2018 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATION OF POWER, ENERGY, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION (ICCPEIC)
Small Signal Stability Analysis in
Co-ordination with PSS, TCSC, and SVC
Sourav Mitra1*, Aniruddha Bhattacharya1, Prasenjit Dey1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Agartala, Tripura, India
*
iamsouravmitra@rediffmail.com
Abstract— In a large-scale inter-connected system,
disturbances of small magnitudes are very common and low-
frequency oscillations pose a major problem. Though PSSs
combined with generators can provide damping to the
oscillations, load variations can still influence its
performance. Hence in this paper FACTS devices like TCSC
and SVC installation have been mentioned for improving the
system's damping ratio. Improvement of damping of multi-
machine power systems has been done in coordination with
tuned PSS parameters and FACTS devices. Eigenvalue
analysis is considered for the small signal stability analysis.
Variable Flight Mosquito Flying Optimization (V-MFO)
based technique is used in this paper for designing purpose
and the results so obtained by this algorithm is verified with
respect to the other algorithms such as SOS, PSO. The
simulations are carried out on WSCC 3 machine 9 bus
system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly
proposed algorithm together with FACTS controllers for
enhancing the overall performance of the system.
Keywords- Power system stabilizer, Small-signal stability,
V-MFO Optimization, Static VAR compensator, Thyristor
Controlled Series Capacitor.
I. INTRODUCTION
Gradual implementation of inter-connection of the
regional power grid and networks continuous expansion
often introduces low-frequency (0.2-3 Hz) oscillations in
power network [1]. System separation and breakdown can
happen if these oscillations sustained and not damped.
Also power transfer capability of the system can gain
severe limitations [2]. To increase system stability and for
damping these oscillations, Power System Stabilizers
(PSS) have been a traditional option since long back.
However, PSSs effect gets limited due to the limitation of
reactive power generation, exciters, voltage regulation and
disturbances as in [3]. This situation has questioned to
achieve a higher stability margin, better utilization of
present power systems and broader flexibility of operation
[2].
The recent advent of Flexible Alternating Current
transmission systems (FACTS) technology offers reactive
power compensation, control of power flow, voltage
regulation by changing the network parameters very
quickly [2]. Moreover, FACTS can be functioned to boost
system stability and add damping to the oscillations,
primarily inter-area oscillations. Static VAR Compensator
(SVC) [4] can reduce oscillations by modulating its bus
voltage. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) [5]
has the capability of commanding the transmission line
power flow as well as mitigating inter-area oscillations.
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The optimal tuning of FACTS controller has been
addressed in different literature taking into account various
factors. In [4] the parameters of PSS and SVC
simultaneously are designed using BF-PSO algorithm. In
[7] best allocation of TCSC has been introduced using
Transmission Line Flow Sensitivity and load curtailment.
The optimal location of SVC and TCSC has been proposed
in [8] considering the ratio of reactive and active power.
The coordinated design of PSS and TCSC parameters
using GA optimization is shown in [3]. Coordinated tuning
of PSS with SVC controller in multi-machine systems is
inspected in [9] by BCC optimization algorithm.
In all literatures published earlier, the coordination of
PSS parameters with SVC as well as TCSC controller
parameters has not been considered simultaneously by the
V-MFO based design. This paper uses V-MFO, SOS, and
PSO based techniques for searching the best parameters of
TCSC, SVC, and PSS controllers individually as well as
coordinately for studying the low-frequency oscillation
problem.
The paper is constructed in following sub-sections:
Section II briefs the SVC and TCSC model for the initial
conditions. Small signal modelling of the multi-machine
system working with FACTS has been discussed in
Section III as well as the modelling of PSS. The basic
theory of V-MFO and the algorithm for this study has been
briefed in Section IV. In Section V the FACTS parameters
and PSS parameters are found using a V-MFO algorithm
and afterwards, the V-MFO based FACTS controllers are
equipped individually in the test system with coordination
of PSS. For authenticating the proposed method, the test
system with SVC, TCSC, and PSS for load disturbance
individually as well as with coordination have been tested.
II. STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS WITH SVC AND TCSC
A. Static Var Compensator
The shunt connected SVC controller’s primary
function is to adjust the bus voltage by governing its
equivalent reactance [11]. The equivalent reactance XSVC is
depending on variable firing angle α. To attain a referred
level of compensation SVC firing angle can be computed
[11].The SVC equivalent susceptance as in Fig. 1 (a) is,
3X L  [ X C {2(3  D )  sin 2D }] (1)
B SVC
3X C X L
The SVC module data is presented in Appendix A.1.
As shown in Table I to regulate the voltage to 1.0 pu of
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bus 5, (Appendix A.3.) SVC is providing Bsvc = 0.048393 TABLE I. EFFECT OF SVC ON VOLTAGE AND ANGLE OF
WSCC SYSTEM
pu and Qsvc = -0.048393 pu.

