1

• Department of Zoology

• Mid Term Assignment

COARSE CODE: Chem- 161

NAME: KAMRAN KHAN
ROLL #: BZOF19M047
DATE OF
SUBMISSION: 29-04-2020
DUE DATE: 29-04-2020
SESSION: 2019-2023
COARSE NAME: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
COARSE TEACHER: MAHMOOD ANWAR
PROGRAM: BS ZOOLOGY
RREGULAR/SELF: REGULAR
-SUPPORT
SEMESTER. 2nd REGULAR
TOPIC: SULFUR FAMILY
WORDS COUNT: 2719
MAIN CAMPUS/: MAIN CAMPUS
ExPPP.
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MARKS AWARDED BY THE TEACHER

SULFUR FAMILY:

Sulfur

INTRODUCTION:

Sulfur has a place with the chalcogen family. Different individuals from the family are
oxygen, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. These elements make up Group 16 (VIA) of the
periodic table. The periodic table is that shows how chemic element are identified with one
another.
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The term chalcogen originates from two Greek words signifying "ore forming." A metal is
a normally happening mineral utilized as a source for an element. Numerous minerals are mixes
of a metal and oxygen or a metal and sulfur. Substance that contain two elements, one of which
is sulfur, are called sulfides. For instance, an excellent gold-hued mineral is called pyrite, or
"fool's gold," since it looks so much like genuine gold. Pyrite is iron sulfide (FeS 2 ).

Sulfur was known to old ancient times. Its physical and synthetic properties are
particular. It frequently happens as a splendid yellow powder. At the point when it consumes, it
delivers an unmistakable blue fire and an extremely odour smell.

SYMBOL:
S

ATOMIC NUMBER:
16

ATOMIC MASS:
32.064

FAMILY:
Group 16 (VIA)
Chalcogen

PRONUNCIATION:
SUL-fur

ATOMIC CONFIGURATION OF

SULFUR:

1s2 2s2p6 3s2p4

Sulfur, likewise spelled as sulphur, is a significant element in this day and age. Its most
significant use is in the production of sulfuric corrosive (H 2 SO 4 ). There is more sulfuric
corrosive made than some other compound on the planet. It has a many number of significant
employments.
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Occurrence in nature:

At once, sulfur happened in layers along the Earth's surface. They were simple for people to
discover and take. Stores like these are progressively hard to track down today. One spot they
despite everything happen is in the region of volcanoes. Sulfur is discharged from volcanoes as a
gas. At the point when it arrives at the cold air, it changes back to a solid. It structures delightful
yellow deposit along the edge of a fountain of volcanos.

Huge supplies of sulfur despite everything happen underground. They are expelled by the Frasch
procedure.

Sulfur additionally happens in various significant minerals. A few models are barite, or barium
sulfate (BaSO4 ); celestite, or strontium sulfate (SrSO4 ); cinnabar, or mercury sulfide (HgS);
galena, or lead sulfide (PbS); pyrites, or iron sulfide (FeS 2 ); sphalerite, or zinc sulfide (ZnS); and
stibnite, or antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ).

The magnitude of sulfur in the Earth's hull is believed to be about 0.05 percent. It positions
about number 16 among the components as far as their magnitude in the earth. It is more
abundant than carbon, however less abundance than barium or strontium.

The biggest makers of sulfur on the planet are the United States, Canada, China, Russia, Mexico,
and Japan. In 1996, the United States created around 11,800,000 metric huge amounts of sulfur.
It is mined in 30 states, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Discovery and naming:

Sulfur probably been notable to ancient times. They once in a while alluded to it as
brimstone. Sulfur some of the time happens in bright yellow layers on the highest point of the
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planet. It has a sharp, suffocating smell. At the point when it consumes, it radiates a solid, emit
out smell. The smell resembles that delivered when a match is struck.

The Bible notices brimstone in various spots. For instance, Sodom and Gomorrah were
two towns wrecked by God for the evil methods for their residents: "The Lord came down upon
Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire."

In any case, old chemist unquestionably didn't consider sulfur the manner in which
present day scientific experts do. Truth be told, they utilized "element" to discuss whatever was
fundamental. Old Greek logicians, for instance, felt that everything comprised of four element:
earth, fire, water, and air. Different logicians thought there were just two elements: sulfur and
mercury.

However, early researchers were regularly befuddled regarding what they implied by
"sulfur." They frequently were looking at whatever consumed and radiated a lot of smoke. To
them, "sulfur" was actually a "consuming substance." It took hundreds of years for researchers
to distinguish sulfur as a element.

Sulfur family and naming

Isotopes:

There are four normally happening isotopes of sulfur: sulfur-32, sulfur-33, sulfur-34, and sulfur-
36. Isotopes are at least two types of a elements. Isotopes contrast from one another as
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indicated by their mass number. The number kept in touch with the privilege of the element's
name is the mass number. The mass number speaks to the quantity of protons in addition to
neutrons in the nucleus of a atom of the element. The quantity of protons decides the element,
yet the quantity of neutrons in the atoms of any one element can change. Every variety is an
isotope.

Sulfur happens in the region of volcanos.

Six radioactive isotopes of sulfur are known too. A radioactive isotope is one that severs
separated and gives some type of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are delivered when little
particles are terminated at atoms. These particles attached in the atoms and make them
radioactive.

One radioactive isotope of sulfur, sulfur-35, is utilized monetarily. In medication, the

isotope is utilized to contemplate the manner in which liquids happen inside the body. It
additionally has applications in inquire about as a tracer. A tracer is a radioactive isotope whose
nearness in a system can without much of a stretch be distinguished. The isotope is infused into
the framework sooner or later. Inside the system, the isotope emits radiation. That radiation can
be trailed by methods for detector set around the system.

