EPISCOPAL DIOCESE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

BRENT HOSPITAL AND COLLEGES INCORPORATED

R.T.LIM Boulevard, Zamboanga City

VACINATION IN THE
ELIMINATION OF DISEASES
Presented by;

JAMRI A. KALLUN
Microbiology and Parasitology Instructor

General Education Department

VACCINES
is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease

a prophylactic or therapeutic

a vaccine was first termed used by Edward Jenner in 1796

Edward Jenner is thus the well known “Father of

Immunology
Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is named because the
first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows,
the relatively benign cowpox virus, which provides a
degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and
deadly disease.

Vaccination and immunization have the same meaning

but is different from inoculation which uses
unweakened live pathogens.

The word "vaccination" was originally used specifically

to describe the injection of the smallpox vaccine.
A vaccine is an antigenic material that
stimulate adaptive immunity to a disease.

Vaccines can prevent the effects of infection by

many pathogens.

Vaccine’s are generally considered to be the most

effective method of preventing infectious diseases.

The material administered can either be live but

weakened forms of either bacteria or viruses, killed or
inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified
material such as proteins.
HISTORICAL LANDMARKS OF VACCINES
YEAR DISCOVER
1796 Edward Jenner introduced small pox vaccine

1880 Louis Pasteur developed attenuated cholera vaccine

1882 Robert Koch isolated tubercle bacilli

1882 Louis Pasteur successfully prevented rabies by post exposure

vaccination
1908 Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper discovered poliovirus

1961 Albert Sabin developed an oral attenuated vaccine

1960-19 Live attenuated vaccines for Measles, Mumps and Rubella

69 were developed
 TYPES OF VACCINATION

All vaccinations work by presenting a foreign

antigen to the immune system so there will be
an immune response, but there are several
ways to do this. The four main types that are
currently in clinical use are:
INACTIVATED
 An inactivated vaccine consists of virus
particles which are grown in culture and then
killed using a method such as heat or
formaldehyde.

 The virus particles are destroyed and cannot

replicate, but the virus proteins are intact
enough to be recognized and remembered by
the immune system and evoke a response.
When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is
not infectious, but improper inactivation can
result in intact and infectious particles.

Since the properly produced vaccine does not

reproduce, booster shots are required
periodically to reinforce the immune response.
ATTENUATED
In an attenuated vaccine, live virus particles with very
low virulence are administered.

They will reproduce, but very slowly. Since they do

reproduce and continue to present antigen beyond the
initial vaccination, boosters are required less often.

There is a small risk of reversion to virulence, this risk is

smaller in vaccines with deletions. Attenuated vaccines
also cannot be used by immunocompromised
individuals.
SUBUNIT
 A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the
immune system without introducing viral
particles, whole or otherwise.

 One method of production involves isolation of

a specific protein from a virus or bacteria and
administering this by itself.
A weakness of this technique is that isolated
proteins may have a different three dimensional
structure than the protein in its normal context, and
will induce antibodies that may not recognize the
infectious organism.

“In addition, subunit vaccines often elicit weaker

antibody responses than the other classes of
vaccines” (McBean, 2014 p.74).
VIRUS-LIKE
Virus-like particle vaccines consist of viral
proteins derived from the structural proteins of a
virus.

These proteins can self-assemble into particles

that resemble the virus from which they were
derived but lack viral nucleic acid, meaning that
they are not infectious.
Because of their highly repetitive, multivalent
structure, virus-like particles are typically more
immunogenic than subunit vaccines.

The human papillomavirus and Hepatitis C
virus vaccines are two virus-like particle-based
vaccines currently in clinical use.
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND VACCINES
Vaccination against a disease involves the injection of
killed or weakened microorganisms into a person, as
we know.

The killed or weakened microorganism is made by

engineers believe it or not.

“This procedure has always carried the risk of there

being live, virulent pathogens in the vaccine because of
some error in the vaccine-producing process” (LeVine,
2015 p. 78).
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Tetanus Mumps
Diphtheria Measles
Pertussis (Whooping Rubella (German Measles)
Cough)
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Hemophilis influenza
type b (Hib) Pneumococcus
Polio Meningococcus
Hepatitis A Influenza
Hepatitis B Human Papilloma Virus
Rotavirus (HPV)
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Herd immunity plus aggressive immunization

has made most of these diseases rare

Most current residents and medical students

haven’t seen these diseases
 Herd Immunity

Most of population immunized

Disease itself still exists, but spread prevented

by lack of available hosts

Unimmunized person less likely to come in

contact with infected person
EFFECTIVESNESS OF VACCINATION
Small percentage of recipients will respond poorly

 Role of genetic determinants

Herd Immunity

 Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible

individual contacting infected individual is low

Measles Epidemic
 UNICEF TOP 7 VACCINE-
PREVENTABLE DISEASES
1. MEASLES

a highly contagious lung infection

measles virus gets into air when someone who has it

coughs or sneezes

measles can cause pneumonia, brain swelling, and

death.
2. WHOPPING (Cough or Pertussis
a lung infection that makes it hard to breathe due to
severe coughing

people can breathe in the pertussis bacteria when

someone has whopping cough coughs or sneezes

it can be life threatening, especially in babies less than

1 year old.
3. FLU
a viral infection of the nose, lungs, and throat

people can get the virus from the air or by touching

something the sick person touched and then touching
their nose or mouth

flu can worsen asthma and diabetes

4. POLIO

a viral disease

lives in the intestines

can infect by coming into contact with a sick person’s

feces

can lead to brain infection, paralysis and death

5. PNEUMOCOCCAL

a bacterial disease that can cause many types of illness,

including pneumonia, ear and blood infections and
meningitis

can be acquired by coming into contact with an infected

person’s mucus or saliva

complications can be serious and fatal

6. TETANUS

a bacterial disease that cause lockjaw, breathing

problems, muscles spasms, paralysis, and death

can get into our body through cut or open sore

deaths are more common in people who are older than

60 or who have diabetes
7. HEPATITIS B
a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus

can be acquired through heredity, sexual activities,

sharing needles

it can be fatal since it can lead liver cancer and other

long-lasting liver diseases, which can be deadly