Without SVC Bus 5 with SVC

Bus
No. Voltage Ang(rad.) Voltage Ang(rad.)
(pu) (pu)
1 1.04 0 1.04 0

2 1.025 0.16197 1.025 0.16183

3 1.025 0.081415 1.025 0.081545

4 1.0258 -0.03869 1.0274 -0.038609

5 0.99563 -0.069618 1.00 -0.069615

6 1.0127 -0.064357 1.014 -0.064161

7 1.0258 0.064921 1.0269 0.064884

8 1.0159 0.012698 1.0167 0.012809

9 1.0324 0.034326 1.0328 0.034478

TABLE II. EFFECT OF TCSC ON POWER FLOW OF WSCC TEST

SYSTEM
Figure 1. (a) SVC module, (b) TCSC module
Parameter Values
Active power flow (pu) in line (5-7)
B. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor -0.843
Without TCSC
Active power flow (pu) in line (5-7)
-0.93
TCSC permits speedy and repeated variations of line with TCSC
impedance. Fig. 1 (b) shows the TCSC module and the Firing Angle (deg) 149.0261
equivalent reactance is [11], Xtcsc (pu) -0.0644
Compensation (%) -40
X TCSC  X C  P1 ( 2E  sin 2E  P2 cos 2 E (X tanXE )  tan E ) (2)

where, , 0 G2 S 'xS  H 3S 'I gS  H 4 S 'VgS  H 5S 'VlS

E 3 D X XC / XL
0 H 6 S 'VgS  H 7 S 'VlS (4)
X CL ( X L X C ) /( X L  X C ) , P1 ( X C  X CL ) / 3

( X CL ) 2 /( 3X L )
(3)
P2
Here (4) represent the linearized DAE of the machine and
the generator bus and the load bus network equations. The
When TCSC controls line k-m power flow Pk-m to a DAE model is given in Appendix A.4 and state variables
reference point, the firing angle will vary to provide the are shown in Appendix A.5.
required TCSC reactance.
The TCSC module data is given in Appendix A.2. As The system matrix: A _ sys E '( F '*H ' 1 *G' ) (5)
shown in Table II to boost the line flow in line (5-7) by
approximately 10% (Appendix A.3), TCSC is providing
B. Small Signal Model of SVC
40% compensation and Xtcsc = -0.0644 pu.

From the block diagram of SVC controller (Fig. 2.),

III. MULTI-MACHINE MODELING the linearized state equations are [12],

A. Small Signal Model of Multi-machine System x 1

' x1 ('VSVC (1  K x3, 0 )  VSVC , 0 K'x3  'x1 )
Tb
The state-space equations mentioned below briefs x
' x2 K i ('Vref , SVC  'x1 )
the multi-machine small signal model[10]:
x 1 (6)
' x3 ('x2  K p ('Vref , SVC  'x1 )  'x3 )
Tc
x
' xS E1S 'x S  F1S 'I gS  F2 S 'VgS  U 1S 'u S The reactive power injection: 2
QSVC VSVC x3
0 G1S 'xS  H1S 'I gS  H 2 S 'VgS
And 'QSVC 2VSVC ,0 x3,0 'VSVC  VSVC
2
, 0 'x3
(7)

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 2018 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATION OF POWER, ENERGY, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION (ICCPEIC)

where Kp and Ki are the gains, K is the slope of control ' Im

x 1
[ 2 0 'xTCSC  'I m
H
characteristics Tb and Tc are the time constants of the SVC Tt X TCSC,0

controller. The state variable x3 is the susceptance Bsvc of Vk 0  Vm 0 cos(T k 0  T m 0 ) 1

 (  S K )'Vk
the SVC. The voltage input VSVC is the SVC bus voltage. H0 | X TCSC, 0 |
Vm 0  Vk 0 cos(T k 0  T m 0 ) 1
 (  S K )'Vm
H0 | X TCSC, 0 |
Vk 0Vm 0 sin(T k 0  T m 0 ) 1
 (  S K )'T k
H0 | X TCSC, 0 |
 Vk 0Vm 0 sin(T k 0  T m 0 ) 1
 (  S K )'T m ]
H0 | X TCSC, 0 |
x
'x1 K i ('I ref  'I m )
x 1 (9)
' x TCSC ('x1  'xTCSC )
Ts

The linearized power flow equations in TCSC connected

buses are:
Figure 2. SVC block diagram
Vk 0Vm 0 sin(T k 0  T m 0 )
'Pk  2
'xTCSC
X TCSC ,0

Vk20  Vk 0Vm 0 cos(T k 0  T m 0 )

'Qk  2
'xTCSC
C. Small Signal Model of TCSC X TCSC,0

V V sin(T Tk0 )
'Pm  k 0 m0 2 m0 'xTCSC
X TCSC, 0
Considering TCSC is installed between buses k and m
Vm20  Vk 0Vm 0 cos(T m 0  T k 0 )
'Qm  2
'xTCSC
X TCSC,0
V and I TCSC V k  V m / X TCSC
VTCSC V k m
(10)

For simplification, a new variable is defined to represent

VTCSC at equilibrium (Fig. 3.), i.e. from load flow [12].
D. SVC and TCSC inclusion Multimachine model
V 2
k0 V 2
m0  2Vk 0Vm 0 cos(T k 0  T m 0 ) (8)
Linearized DAE model (4) after FACTS integration
H (Vk 0 ,Vm 0 ,T k 0 ,T m 0 )
becomes [12]:
H0

'xT E1T 'xT  F1T 'I gT  F2T 'VgT  F3T 'VlT  U1T 'uT

0 G1T 'xT  H1T 'I gT  H 2T 'VgT

0 G2T 'xT  H 3T 'I gT  H 4T 'VgT  H 5T 'VlT

0 G3T 'xT  H 6T 'VgT  H 7T 'VlT

Figure 3. TCSC block diagram (11)

where, 'xT ['xS ; 'xFACTS ] T

Considering the voltage droop Sk equals to zero for In case of SVC integration:
constant current control mode of TCSC, KI is the gain of 'xFACTS 'xSVC ['x1 'x2 'x3 ] T
the integral controller and, Ts and Tt are the time
constants. The inputs are the voltage across TCSC And for TCSC integration:
connected line and the current through TCSC connected 'xFACTS 'xTCSC ['I m 'x1 'xTCSC ]T
line.

The state equations of the TCSC controller after And the system matrix: A _ sys E ' '( F ' '*H ' '1*G' ' ) (12)
linearization gives [12],

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 Sourav Mitra1et.al Small Signal Stability Analysis in Co-ordination with PSS, TCSC, and SVC
E. Modelling of Power System Stabilizer
The PSS [13] is basically used to provide damping
to the electro-mechanical modes effectively in a large
network. It provides an additional modulation signal to
the input of AVR and as a result, an electrical torque is
introduced proportional to speed deviation. The two-
staged lead-lag PSS shown in fig. 4 has three functional
sections: a gain section; a phase compensation section;
and a washout section. The input signal to PSS is the
speed deviation. The amount of damping provided is
decided by gain block. Washout block having a time
constant Tw varies in the range of 1-20 seconds behaving
as a High Pass Filter. The required phase leading
characteristics for compensating the lag of phase between
the electrical output and the exciter input is presented by
the phase compensation blocks.
Figure 4. Functional block diagram of PSS
The linearized state equations of the PSS are given as:
'xP1 'Zr
s K CON TW
1  s TW
1  s TU
'xP 2 'xP1
1  s TV
1  s TX
'VS 'xP 2
1  s TY
The state variables: 'x PSS ['x P1 ; 'x P 2 ; 'VS ]
IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A. Theory of Variable Flight Mosquito Flying
Optimization (V-MFO)
Variable Flight Mosquito Flying Optimization (V-
MFO) was first proposed in 2017 by Md. Alauddin [14].
It imitates the act of mosquitoes in a mosquito net to
search for holes. It integrates volatile flying constant and
movement of proboscis to boost the precision rather than
a fixed flying and fixed sliding, which is the difference
with respect to the MFO algorithm [15].
Mosquitoes fly around a net for finding out holes that
may aid them to reach their target. In the flying motion,
the distance covered is in the form of flight, whereas
sliding motion is a stepwise movement.
The expansion and contraction parameters I 1 and I 2
are mathematically the Golden ratios, implementing the
features of Golden section search methods [16]. The
algorithm is summarized as:
STEP 1: Initialize the particles randomly. Set the control
parameters with their upper and lower limits and
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set maximum fitness evaluation.
STEP 2: Calculate the fitness value of the function.
STEP 3: Calculate Pr = I 1/ I 2 * Pr, by applying flying
motion.
STEP 4: Calculate the new particle again.
STEP 5: If new fitness value is better, upgrade the fitness
function.
STEP 6: Calculate Pr = Pr ± J * C1, by applying sliding
Motion.
STEP 7: Calculate the new fitness value.
STEP 8: If new fitness value is better, upgrade the fitness
function.
STEP 9: Calculate Pr = Pr ± C2 * Pr, by applying
precision movement.
STEP 10: Calculate the fitness value again.
STEP 11: If new value of fitness is superior, upgrade the
fitness function.
STEP 12: Check iteration counter or the deviation; if
satisfies go back to STEP no. 3.
STEP 13: Terminate.
(13)
Here C1, C2, and J are constants and Pr is the particle.
B. Objective function and optimization problem
When any disturbance occurs in power system, the
oscillation decaying rate is directed by damping factors of
the system and the amplitude is evaluated by the damping
ratio. Eigenvalues having higher negative real parts with a
higher value of damping ratio stands for a stable system
[13]. The damping coefficient is calculated from the real
and oscillatory parts of the eigenvalues (Appendix A.6).
To tune the controller parameters using eigenvalue
analysis, two sub-objective functions have been treated.
First sub-objective function is to minimize real part of
eigenvalue and second part is to maximize the damping
ratio, as shown in Fig. 5. Therefore, the main target is to
enhance the real part of eigenvalues and damping ratio.
Mathematically, the objective function is given by:
Minimize J = J1 + J2 (14)
2 2
¦ (V
m
¦ ([
m
where, J 1 0  V k ) and J 2 0  [k )
k 1 k 1
where, m is the number of electromechanical modes of
eigenvalues. J1 is the sub-objective function refers to the
real part of eigenvalues and J2 is the sub-objective
function refers to the damping ratio. Values of σ0 and ξ0
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 2018 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATION OF POWER, ENERGY, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION (ICCPEIC)

are chosen as -0.5 and 0.1 respectively. This objective STEP 3: Determine the fitness function as in (14) for each
function is subjected to: particle set of population.

K imin d K i d K imax STEP 4: Update the particle in flying motion, sliding

SVC parameters motion, and precision movement of V-MFO.
T b
min
d Tb d T b
max

T c
min
d Tc d T c
max
STEP 5: Find the best fitness and corresponding best
particle. Best fitness is the minimum of the fitness
K Imin d K I d K Imax function evaluated for each solution set and the best
Tt min d Tt d Tt max TCSC parameters particle is the solution set which gives the best fitness
value.
T S
min
d TS d T S
max

STEP 6: Go to step 4 and repeat until iteration reaches the

min
K CON d K CON d K CON
max
maximum fitness evaluation.
TUmin d TU d TUmax
TVmin d TV d TVmax PSS parameters V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
TX
min
d TX d TX
max

d TY d T
min max A. Implication of V-MFO in the WSCC system
T
The effectiveness of the proposed V-MFO algorithm
Y Y
(15)
has been analyzed on WSCC test system [10]. The system
is analyzed for a load disturbance at bus-5. The active
power at bus-5 is perturbed from its base value PL = 1.25
pu to PL=1.90 pu. The critical modes of the system during
load variation and without FACTS are presented in Table
III. The V-MFO algorithm produces the best set of
parameters (Table IV) for the SVC, TCSC, and PSS for
the minimization of the objective function. The critical
eigenvalues with V-MFO based controllers have been
compared with SOS and PSO based controllers.

TABLE III. SWING MODES WITHOUT ANY CONTROLLER FOR

PL(5)=1.90 PU.

