1.

Introduction:
Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and
mechanical properties without changing the product shape. Heat treatment is sometimes
done inadvertently due to manufacturing processes that either heat or cool the metal such
as welding or forming.
Heat Treatment process is a series of operations involving the heating and cooling
of metals in the solid state.
By heat treating, a metal can be made harder, stronger, and more resistant to impact, heat
treatment can also make a metal softer and more ductile. No one heat-treating operation
can produce all of these characteristics. In fact, some properties are often improved at the
expense of others. In being hardened, for example, a metal may become brittle.

1.1 Types of Heat Treatment:

a. Softening:

It used to reduce strength or hardness, remove residual stresses, improve

toughness, restore ductility and refine grain size or change the electromagnetic
properties of the steel.
Restoring ductility or removing residual stresses is a necessary operation after a
large amount of cold working have been performed, such as in a cold-rolling
operation or wiredrawing.
And there is three ways to soft a material listed below:
1. Annealing: A technique used to recover cold work and relax stresses
within a metal. Annealing involves recovery, recrystallization and grain
growth. When an annealed part is allowed to cool in the furnace, it is
called a "full anneal" heat treatment. Sometimes, an annealed parts is
allowed to cool in oil, fresh water or salt water to give various value of
stiffness. And sometimes the annealed parts is allowed to cool in air. That
leads to Normalizing.

2. Normalizing: It is a type of heat treatment applicable to ferrous metals

only. It differs from annealing in that the metal is heated to a higher
temperature and then removed from the furnace for air cooling. The
purpose of normalizing is to remove the internal stresses induced by heat
treating, welding, casting, forging, forming, or machining.

3. Tempering.

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 b. Hardening:

Hardening of steels is done to increase the strength and wear properties. One of
the pre-requisites for hardening is sufficient carbon and alloy content. If there is
sufficient Carbon content then the steel can be directly hardened. Otherwise the
surface of the part has to be Carbon enriched using some diffusion treatment
hardening techniques.

And there is some ways to Hard a material listed below:

1. Quenching: Quench hardening is a mechanical process in which steel and

cast iron alloys are strengthened and hardened. These metals consist of
ferrous metals and alloys. This is done by heating the material to a certain
temperature. This produces a harder material by either surface hardening
or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the material is cooled.
Items that may be quenched include gears, shafts, and wear blocks.

2. Case Hardening: is the process of hardening the surface of a metal, often

a low carbon steel, by infusing elements into the material's surface,
forming a thin layer of a harder alloy.

1.2 Thermal conductivity, (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a material's

ability to conduct heat. It appears primarily in Fourier's Law for heat conduction.
Heat transfer across materials of high thermal conductivity occurs at a higher rate
than across materials of low thermal conductivity. Correspondingly materials of
high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and materials
of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. Thermal conductivity
of materials is temperature dependent. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is
thermal resistivity.

2. Objective:
 To be familiar with furnace which used to heat inspection parts.
 To be familiar with ways to soft materials.
 To be familiar with ways to hard materials.
 To show the different between annealing and normalizing and other ways to hard
or soft materials.

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3. Apparatus:
a. Furnace: which used to heat inspection parts.
b. Combined Digital Hardness Tester.

4. Procedure:
1. At first, prepare four identical parts of same material.
2. Take the parts to hardness tester and calculate its hardness values.
3. Put these parts in the Furnace, to heat up until specific temperature.
4. Then, take three parts out of the Furnace, and let the fourth part to cool in the Furnace
slowly (Annealing), and let one of three parts to cool in air, and one in fresh water, and
the last part in oil.
5. After the part cooled, take it to hardness tester, and calculate its hardness values.
6. Record the results in a table.
7. Use the engineering sense to compare between the different values g hardness.

5. Results:

Table (1): Hardness after heat treatment ( HRB )

part Annealing Normalizing (air) Oil Water
1 49.6 77.3 97.5 98
2 55.2 80.7 99.6 104.2
3 52.9 82.4 88.9 109
4 53.2 80.5 93.9 103.5
Average 52.725 80.225 94.975 103.675

Table (2): Reduction in hardness after annealing

hardness before after annealing Reduction %
82.7 49.6 0.400241838
84.3 55.2 0.34519573
83.2 52.9 0.364182692
87.3 53.2 0.390607102
84.375 52.725 0.375111111

Table (3): Reduction in hardness

3 after normalizing
 hardness before afher normalizing Reduction %
82.7 77.3 0.065296252
84.3 80.7 0.042704626
83.2 82.4 0.009615385
87.3 80.5 0.077892325
84.375 80.225 0.049185185

Table (4): Increase in hardness after oil quenching

hardness before after quenching increase %
82.7 97.5 0.178960097
84.3 99.6 0.181494662
83.2 88.9 0.068509615
87.3 93.9 0.075601375
84.375 94.975 0.12562963

Table (5): Increase in hardness after water quenching

hardness before after quenching increase %
82.7 98 0.185006046
84.3 104.2 0.236061684
83.2 109 0.310096154
87.3 103.5 0.18556701
84.375 103.675 0.228740741

6. Conclusion:
In table one, the hardness strength arranged regarding to the more strength as 103.675MPa (water),
94.975MPa (oil), 80.225MPa (normalizing) and last 52.725MPa (annealing process).
This forms as a results of thermal conductivity which defined previously. The thermal conductivity
of water is higher than of thermal conductivity of the oil and air that mean the part which cooled
in water will lose its temperature faster than the part cooled in oil and air and annealing process.

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In other ward, the water cools the part faster than oil, and oil cools the part faster than air, and the
air cools the part faster than annealing process.
Then, the part which cooled by water is the hardest part, and the part which cooled by oil is harder
than part which cooled by air, and the part which cooled by air is harder than part which cooled
by annealing process.
And we see the same results in other tables.

7. References:

a. Websits:

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenching
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_Treatment
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_Treatment
 http://www.efunda.com/processes/heat_treat/introduction/heat_treatments.cfm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity