks with small gas over Am m onia R ail Tank
pressure. Am m onia Sphe re
Am m onia Sphe rical Tank
Fixed roof tank emissions vary as a function of vessel capacity, vapor pressure of the stored Am m onia Storage Tank
Anhydrous Am m onia Tank
liquid, utilization rate of the tank, and atmospheric conditions at the tank location.
Am m onia Transport Se m itraile r

According to type (shape) of fixed roof: • BUTANE GAS

Butane Gas Tank
Cone Roof; Butane Storage Tank s
Dome Roof
Umbrella Roof • CHLORINE GAS
Hanging Roofs; C hlorine Gas Tank
Fixed Roofs (Dome Or Cone) With Internal Fixed Roof.
• CO2
Different hypothesis are assumed for the use of fixed roof tank model: C arbon Diox ide Gas Tank
C O 2 Gas Tank s
Fixed roof tanks must be substantially liquid and vapour tight and must operate C O 2 Ge ne ration Plant
C O 2 Liquid Tank e r
approximately at atmospheric pressure.
C O 2 R e cove ry Plant
C O 2 Storage Tank
The potential emission sources for above-ground horizontal tanks are the same as those Liquid C O 2 Transport Tank e rs
for vertical fixed roof tanks. Emissions from underground storage tanks are associated Liquid C arbon Diox ide Tank s
mainly with changes in the liquid level in the tank. In that case breathing loss can be Liquid C O 2 Tank
neglected (losses are minimal for underground tanks because the surrounding earth limits Vacuum Insulate d Liquid C O 2 Tank s
the diurnal temperature change).
• ETHYLENE GAS
In order to limit working losses, vapor balancing is commonly used. As the storage tank is Ethyle ne Gas Tank
Ethyle ne Tank
filled, the vapors expelled from the storage tank are directed to the emptying tanker truck.
Ethyle ne O x ide Tank
The truck then transports the vapors to a station where a vapor recovery or control system
is used to control emissions. In that case working loss can be neglected. • FUEL TANKS
Fix e d R oof Tank
Storage Tanks Floating R oof Tank
Pe trole um Ve sse ls
Storage tanks containing organic liquids, non organic liquids, vapors and can be found in
many industries. Most storage tanks are designed. • GPL GAS
GPL Gas Tank s
These tanks can have different sizes, ranging from 2 to 60 m diameter or more. They are GPL R e se rvoirs
generally installed inside containment basins in order to contain spills in case of rupture of
the tank. • HYDROGEN GAS
Hydroge n Gas Ve sse l
Industries where storage tanks can be found are: petroleum producing and refining,
• IMO TANK
petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, bulk storage and transfer operations, other
IMO 7 Tank
industries consuming or producing liquids and vapors. IMO Tank
IMO Tank C ontaine r
Types of storage tanks
• ISO TANK
Basically there are eight types of tanks used to store liquids: ISO Tank

The first four tank types are cylindrical in shape with the axis oriented perpendicular to the • LIQUID GAS
sub grade. These tanks are almost exclusively above ground. Horizontal tanks can be used Liquid Gas Tank
above and below ground. Pressure tanks often are horizontally oriented and spherically O il And Gas Storage Tank