Figure 5. Region of eigenvalue locations for objective function (J) Critical eigenvalue Damping ratio
-0.7958 ±12.6386i 0.0628
-0.2690 ± 8.2179i 0.0327
For PSS, two lead-lag time constants have been
considered. TU and TX are phase-lead time constants and TABLE IV. OPTIMAL PARAMETER SETTINGS OF V-MFO BASED
SVC, TCSC, AND PSS FOR INDIVIDUAL DESIGN
vary in the range of 0.06 - 1.0 second. TV and TY are
phase-lag time constants and vary between 0.01-0.05 SVC TCSC PSS parameter
parameter parameter
seconds. The gain KCON varies in the range of 0.01-50. Tw
Ki = KI = G1 G2 G3
is kept constant at 10 seconds.
For SVC, two time constants Tb and Tc vary in the range 78.0387 0.49826
K 33.27 3.893 4.854
of 0.01 – 0.2 second. K is set to 0.1 and Kp is set to 0. The
gain Ki vary in the range of 50-150. Tt =
Tb = T1 1.249 1.053 1.5
For TCSC, two time constants Tt and Ts vary in the 0.03729
range of 0.01 – 0.2 second. KI varies between 0.02-20. 0.096 T2 0.0139 0.015 0.01

TS = T3 0.937 1.198 0.76

Tc =
C. V-MFO algorithm 0.17314
0.125 T4 0.066 0.01 0.01

The application of the V-MFO algorithm in stability
problem has been briefed as:
STEP 1: Initialize the particles randomly for a referred
population size. Set the control parameters (SVC, TCSC,
and PSS parameters) within their upper and lower bounds
based on (15). Set maximum fitness evaluation.
STEP 2: Perform small signal stability analysis (Appendix
A.6.) using each particle of the population to achieve the
eigenvalues within limits.
* unit of time (T) is in second.
B. Effect of SVC and TCSC controller on load variation
In order to examine the load variation effect on
stability, the system eigenvalues are evaluated after
FACTS incorporation. The SVC is installed at bus-5 for
one case and the TCSC is installed on line (5-7) for
another case of the WSCC system. After incorporation of

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 Sourav Mitra1et.al Small Signal Stability Analysis in Co-ordination with PSS, TCSC, and SVC

FACTS devices, there is an improvement in damping VI. CONCLUSIONS

ratio. The critical modes with SVC and TCSC controllers
are compared when obtained using V-MFO, SOS, and In this paper, tuning of SVC and TCSC controllers
PSO in Tables V and VI, respectively. individually as well as coordinated with PSS to reduce the
low-frequency oscillation in a large system has been
TABLE V. COMPARISON AMONG PSO, SOS, AND V-MFO BASED presented. Parameters of the controllers have been tuned
SVC RESULTS with PSO, SOS and V-MFO optimization techniques by
minimizing the objective function. The eigenvalue
PSO based SVC SOS based SVC V-MFO based SVC
analysis states that effective damping has been achieved
-0.827±12.766i -0.827±12.767i -0.857±12.754i by the TCSC controller rather than the SVC controller for
0.0647 0.064687 0.067048 reduction of low-frequency oscillation problem even
-0.505±8.2393i -0.511±8.223i -0.5697±8.4124i when coordinated with PSS also. The stated approach of
0.0613 0.062078 0.067572 V-MFO depicts superior and effective result over other
optimization techniques.

TABLE VI. COMPARISON AMONG PSO, SOS, AND V-MFO BASED TABLE VIII. OPTIMAL PARAMETER SETTINGS OF V-MFO BASED
TCSC RESULTS SVC AND TCSC CONTROLLER COORDINATED WITH PSS

PSO based TCSC SOS based TCSC V-MFO based TCSC V-MFO based
V-MFO based TCSC+PSS
SVC+PSS
-0.881±12.728i -0.9211± 12.566i -0.7090±8.332i
KI = 0.263056 Ki = 84.8917
0.0690 0.073105 0.0848
-0.2881±8.369i -0.35094±8.329i -0.920±12.564i Tt = 0.01 Tb = 0.180497
0.0344 0.042097 0.0730
TS = 0.0532874 Tc = 0.0272856

