‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺠﺘﺎح‬

‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎح أو اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻐﺎزي )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Invasive species :‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻧﺒﺎت أو ﺣﻴﻮان أدﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﻧﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎح اﻹﺳﺘﺌﺼﺎل أو‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺮط أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب‪.‬‬
‫]‪[4][3][2‬‬

‫اﻷﺧﺬ أو اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺟﻬﻮد اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ أو اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎك أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻨﻮع اﻟﻐﺎزي‪:‬‬

‫ً‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻏﻴﺮ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو "ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻷول واﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻃﻨﺔ" ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت أو اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺗﻼﻧﺘﺎ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺟﻮرﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎ أو‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﺰوﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ و‪/‬أو‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﺮاري ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫)أي اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ أو اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺒﺔ(‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻃﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ آﻓﺎت ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻏﺎزﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻃﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻷول‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ أو‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ]‪[1‬‬ ‫ِﻋﻨﺎﻗِ ﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻃﻨﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻋﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎن ﺳﺎﺋﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ أو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻷﻳﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ أﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪت أﻋﺪادﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة وﺳﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻬﺎدئ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ أو‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠ ًﺒﺎ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳً ﺎ أو ً‬
‫ﺗﻐﺰوﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت أو ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت وﻗﺪ ُﺗ ِﺨ ّﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮازن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ أو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ أو ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺮاء ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ أو اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺒﺔ(‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ أو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻀﺮﻳﺔ ّ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤُ ﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[8][7][6][5‬‬

‫]‪[10][9‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫وﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺪد اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ« ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ أوﻻً‪ ،‬ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻋﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ »اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ُ‬
‫ّ‬
‫واﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮن ودﻋﺎة اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﻋﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ إﺷﺎرة‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺰارﻋﻮ اﻷراﺿﻲ وﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎت واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﺸﺎب اﻟﻀﺎرة‪.‬‬
‫]‪[11‬‬

‫»اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ« ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﺊ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ]‪ [8‬ﻓﻴﻮّ ﺳﻊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ أو »اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ«‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳُ ﻌﺮف ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺮت ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ [8].‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺗﺰاﻳﺪت أﻋﺪاد اﻷﻳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ وﺳﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﺮا ﻟﻠﺠﺪل ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻮّ َر‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎدئ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ [12].‬ﻳُ ﻌﺪّ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ »اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ«‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻮدﺗﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ً‬ ‫أﺳﻼف اﻟﺨﻴﻮل اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻧﺘﺸﺮوا إﻟﻰ أوراﺳﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﻨﻘﺮﺿﻮا‬
‫أﻣﺮا ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺨﻼف‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺎ أﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ أو دُ ﺧﻼء ﻏﺮﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎرة أﺳﻼﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرﻳﻴﻦ ً‬ ‫‪ 1493‬ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة أﺳﻼف اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﻢ‬
‫]‪[13‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺸﺖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ و»ﻋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻣﺒﺎس اﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ« )ﻋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻣﺒﺎس اﻷرﺟﻮاﻧﻲ( واﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻳﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺎرزة ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ُ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‪» ،‬اﻟﺤﻠﺰون اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﻴﻮزﻳﻠﻨﺪي« و»اﻟﺨﻨﺎزﻳﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺸﻴﺔ« واﻷراﻧﺐ اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻨﺎﺟﺐ اﻟﺮﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻘﻄﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ وﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﺸﺒﻮط واﺑﻦ ﻣﻘﺮض‪ [16][15][14].‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻏﺰو اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺳﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ِﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
 ‫ً‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨّﻬﺎ ُﺳ ّﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺠﺮاﺗﻬﻢ اﻷوﻟﻰ وﻋﺼﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺘﺸﺎف‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬
‫اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻋﺸﺎب اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺳﻮﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺟﺘﻴﺎح اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜً ﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺪرج اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﻧﻮاع وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي ‪-‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻤﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺼﺎرع ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻷﻧﻮاع ُ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮاﻃﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﻳﺪور اﻟﺼﺮاع ﺣﻮل ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻄﺪم‬
‫اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﺣﻮل ﻓﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﺴﻤﺎت ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻴﺎح‪ .‬وﺟﺪت إﺣﺪى اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻮاع ُ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت وﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ [17].‬وﺟﺪت دراﺳﺔ أﺧﺮى أن اﻷﻧﻮاع ُ‬
‫أﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٪ 86‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع ُ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻣﺘﻼك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ وأن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ُو ِﺟﺪت ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻏﻴﺮ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮات أﺧﺮى‪ [19][18][17].‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮاع ُ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮا ﺳﺮﻳﻌً ﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮا ﺳﺮﻳﻌً ﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻗﺪرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮي )اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‬
‫ّ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﺎل واﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ(‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻄﻌﺎم )ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ(‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬
‫]‪[20‬‬

