VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING AUTHORITY (VETA)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

RESEARCH TITLE

FACTORS ACCELERATING DEFORESTATION IN

BUKENE DIVISION

THE CASE STUDY AT NZEGA DISTRICT

TRAINEE NAME: DAUD M. HERMAN

INSTITUTION NAME: MVTTC

SUPERVISOR NAME: FAYSON MWAKASEKA

i
 DEDICATION

I gratefully dedicate this work to my beloved wife Ester Daud, my son Edward

Daud, Without forgetting my friends Harson Masuva, paul kalidushi The principal

Mwanhala Development college for their courage and cooperation. May our

God bless them.

ii
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

To work out this report could not be successful without cooperation from different

people. Due to this fact I am happy to express my genuine sincere thanks to a number of

people who contributed to the success of this work.

First we wish to express my sincere gratitude to my Principal for beneficial directives

and valuable contribution.

Secondly, i wish to express my thanks to the Ward Canceller Mr. Lazaro maduhu and to

my friends Mr.Harison masuva, Mr. peter makono and Mr. paul kalidushi for their

support of giving me the data i wanted.

Mr. Daud

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………… ii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………….…………………………iii
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………… …….iv
List of abbreviations ……………………………………………………………….…. v-vi
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………. vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1 Background of the study……..………………………………………………………. 1
1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………..……………… 2
1.3.0 Purpose of the Study …………….……………………………………………….. 3
1.3.1 General objective of the study …………………………………………………… 3
1.4.0 Hypothesis of the study…………….……………………………………………… 3
1.4.1 Research questions ……………………………………………………………….. 4
1.5 Significance of the study ..………………………………………………………….. 4
l.6 Limitation of the study ……………………………………………………………… 4
1.7 Delimitation of the study ……………………………..………………………………5
1.8 Organization of the Thesis ……………………...………………………………….. 5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Definition of terms …………………………………….…………………………… 6
2.2 Theoretical literature review ………………………………………………………… 7
2.3 Review of related literature ……………………………………………………….. ..7
2.4 Research gap ………………………………………………………………………… 8
2.5 Conceptual frame work …………………………………………………………….. 8
2.6 Chapter summary …………………………………………………………………... 9

iv
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 10
3.1 Area of study ………………………………………………………………………..10
3.2 Research design ……..……………………………………………………………. 10
3.3 Targeted population……………………………………………………………….. 11
3.4 sampling procedure ...…………………………………………………………….. 11
3.5 Data collection methods …..………………………………………………………. 12
3.5.1 Questionnaire..…………………………………………………………………… 12
3.5.2 Interview………………………………………………………………………….. 12
CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH FINDINGS, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 13
4.1 Recording and analysis stage ……………………………………………………… 13
4.2 Task 1 ………………………………………………………………………………..13
4.3 Task 2 ………………………………………………………………………………. 14
4.4 Validity and Reliability ………………….……………………………………….. 15
4.5.1 Validity …………………….……………………………………………………..16
4.5.2 Reliability ……..………………………………………………………………… 17
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Summary ….………………………………………………………………………. 18
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 19
5.2 Recommendation …...…………………………………………………………….. 20
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………….. 22
APPENDIX A …….…………………………………………………………………… 23
APPENDIX B ……..………………………………………………………………….. 24
APPENDIX C …..…………………………………………………………………….. 25

v
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GDP Gross Domestic Product

NEMC National Environment Management Council

NGO Non-governmental Organization

PFM Participatory Forest Management

TFP Non – timber Forest Products

VLFR Village Land Forest Resources

ABSTRACT

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As Tanzania becomes more urbanized and developed consumption rates are on the rise.

An inevitable consequence of more consumption is the rapid increase on over

exploitation of forest resources leading to deforestation. Today, deforestation practices in

Tanzania are often due to settlement expansion, collection of fire wood and the

harvesting of timber products. The impact of deforestation practices on natural and

human environments is now being acknowledged.

This study investigated the factors affecting deforestation in Nzega District, Tabora

Tanzania. The study employed a descriptive case study. The population of the study

consisted of 30 respondents from Bukene in Nzega district. Random sampling technique

was used to sample the respondents from Karitu Ward,Mbutu Ward and from Mbogwe

Ward to participate in the study.

The main research instrument that was used in this study was questionnaires and

interview guide. Frequency tables were used to present the research findings. The

findings led the researcher to conclude that extension of settlements, collection of fuel

wood, harvesting of forests for timber products and agricultural activities are the major

factors accelerating deforestation in Nzega District.

The researcher recommends that the National Environment Management Council

(NEMC) should set and enforce regulations for the protection of our forests. And the

NGO’S to support forest conservation efforts done by the community. The findings may

provide useful information for the National policy-makers, civil society, research

organizations and the public as they struggle to protect the environmental resources

including the forests

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents historical background of the study, statement of the problem,

research objectives, significances of the study, hypothesis of the study, limitations of the

study, Delimitation of the study and organization of the Thesis.

1.1Background to the Problem

There is a saying that the forest is the heart of Tanzania’s economy, because all the major

economic sectors of the economy: agriculture, tourism and human resources very much

depend on the forests. About 35,257,000 ha (39.9%) of Tanzania is forested (URT,

2012a) and most of the forest area is occupied by woodland (90%) (ibid). Other forest

types include montane, mangrove and acacia forests and coastal woodlands. About 18

million hectares of this total forest area have been gazette as forest reserves and 4.1

million hectares of this are managed under Participatory Forest Management (PFM)

(URT, 2012a). Over 17.3 million hectares, a third of total forested land, are on village

and general land with no properly defined management regime; and this is where

deforestation and degradation is the most severe (URT, 2012a).

1. Deforestation rates in Tanzania are quite high; between 1990 and 2015 an

estimated 412,000 ha per annum were cleared, equivalent to about 1.1% of the

total forest area (Blomley and Iddi, 2009). The main direct causes of deforestation

are clearing for agriculture, overgrazing, wildfires, charcoal making, persistent

reliance on wood fuel for energy, over-exploitation of wood resources and lack of

1
 land use planning (Iddi and Blomley et. al., 2008). Reliance on wood fuel and

charcoal for energy supply have been identified as a key driver behind national

rates of deforestation and degradation, and it presents a real challenge, as almost

all domestic (rural and urban) energy consumption are derived from these sources

(Miles et. al., 2009).

The economic value of forest goods and services to the Tanzanian economy are estimated

to be around USD 2.2 million, or 20.1% of the GDP based on 2006 prices (MNRT,

2008). However, trade in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and timber is to a large

extent informal and therefore it is difficult to estimate its real value (Milledge et. al.,

2007); the contribution of the forest sector to the national economy has been identified as

an information gap for the National REDD+ Strategy (URT, 2012a).

Following this situation as elaborated above, the researcher saw that there was a need to

carry out an investigation on factors accelerating deforestation in Nzega District.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Forest exploitation requires wise practices so as to ensure sustainability of this resource.

Many practices are responsible for this, in some areas the land is left bare, this might be

due to deforestation. Then, what are the factors accelerating deforestation in Nzega

District and Bukene Division in particular?.

2
 1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors accelerating deforestation in Bukene

Division in Nzega District.

1.4 Objectives of the study

The study was guided by the following objectives:

1. To assess the factors leading to deforestation in Bukene Division

2. To examine the effects of deforestation in Bukene Division

3. To assess remedial measures against deforestation in Bukene Division

1.4 Statement of Hypothesis

This study is investigating deforestation in Bukene Division in Nzega District. It was

guided by the following hypotheses;

1. Overdependence on wood fuel accelerates deforestation in Bukene Division.

2. Harvesting of trees for timber leads to deforestation in Bukene Division.

1.4.1 Research questions

i What is the nature of forests in Bukene Division ?

ii What are the factors accelerating deforestation in Bukene Division?

iii Are there remedial measures in solving the factors accelerating

deforestation in Bukene ?

1.5 Significance of the study

 It helps the society to realize factors accelerating deforestation

3
  This study helps to create awareness to a number of people on forest management

and protection.