G1 G2 G3 G1 G2 G3
C. Effect of PSS on load variation
45.77 28.21 3.508 28.54 2.734 4.085
K K
Though the incorporation of SVC and TCSC improves
the damping ratio, it can be increased further by installing T1 1.5 0.637 1.466 T1 0.603 1.436 0.1
PSS on each machine. For better improvement, the 0.027 0.0185 0.06 0.026 0.013 0.0202
T2 T2
parameters of PSS have to be optimized properly. The
parameters of PSS are optimized with the V-MFO T3 1.5 0.488 0.418 T3 0.809 0.902 0.247
algorithm and the result is compared with other
T4 0.015 0.0257 0.048 T4 0.0484 0.01 0.15
algorithms in Table VII.
* unit of time (T) is in second.
TABLE VII. COMPARISON AMONG PSO, SOS, AND V-MFO BASED PSS
RESULTS TABLE IX. COMPARISON AMONG V-MFO BASED TCSC +PSS
COORDINATION AND SVC+PSS COORDINATION
PSO based PSS SOS based PSS V-MFO based PSS
V-MFO based TCSC+PSS V-MFO based SVC+PSS
-1.8904±9.098i -2.7925±6.6929i -2.8654±6.765i
0.20342 0.38506 0.39001 -5.3584 ± 5.9514i -3.6408 ± 5.8699i
0.66911 0.52709
-0.896 ±12.996i -1.1073±13.226i -1.416±13.608i
0.068815 0.083426 0.10356
-3.6313 ± 5.2309i -2.6736 ± 6.1822i
0.57026 0.39693
D. Co-ordination of PSS with SVC and TCSC
controllers

PSS is simultaneously tuned by V-MFO with SVC

as well as TCSC controller and the convergence
characteristics are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. Table VIII
is listing the final tuned parameters. The system
eigenvalues with the proposed PSS and SVC controller as
well as PSS and TCSC controller are listed in Table IX,
when designed coordinately. It can be observed from
Table IX, the improvement on the system damping, when
using the coordinated design is evident.

Figure 6. Comparison of characteristics of convergence for TCSC+PSS

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Figure 7. Comparison of characteristics of convergence for SVC+PSS

Figure 9. TCSC installed in WSCC 9 bus system on line 5-10

Appendix A
A.1. Parameter of SVC module
XC (pu) XL (pu) BSVC (pu) α (deg.) A.4. DAE of the Multi-machine model
0.293 0.059 0.048393 133.5242 A.4.1 Differential equations:-
Generator equations:
A.2. Parameter of TCSC module x
G i Zi  Z s
XC (pu) XL (pu) XTCSC (pu) α (deg.) 2H i x
Zi TMi  ( E qi
'
 X di
'
I di ) I qi  ( E di
'
 X qi
'
I qi ) I di
0.0289 0.0049 -0.0644 149.0182 Zs
 Di (Z i  Z s )
x
A.3. Proposed Study System '
Tdoi E '
qi  E qi'  ( X di  X di' ) I di  E fdi

x '
'
Tqoi E di  E di
'
 ( X qi  X qi
'
) I qi

Exciter equations:
x
TEi E fdi ( K Ei  S E ( E fdi )) E fdi  VRi
x K Fi
TFi R Fi  R Fi  ( ) E fd i
TFi

x K Ai K Fi
TAi VRi VRi  K Ai RFi   K Ai (Vrefi  Vi )
TFi

A.5. State vectors

x Si [ G i Zi E qi' E di' E 'fdi VRi RFi ]T

xS [ x ST1 x ST 2 ... x Sm
T
]T

u Si [ TMi Vrefi ]T

Figure 8. SVC installed in WSCC 9 bus system at bus 5 Where, i 1,2,.., m (number of machines)

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 Sourav Mitra1et.al Small Signal Stability Analysis in Co-ordination with PSS, TCSC, and SVC
A.6. Flowchart of Small Signal Stability Analysis using
FACTS devices
Calculate Load-flow with FACTS to
obtain the power system initial conditions
Modelling of synchronous FACTS
machines and associated small
exciters and prime-movers;
signal
inter-connecting model
transmission network;
static and dynamic loads
Form the differential equations, stator
algebraic equations and network equations
Linearize the system equations around the
initial conditions
Form the system matrix; and find the
Eigen values, damping coefficient
and participation factors for the
system matrix
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supplementary controller,” IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 550-556, Nov. 2013.
[2] G. Ramana, and B. V. Sanker Ram, “Power system stability
Improvement using FACTS with expert systems,” International
Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, vol. 1, no. 4,
pp. 395-404, Sep. 2011.
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