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14/1/2015 Fixed Roof Tank
shaped to maintain structural integrity at high pressures. They are located above ground. Gas Tank Installation
Variable vapor space tanks can be cylindrical or spherical in shape.
Fixed-roof tanks • LPG
Bulk LPG Storage Tank s
External fixed roof tanks
Lique fie d Pe trole um Gas Tank
Internal fixed roof tanks LPG Bobtail
Domed external fixed roof tanks LPG Bulk Installation
Horizontal tanks LPG Bulle ts
Pressure tanks LPG C arouse l Plant
Variable vapor space tanks LPG C ylinde r
LPG C ylinde r Manufacture r
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tanks
LPG Te nde r
LPG Filling Plant
Containment Basin LPG Gas Plant
LPG Gas Tank
A containment basin of a product should be built around the tanks are made of brick or LPG Equipm e nt
concrete and the lining should be impervious to liquid stored to prevent spills that can LPG Horton Sphe re
cause fire, property damage or contaminate the environment. The minimum capacity of the LPG ISO C ontaine r
basin volume should be equal to the capacity of the largest tank plus 10% of the sum of the LPG Mounde d Bulle ts
LPG Mounde d Ve sse ls
capacities of others. To prevent a spill or other emergency the walls of the containment
LPG Se m i Traile r
basin must be resistant to the product and must be able to withstand considerable LPG Sphe re s
pressure. The drain Valve, which should be incorporated into the outer side of the LPG Sphe rical Tank
containment basin, must be closed to prevent possible contamination to the environment. LPG Storage Tank s
LPG Bottling Plant
Fixed-Roof Tank LPG Tank Farm
LPG Te rm inal
We currently used tank designs, the fixed-roof tank is the least expensive to construct and Use d LPG Bobtail
Use d LPG Storage Tank
is generally considered the minimum acceptable equipment for storing liquids. A typical
C he ap LPG Storage Tank
fixed-roof tank consists of a cylindrical steel shell with a cone- or dome-shaped roof that is Use d LPG Tank
permanently affixed to the tank shell. Storage tanks are usually fully welded and designed LPG Port Facility
for both liquid and vapor tight, while older tanks are often have a riveted or bolted LPG Gas Price
construction and are not vapor tight.
• NITROGEN
Liquid Nitroge n Tank
Lifting and handling of a stainless steel storage tank: Nitroge n Gas Tank
LNG Storage Tank s
A breather Valve (pressure-vacuum Valve), which is commonly installed on many fixed-roof Nitrous O x ide Gas Tank
tanks, allows the tank to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum. This Valve
prevents the release of vapors during only very small changes in temperature, barometric • SURGE VESSELS
pressure, or liquid level, the emissions from a fixed-roof tank can be appreciable. Surge Ve sse ls
Additionally, gauge hatches / sample wells, float gauges, and roof manholes provide
accessibility to these tanks and also serve as potential sources of volatile emissions. • OXYGEN
O x yge n Gas Tank

External Fixed Roof Tank • PROPANE

Propane Unde rground Tank s
Propane Sphe re s
A typical external fixed roof tank consists of an open-topped cylindrical steel shell equipped Propane Sphe rical Tank s
with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid, rising and falling with the liquid Propane Storage Tank
level. The fixed roof is comprised of a deck, fittings, and rim seal system. Fixed roof decks Use d Propane Tank
are constructed of welded steel plates and are of three general types: pan, pontoon, and
double deck. • PROPYLENE GAS
Propyle ne Gas Tank
Propyle ne O x ide Tank s
Although numerous pan-type decks are currently in use, the present trend is toward Propyle ne Storage Tank s
pontoon and double-deck type fixed roofs. Propyle ne Tank

Manufacturer supply various versions of these basic types of fixed decks, which are tailored • SYN GAS
to emphasize particular features, such as full liquid contact, load-carrying capacity, roof Syn Gas Tank
stability, or pontoon arrangement. The liquid surface is covered by the fixed deck, except in C oal Be dde d Me thane Gas Tank
the small annular space between the deck and the shell; the deck may contact the liquid or
float directly above the surface on pontoons. • ARGON TANKS
Argon Tank s
External fixed roof tanks are equipped with a rim seal system, which is attached to the roof
perimeter and contacts the tank wall. The rim seal system slides against the tank wall as • CNG STORAGE TANKS
C NG Storage Tank s
the roof is raised and lowered. The fixed deck is also equipped with fittings that penetrate
the deck and serve operational functions. The external fixed roof design is such that • DESALINATION PLANTS
evaporative losses from the stored liquid are limited to losses from the rim seal system and Lim e Stone Filte r Tank s
deck fittings (standing storage loss) and any exposed liquid on the tank walls (withdrawal
loss).

Internal Fixed Roof Tank

That tank has both, a permanent fixed roof and a fixed roof inside. There are two basic
types of internal fixed roof tanks:

Tanks in which the fixed roof is supported by vertical columns within the tank
Tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no internal support columns
The fixed roof is not necessarily free of openings but does span the entire open plan area
of the vessel. Fixed roof tanks that have been retrofitted to employ an internal fixed roof
are typically of the first type, while external fixed roof tanks that have been converted to an
internal fixed roof tank typically have a self-supporting roof.

Tanks initially constructed with both a fixed roof and an internal fixed roof may be of either
type. An internal fixed roof tank has both a permanently affixed roof and a roof that floats
inside the tank on the liquid surface (contact deck) or is supported on pontoons several
inches above the liquid surface (noncontact deck). The internal fixed roof rises and falls with
the liquid level.

Domed External Fixed Roof Tank

Domed external fixed roof tanks have the heavier type of deck used in external fixed roof
tanks as well as a fixed roof at the top of the shell like internal fixed roof tanks. Domed
external fixed roof tanks usually result from retrofitting an external fixed roof tank with a

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fixed roof.

As with the internal fixed roof tanks, the function of the fixed roof is not to act as a vapor
barrier, but to block the wind. The type of fixed roof most commonly used is a self
supporting aluminum dome roof, which is of bolted construction. Like the internal fixed roof
tanks, these tanks are freely vented by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The
deck fittings and rim seals, however, are basically identical to those on external fixed roof
tanks.

Horizontal Tank

Horizontal tanks are constructed for both above-ground and underground service.
Horizontal tanks are usually constructed of steel, steel with a fiberglass overlay, or
fiberglass-reinforced polyester. Horizontal tanks are generally small storage tanks.
Horizontal tanks are constructed such that the length of the tank is not greater than six
times the diameter to ensure structural integrity. Horizontal tanks are usually equipped with
pressure-vacuum vents, gauge hatches and sample wells, and manholes to provide
accessibility to these tanks. In addition, underground tanks may be cathodically protected
to prevent corrosion of the tank shell. Cathodic protection is accomplished by placing
sacrificial anodes in the tank that are connected to an impressed current system or by using
galvanic anodes in the tank. However, internal cathodic protection is no longer widely used
in the petroleum industry, due to corrosion inhibitors that are now found in most refined
petroleum products.

Variable Vapor Space Tank

Variable vapor space tanks are equipped with expandable vapor reservoirs to
accommodate vapor volume fluctuations attributable to temperature and barometric
pressure changes. Although variable vapor space tanks are sometimes used independently,
they are normally connected to the vapor spaces of one or more fixed roof tanks. The two
most common types of variable vapor space tanks are lifter roof tanks and flexible
diaphragm tanks. Lifter roof tanks have a telescoping roof that fits loosely around the
outside of the main tank wall. The space between the roof and the wall is closed by either a
wet seal, which is a trough filled with liquid, or a dry seal, which uses a flexible coated
fabric.

Flexible diaphragm tanks use flexible membranes to provide expandable volume. They may
be either separate gasholder units or integral units mounted atop fixed roof tanks. Variable
vapor space tank losses occur during tank filling when vapor is displaced by liquid. Loss of
vapor occurs only when the tank's vapor storage capacity is exceeded.

Advantages of using of internal fixed roofs:

Level of Evaporation of Storage Product Is Decreased;

Risk of Fire Is Lower
Internal Fixed Roof Could Be Aluminum. It Has Low Height and Storage Capacity Is
Increased;
The Internal Fixed Roof Is Protected From Ambient Climatic Conditions and They Could Be
Used In Various Earth Regions;
It Is Not Necessary Mounting Of Roof Drain.

Dome roof with internal fixed roof

Tanks with cone or dome roofs and internal fixed roofs have reduction loss of evaporation
of the product. When the internal pressure is increased the loss is less.
Internal fixed roofs could be: made of steel - they are similar to external fixed roof, but roof
drain is not necessary;

According to static scheme of the roof:

Self-supporting roofs - cone and dome roofs;

Self-supporting cone roof

Self-supporting roofs, especially dome roof are very suitable when internal pressure is
increased. Latterly internal fixed roofs can be mounted when fixed roofs are supported and
there are columns inside. When the roof is self-supporting internal space of the tank is free
and it is more convenient to install internal fixed roof. Conditions of exploitation of internal
fixed roof are improved.

Self-supporting dome roof

It is the most light and economical type of fixed roof.

It can be used when:
The spans are very big;
The internal pressure is increased;
Aluminum is used as material for construction;

Roof plates usually are welded to supporting structure. According Bulgarian experience cone
and dome roofs can be ensured with frangible joints. It can be achieved when part of the
welds between cover plates and structures has decreased height.

Hanging roof

Roof cover plates work only on tension condition and they could be used sterling. Plates
work in two directions;
This type of roof is easy to prepare;
Hanging roof could cover big spans;
They are very light.

Technical specifications:

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The tanks are made in various capacities
Volume: Ranging from 200m3 to 15 million liters and above
Diameter: Ranging from 5 mtrs to 60 meters and up
Height: Ranging from 5 mtrs to 20 meters and up
Design code: API 650 and others

Past Project for Fixed roof tanks:

• Gasoline storage tank - 4 x 8000 m3

• Petrol storage tank - 6 x 8500 cum.
• Kerosene storage tank - 5 x 4 million gallons

• Jet fuel storage tanks - 3 x 2 million gallons

• Crude oil storage tank - 5 x 10000 m3
• Ethanol storage tank - 5 x 8500 cum.
• Molasses storage tank - 2 x 2500 cum

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