BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT\

JACOB MURISA

1. AN ENZYME IS A BIOLOGICAL CATALYST THAT SPEEDS SPEEDS UP THE RATE OF A

CHEMICAL REACTION.

2. AN ENZYME MOLECULE HAS A DENT IN IT CALLED TH ACTIVE SITE. THE

SUBSTANCES TAKING PART IN THE REACTION THAT THE ENZYME CATALYSES FIT
EXACTLY INTO THIS. THE ENZYME PULLS THEM A LITTLE , MAKING THEM REACT ,
AND THEN LETS THEM GO AGAIN. THE SUBSTANCE THAT THE ENZYME WORKS ON
IS CALLED ITS SUBSTRATE. THE NEW SUBSTANCES THAT IT MAKES ARE CALLED THE
PRODUCT. THIS EXPLANATION CAN ALSO BE CALLED THE 'LOCK AND KEY' MODEL.

3. THE SHAPE AS WELL AS THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYME MOLECULES IS AFFECTED BY pH

. FOR MOST ENZYMES , THERE IS A SMALL RANGE OF pH IN WHICH THEIR
MOLECULES ARE EXACTLY THE RIGHT SHAPE TO CATALYSE THEIR REACTION.
ABOVE OR BELOW THIS pH , THEIR MOLECULES LOSE THEIR SHAPE , SO THEIR
SUBSTRATE CANNOT FIT INTO THE ACTIVE SITES.
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EXAMPLE 1
PEPSIN IS A PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYME (PROTEASE) THAT WORKS IN THE
STOMACH. HERE , THE pH IS VERY LOW BECAUSE THE STOMACH WALLS SECRETE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID. PEPSIN WORKS BEST IN THESE CONDITIONS AT A pH OF
AROUND 2 . ANYTHING BELOW OR ABOVE THAT WILL SEE THE ENZYME LOSING
SHAPE AND NOT WORKING.
-
EXAMPLE 2
AMYLASE IS AN ENZYME THAT WORKS IN THE MOUTH AND IN THE DUODENUM ,
WHER EpH IS MUCH HIGHER. ITS OPTIMUM pH IS AROUND 7 OR JUST ABOVE.
ANYTHING BELOW THAT WILL SEE THE ENZYME LOSING SHAPE AND NOT
WORKING.

4. IF THE BILE DUCT WERE BLOCKED ,ENZYMES WON'T BE SCERETED HENCE

COMPLETE DIGESTION WILL NOT OCCUR SINCE DIGESTION OF PROTEINS TAKES
PLACE IN THE SMALL INTESTINES.
 5. ANY IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES ARE THAT :
(i) THEY ARE ALWAYS PROTEIN (ii) THEY ARE
SENSITIVE TO pH
(iii) THEY CAN BE USED OVER AND OVER AGAIN

6. ANY TWO ENZYMES INVOLVED IN :

(i) protein digestion - PEPSIN and TRYPSIN
(ii) fats digestion - PANCREATIC LIPASE and GASTRIC LEAPASE
(iii) carbohydrates digestion - AMYLASE and MALTASE

7. A RISE IN TEMPERATURE INCREASES THE RATE OF RECTION , A FALL IN

TEMPERATURE SLOWS THEM DOWN. HOWEVER, ABOVE 50 DEGREES CELCIUS ,
ENZYMES BEING PROTEINS GET DENATURED AND STOP WORKING. ABOVE 50
DEGREEES CELCIUS THE SHAPES OF ENZYMES ARE PERMANENLTY CHANGED AND
THE ENZYMES CAN NOLONGER COMBINE WITH THEIR SUBSTANCES.

8. ACTIVE ENERGY IS THE MINIMUN AMOUNT AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO

ACTIVATE ATOMS AND MOLECULES TO A CONDITION IN WHICH THEY CAN
UNDERGO CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION AND PHYSICAL TRANSPORT.

!!!!!!! DOLPHIN !!!!!!!!