 To the government leaders it will help in policy making on forest resources, and

 To the citizens it will be useful to them on carrying out a forestation and

reforestation programs to retain and replace the lost forests.

1.6 Limitations of the study

During the investigation of the problem, the researcher encountered the following

limitations;

Limited time was a problem to the study; a lot of time was needed for collecting the data

and for printing the work. This was solved by employing review method in data

collection which helped the researchers to save time since the data was got on the spot.

Unwillingness of some respondents because of fear, to overcome the problem, the

researchers assured the respondents the privacy and confidentiality of the data provided

by them.

4
 1.7. Scope

This study was conducted among citizens of Mbutu Ward, Karitu Ward, and Mbongwe

Ward in Bukene Division which are surrounding the forest. The Researcher focused on

factors accelerating deforestation in the area

1.8 Organization of the Thesis

This research report covers four chapters, chapter one carries the introductory part which

consists of background of the problem, objectives of the study, statement of the problem,

research questions, significance of the study, limitations of the study, delimitation of the

study and the organization of the thesis. Chapter two covers the Literature Review which

consists of introduction, definition of terms, theoretical literature review, conceptual

framework, research gap and chapter summary.

Chapter three covers Research Methodology which consists of introduction, study area,

research design, target population, sampling procedure and data collection methods.

Chapter four covers Research Findings, Data analysis and Interpretation. It is in this stage

were the raw data was recorded analyzed according to the tasks generated at each stage.

Chapter five gives a summary of the study, the conclusion arrived at and the required

recommendations for further studies on other factors accelerating deforestation in

Tanzania.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.0 Introduction

This chapter reviews literatures related to the study with the aim of showing the gap that

the study was meant to bridge.

2.1 Definition of terms

Deforestation - Is the cutting down/ clearing of trees without replacement.

Accelerate - Is to speed up or increase the rate of a given phenomena.

A forestation - Is a practice of planting trees in bare areas.

2.2 Theoretical Literature Review

The "fuel wood gap theory", formulated in the 1970s, implied that wood fuels were

consumed on a non-sustainable basis. The "gap" indicated that in many countries

consumption was larger than the sustainable supply from forest land. It was then

concluded that deforestation and forest degradation were largely due to fuel wood

harvesting. This, of course, raised a lot of concern among national and international

agencies regarding the future of forests.

When the fuel wood gap theory was proposed data on the origins of fuel wood were

scarce and it was assumed that that all fuel wood originated from forests. However, now

that much more data have become available an entirely different picture has emerged. We

6
now know that the majority of fuel wood (over 60%) originates from non-forest sources

and the supply from these non-forest sources appears to be sufficient to "fill the gap".

The foregoing implies that fuel wood harvesting from forest land is not necessarily non-

sustainable, and that fuel wood use is not necessarily linked to deforestation. Now, fuel

wood use is no longer considered a major or general cause of deforestation, although, of

course, in localized areas and under certain conditions, fuel wood use may contribute to

processes of deforestation and forest degradation.

2.3 Literature Review

According to the Panama National Geographic Report (2016); Deforestation is clearing

Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land.

Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area.

Forests are cut down for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to

people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is

agriculture. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing

livestock. Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by

cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn” agriculture.

Notably in Tanzania researches done by people on deforestation at different time shows

the following outcomes:

7
Tanzania has a large land area (94.5 million hectares), with a tropical climate and 10

ecological zones with different physiographic zones and complex topography. About 38

percent of Tanzania’s total land area is covered by forests and woodlands that provide for

wildlife habitat, unique natural ecosystems and biological diversity, and water

catchments. These forests are, however, faced with deforestation at a rate of between

130,000 and 500,000 hectares per year, which results from heavy pressure from

agricultural expansion, livestock grazing, wild fires, overexploitation, and unsustainable

utilization of wood resources and other human activities, mainly in the general lands

(Tanzania 2001). Two of the eight biodiversity hotspots in Africa are in Tanzania. Forest

biodiversity comprises biological diversity at the ecosystem, species, and genetic levels.

Woodlands consist of just more than 96 percent of Tanzania’s total forests. The majority

of these woodlands are categorized as miombo. Forests in Tanzania can be divided into

two broad categories: reserved forests and non reserved forests.

About 37 percent (12.5 million hectares) and 57 percent (19 million hectares) of forests

are reserved and non reserved respectively (Tanzania 2002b). Reserved forests include

central and local government forest reserves, government-owned industrial plantations,

and village land forest reserves (VLFRs) at the community level that have been gazette

by the central government. Unreserved forests are on “general “or “village” lands where

forests and woodlands are not formally classified as reserves (Tanzania 2001).

However, the review above shows that less investigations has been done on non reserved

forests especially in Tanzania and Nzega District in particular.

8
 2.4 Research gap

Based on the reviews done by researcher on different literatures as well as the

background of the problem, deforestation is still a problem and it grows and not yet

solved. Therefore the study deals with factors accelerating deforestation in Nzega

District.

2.5 Conceptual framework

A conceptual framework is a model representation where a researcher represents the

relationships between variables in the study and shows the relationship Orodho, (2004).

The conceptual frame work in this study is based on the factors accelerating

deforestation.

The researcher linked operationally the study within a conceptual frame work so as to

provide quick picture of the relationship between independent variables and dependent

variables of the study.

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Factors accelerating deforestation

eextension of
settlements ddecrease of trees
ttimber production iincrease in the number of
uuse of fuel wood trees in the area

9
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Developed for this Study

As illustrated in the Figure 1, the independent variables are extension of settlements,

timber harvesting and use of wood fuel. The conceptual framework shows the interplay

between the independent variables and the dependent which is the control of

deforestation.

2.6 Chapter summary

This chapter has dealt with Literature review in general; it started with introduction,

definition of terms, theoretical literature review and review of related literatures, research

gap and conceptual frame work.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

The chapter focused on the description of the methods that are used in carrying out the

study. This includes; the study area, research design, target population, sampling

procedures and size, data collection methods and data analysis procedures.

3.1 Area of study

The study was conducted in Nzega District found in Tabora region. Due to limited time

data collection was based on only three wards of Bukene Division which are surrounding

the forest. The Wards are: Mbutu Ward, Karitu Ward and Mbogwe Ward.

3.2 Research Design

According to Kerlinger F. (1964) research design is a manner of picking a set of

instruments to the investigator to gather and analyze his data in a certain ways. The study

was conducted under case study design which was the plan that applied to generate

answers to the research problem. Researcher used descriptive design because it assisted

him to facilitate a systematic collection and presentation of data which possibly depicts

clearly the factors accelerating deforestation in Bukene Division.

11
 3.3 Targeted population.

The study used 30 respondents which were selected by the researcher. 10respondents

from each Ward as sample size.

Table: 1 sample size

No. Respondents Total

1. Mbutu Ward 10
2. Karitu Ward 10
3 Mbogwe Ward 10
Total 30

3.4 Sampling procedures

In the study the researcher used sample of people who are residents of Bukene Division, I

have used random sampling and purposive sampling used for the selection of Ward

executive officers.

3.5 Data collection methods

Data is a body of collected information which is normally treated in numerical manner

(kamili 2010:p.161) Basing on the nature of the study, researchers used only primary

sources to obtain and analyze data. I have used raw data which are obtained through a

number of data collection techniques such as questionnaires and interviews.

3.5.1 Questionnaire

12
I have used employed questionnaires to the respondents; because it is the easier way to

collect data from literate people, also it gave the respondents a complete freedom of

giving responses.

3.5.2 Interview

I have used the interview where the I saw the necessity especially to illiterate

respondents. It helped the researcher to collect information even from illiterate

respondents. This method was important as it employed discussion between the

researcher and respondents which provided direct information in a short time.

CHAPTER FOUR

13
 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

Data was collected, recorded, analyzed and discussed according to the three research

questions and tasks generated from each task.

4.1 Recording and analysis stages

I have used both qualitative and quantitative methods for careful and systematic

examination, interpretation and presentation of researched facts, figures as materials from

field.