‫ﻏﺰوات ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ‬

‫]‪[21‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﻋﺘﻴﺎدي‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺠﺘﺎح ﻣﻮﻗﻌً ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ً‬
‫راﺳﺨﺎ‪ّ .‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪً ا‪ [22]،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻷﻧﻮاع إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﻜﺎ ًﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ) ُﺗﻌﺮف ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ وإﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ أو اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺼﺎرم(‪.‬‬
‫]‪[23‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ إذا اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ أو‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻷﻧﻮاع ُ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ أو اﻓﺘﺮاس ﺻﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء أو اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪ .‬إذ إن ﺗﻄﻮر ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘَ ﻬﻠَﻜﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ أﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﻨ ُِﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ أﻗﻞ‪،‬‬
‫أي رﺑﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺰاة ﻫﻮ ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻟﻸﺻﻞ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﻮق اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ذات ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺻﻔﺮي ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ّ‬
‫ً ]‪[25][24‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺎدي )واﻧﻘﺮاض اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻐﺰاة( ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة داﺋﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻮﻗﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد أﻓﺮادﻫﺎ وﺗﻜﺜﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫وﺗﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫دﺧﻞ ﻧﺒﺎت دوﺳﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ا ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺬورﻫﺎ اﻟﻮﺗﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻮاع ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮﺻﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء وﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺰﻳﻮم‪ /‬اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ إﻟﻰ إﻇﻬﺎر ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺸﺎﺋﺶ اﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﺗﻄﺮد اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻴﻔﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﺊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫]‪[26‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮّ ر اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻻﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺤﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺗﻀﺎدﻳﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ أو ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى‪ُ .‬ﺗ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﻞ اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ذات ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﻂ ﻟﻸﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[27‬‬

‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﺒﺎر ﺻﺒﺎع اﻟﻜﺎﻓﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺷﺘﻼت اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻐﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ وإﺑﻌﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[28‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪ :‬اﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ )ﻧﺠﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﻮك اﻟﺼﻔﺮاء( واﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮ‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺮت ﻫﺬه اﻷﻋﺸﺎب اﻟﻀﺎرة اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ووﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب أن ﻣﺎدة ‪-8‬ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻦ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺎدة‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺬر اﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠ ًﺒﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ‪ .‬إذ ﻃﻮّ رت ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ آﻟﻴﺎت دﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻧﺮى »اﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ« و»اﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮ« ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﻤﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺣﻖ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎح أو ﻋﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ أﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻬﺰﻳﻤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[30][29‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ اﻷوﻃﺎن ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻮع ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﻗﻞ‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺷﻜﻼ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﺸﻮﻳﻌﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أوراﺳﻴﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﺮاﺋﻖ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮاﺗﺮ وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮاﺋﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺘﺎت‬‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺮاﺋﻖ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ً‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎف ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﺳﻢ اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮب أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮت ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﺘﺸﺮت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺳﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﺠﺎة ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻳﻌﺮة ﺑﺒﺴﻂ ﻧﻔﻮذﻫﺎ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫]‪[31‬‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ً‬

‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮم أﺣﺪ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻷوﻃﺎن ﻣﺎدﻳً ﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﻸﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺷﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎرﻳﺎت‪ .‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫»ﺑﻠﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﺸﻲ« ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮات ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻼت اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻟﺒﻠﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ وﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎرﻳﺎت‬
‫]‪[32‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻷﻋﺸﺎب اﻟﻤﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺸﺎﺋﺶ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺬات ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرﻫﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺸﺎﺋﺶ‪:‬‬

‫ﻃﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺐ اﻟﻤﺎء )أو ورد اﻟﻨﻴﻞ(‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮرﻏﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﺼﻮب‬
‫ﺧﺸﺨﺎش اﻷرﻏﻤﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻜﻲ )‪(Argemone mexicana‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻨﺎ أو )اﻻوﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺘﻮس(‬
‫اﻟﺰﻧﺰﻟﺨﺖ أو اﻟﺘﻤﺮ اﻻﺧﺮس‬

‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت واﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺬات ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرﻫﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‪:‬‬

‫ﺿﻔﺪع اﻟﻘﺼﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻂ اﻟﺒﺮي‬
‫ﻃﻴﻮر ﻣﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ُ‬
‫أﻳﻞ أﺳﻤﺮ أوروﺑﻲ‬
‫اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮس‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰون أﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻄﺮف‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰون اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺮوﻛﺔ اﻟﺰﺑﺪﻳﺔ أو )اﻟﺸﺒﻮط(‬

‫اﻧﻈﺮ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮع واﻃﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎت أﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻣﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫‪ org/gcw/species/vinca_major/) 4‬ﻣﺎرس ‪2016‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
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