I have used qualitative method as a method responsible for presentation of findings in

terms of verbal forms, while quantitative method was for numerical and figural forms

such as tables and graphs statistically based on research objectives.

4.2 TASK 1

Task 1 was about to examine the nature of forests in Bukene Division. It had one

questions; answers were obtained through questionnaire and interviews.

Questions are administered to 10 respondents from Mbogwe Ward, 10 respondents from

Mbutu Ward and 10 respondents from Karitu Ward.

The major aim of the question was to find out the major types forests in Nzega District,

from the respondents and the responses were as in table below;-

Table 2: Responses concerning nature of forests in Nzega District

14
Nature of Mbutu Karitu Mbogwe Total
forests Ward Ward Ward

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Natural 8 2 2 8 5 5 15 15
forests
Artificial 6 4 3 7 3 7 12 18
forests
Reserved 2 8 4 6 - 10 6 24
forests

Non 8 2 10 - 10 - 28 2
reserved
forests
Total 24 16 19 21 18 22 61 59
4.2 Task 2.

Under this task the researcher wanted to collect information on the factors accelerating

deforestation in Bukene Division. There was one question which was asked through

interviews and questionnaires.

The question was provided to 10 respondents from Mbutu Ward, 10 from Karitu Ward

and 10 respondents from Mbogwe Ward about factors accelerating deforestation in the

area. From the question i wanted to get responses from there respondents if the responses

could be related to the assumptions.

Table3. Responses on factors accelerating deforestation in Bukene Division

15
Factors Mbutu Karitu Mbogwe Total Percent
accelerating Ward Ward Ward age %
deforestation
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Wood 8 2 5 5 6 4 19 11 21%
collection
Timber 9 1 3 7 6 4 18 12 18%
harvesting
Settlement 6 4 8 2 8 2 22 8 20%
extension

Farming 9 1 2 8 7 3 18 12 16%
activities
Bush fire 5 5 3 7 2 8 10 20 15%
Ignorance 4 6 2 8 5 5 9 21 10%
Total 41 19 23 37 34 25 96 84 100%

Table3. Shows that the major factors accelerating deforestation in Bukene Division are;

wood fuel collection (21%), settlement extension (20%) followed by timber harvesting

(18%), farming activities (16%) and bush fire setting (15%) whereas, ignorance (10%) is

not a major factor for deforestation in the area.

4.3 Validity and Reliability

Before the data collected, the validity and reliability of the instruments was ascertained.

Validity

with the help of the reference I have used the formula as was established by Cohen et-al

(2007) which states that: Content Valid Index=Total number of valid items/number of

items, 15/18 the answer was 0.83, so as instrument was valid for the study. According to

16
Amin, (2005) this was considered valid because the minimum CVI recommended in the

study was 0.6

Reliability

Reliability is a way of assessing the quality of the measurement procedure

used to collect data in a dissertation (Bartholomew 2004).

In establishing the reliability of the instrument, a pre-test was carried out at Mbogwe

ward which had similar characteristics with the selected sampling frame. A total of 10

questionnaires are issued to the respondents because the I have believed that they would

provide the required information. Data obtained was entered into the Statistical Package

for Social Science research (SPSS) to determine the reliability of the tool. Cronbanch’s

Alpha Coefficient (2004) was used to assess the internal consistency. A cronbanch Alpha

above 0.7 is generally considered acceptable by most researchers (Salthouse and Hedden,

2002). The score was 0.8, hence the instrument was considered reliable for the study.

17
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

The chapter summarizes the whole study. It first gives the summary of the study with

reference to the research problem and methodology. It also provides the summary of the

main findings of the study, conclusions and recommendations.

5.1 Summary

There are several findings obtained in the study, the following findings are considered as

the main findings. Main findings are summarized in terms of objectives of the study.

5.1.1 Examination on the nature/types of forests.

The findings indicated that, the forests of the area are non reserved (50%) and most of the

forests were artificial (planted by people) (36.5%), natural forests were (12.7%) and only

(0.8%) were reserved forests. This implies that in Tanzania there are both natural and

artificial forests which are either reserved or non reserved.

5.1.2 Assessment on factors accelerating deforestation;

The findings showed that the main factors that accelerate deforestation are: wood fuel

collection (21%), extension of settlements (20%), timber harvesting (18%), farming

activities (16%) bush fire setting (15%) and ignorance (10%). From these findings one

can see several factors leading to deforestation in Rorya District and Tanzania in general.

5.1.3 Remedial measures against factors accelerating deforestation;

The study findings revealed that, to improve and to protect forest resources, the following

should be done; the use of wood fuel should be reduced or avoided completely (35%),

18
people should practice agro forestry, (33%) and also a forestation and reforestation to be

carried out in the area (32%).

5.2 Conclusion

The study concluded that, the factors accelerating deforestation in Nzega District are:

collection of wood fuel, extension of settlements, timber harvesting, bad farming

methods, setting of bush fire and ignorance.

5.3 Recommendations

Recommendation with regard to the findings are directed to different stakeholders, they

include recommendation to the government, to the community and to NGOs.

1. To the government, the government should make more efforts to ensure that

there are other sources of fuels such as use of electricity, and natural gas so as

to reduce overdependence on wood fuels which leads to deforestation.

2. To the community, the community should cooperate together with their

Government and other water stakeholders in order to cub the factors

accelerating deforestation.

3. To the NGOs, the NGOs should have priority on agro forestry and a

Forestation/reforestation programs for their investment.

5.3.1 Recommendation for further studies

1. The geographical structure of Tanzania varies from one region to the next; the

researchers should use this report as a guide to investigate other places on deforestation

before drawing of conclusion on forest challenges.

19
2. The researchers recommend that another research should be undertaken on other

factors affecting forests in Tanzania.

20
 REFERENCES

Hyde, W., Amacher, G.S. and Magrath, W. 1996.Deforestation, Scarce Forest Resource,
and Forest Land Use: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications. World Bank
Research Observer.

Hyde, W.F. and Seve, J.E. 1993. The economic role of wood productions in tropical
deforestation: the severe example of Malawi.

Kuznets, S. 1966. Modern economic growth: rate, structure, and spread. Yale University
Press, New Haven.

Lewis, W.A. 1955. Theory of Economic Growth. London.

Liao, S. 1987. Introduction to Forestry Economics. China’s Forestry Publishing

House,Beijing.

Liu, C. and Wang, Z. 1989. China.s ForestChange Process, Structure and Patterns.
Beijing Forestry Science and Technology

Menzies, N.K. 1994. Forest and Land Management in Imperial China. St. Martin.s Press,
New York

North, D.C. and Thomas, R.P. 1973. The Rise of the Western World. Cambridge
University Press, London.

21
 APPENDIX A

Questionnaire for literate respondents

1. (a). Are there forests in your area?

Yes ( ) No ( )

(b) If yes mention types/forests present.

i ……………………………………………………………….. ……………
ii ………………………………………………………………………………
iii ……………………………………………………………………..………
iv ………………………………………………………………………………
v ………………………………………………………………………………

2(a) Is deforestation prevailing in your area?

Yes ( ) No ( )

(b) If yes, what are the factors accelerating deforestation in your area?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What measures do you think can be taken in solve the factors accelerating
deforestation in your area?.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. What are your advice to the government, NGOs and other forest stakeholders?.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

22
 APPENDIX B

Interview guide to the illiterate respondents

1 (a). Are there forests in your area?

Yes ( ) No ( )

(b) If yes mention types/forests present .

i ……………………………………………………………….. ……………

ii ………………………………………………………………………………
iii ………………………………………………………………………………
iv ………………………………………………………………………………
v ………………………………………………………………………………

2(a) Is deforestation prevailing in your area?

Yes ( ) No ( )

(b) If Yes what are the factors accelerating deforestation in water your area?.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What measures do you think can be taken in solve the factors accelerating
deforestation in your area?.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What are your advice to the government, NGOs and other forest stakeholders?.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

23
Appendix C. Deforested area for agricultural activities and fuel wood Collection
in mabali Village in Karitu Ward

24