For instance, an organization that makes elastic tires should comprehend what befalls the
sulfur added to tires. Sulfur-35 is added to rubber alongside non-radioactive sulfur. Specialists
follow the radioactive isotope in the tires to perceive what occurs to the sulfur when the tires
are utilized.

Periodic & properties:

The trends of their properties in this group are intriguing. Realizing the trends permits us
to anticipate their responses with different elements. Most trends are valid for all groups of
element, and the group trends are expected for the most part to the size of the atoms and number
of electrons per molecule. The trends are studied underneath:

1. The metallic properties increase down in the group as oxygen, sulfur,

selenium, tellurium, or polonium. Polonium is basically a metal. It was found by M.
Curie, who named it after her local nation Poland.
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1. Electronegativity, ionization energy (or ionization potential IP), and electron

affinity decrease for the group as atomic weight increases.
2. The atomic radii and melting point increase.
3. Oxygen differs from sulfur in chemical properties due to its small size. The
differences between \(\ce{O}\) and \(\ce{S}\) are more than the differences between other
members.

Metallic character increases down the group, with tellurium delegated a metalloid and
polonium as a metal. Melting point, boiling point, density, atomic radius, and ionic radius all
increase down the group. Ionization energy decreases down the group. The most widely
recognized oxidation state is - 2; in any case, sulfur can likewise exist at a +4 and +6 state, and +2,
+4, and +6 oxidation states are workable for Se, Te, and Po.

Physical properties:
Sulfur exists in two allotropic structures. Allotropes are types of a element with various
physical and chemical properties. The two types of sulfur are known as α-structure and β-
structure (the Greek letters alpha and beta, individually). The two allotropes are yellow with the
α-structure a more brilliant yellow and the β-structure a paler, whitish-yellow. The α-structure
changes to the β-structure at about 94.5°C (202°F). The α-structure can be softened at 112.8°C
(235.0°F) on the off chance that it is warmed rapidly. The β-structure has a dissolving purpose of
119°C (246°F). The breaking point of the α-structure is 444.6°C (832.3°F).

The two allotropes have densities of 2.06 grams per cubic centimeter (α-structure) and
1.96 grams per cubic centimeter (β-structure). Neither one of the allotropes will break up in
water.
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Solid sulfur

Both are soluble in different Fluids, for example, benzene (C 6 H 6 ), carbon tetrachloride
(CCl 4 ), and carbon disulfide (CS 2 ).

Another allotrope of sulfur is shaped when the element is melted. This allotrope has no
crystalline shape. It would seem that a dark brown colored, thick, liquefied plastic.

Chemical properties:

Sulfur's most noticeable chemical property is that it consumes. At the point when it does
as such, it radiates a light blue fire and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) gas. Sulfur dioxide has a conspicuous
hard, gagging odor. Sulfur once in a while happens in splendid yellow layers on the highest point
of the earth. It has a sharp, hostile odor. Sulfur likewise joins with most different element. Once
in a while it consolidates with them effectively at room temperature. In different cases, it must
be warmed. The response among magnesium and sulfur is regular. At the point when the two
element are warmed, they join to form magnesium sulfide (MgS):

Sulfur also combines with hydrogen gas:

The compound formed in this reaction is hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Hydrogen sulfide has
extraordinary compared to other known odors all things considered. It smells like spoiled eggs.
Hydrogen sulfide is added to flammable gas (methane) utilized in homes for cooking and
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warming. Methane is odorless. So the exceptional smell of hydrogen sulfide makes it simple to
know when there is a methane spill.

Oxides & Oxyacid of sulfur:

Sulfur dioxide and sulfurous acid solutions:

The combustion of sulfur brings about the formation of vaporous sulfur
dioxide, Equation.

The bent structure of SO2 is shown in and as a consequence of the sp2 hybridization the
molecule is polar.

The structure of sulfur dioxide.

The boiling temperature of SO2 (- 10 °C) implies that it is promptly liquefied and
effortlessly kept as a liquid at room temperature under a slight tension. The liquid is related by
dipole-dipole attractions because of the polar idea of SO2. Liquid SO2 is a decent dissolvable
because of the extremity of the atom; as an outcome it promptly solubalizes polar mixes and
salts. It is additionally helpful since it is anything but difficult to expel from response items by
evaporation.

Sulfur dioxide is soluble in water forming aqueous solution where the majority of the SO2
is kept up as a hydrogen-bonded hydrate, likewise to that watched for fluid solution of carbon
dioxide. At equilibrium in neutral water (no additional base) a little part responds, to give a blend
of bisulfite (HSO3-) and sulfite (SO32-), Equation. The free acid doesn't to exist.
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The structures of the (a) bisulfite, (b) sulfite, (c) disulfite, (d) dithionite, and (e) thiosulfate
anions.

Bisulfite occurs a further equilibrium, Equation, to form disulfite, whose structure.

Salts of these anions are known, and complexes of the sulfite ion are known, while
SO2 itself can act as a ligand to heavy metals.
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The structural modes of sulfite coordination.

The bisulfite ion has strong reducing properties, e.g., Equation.

Bisulfite is also reduced by zinc in the presence of additional SO 2, Equation, to form the
highly reducing dithionite anion. Reaction of bisulfite with elemental sulfur yields the thiosulfate
anion, Equation.

Sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid:

Oxidation of sulfur dioxide occurring in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., platinum) yields
sulfur trioxide, Equation, which may be condensed to a liquid at room temperature (Bp = 45 °C).

Liquid SO3 exists as a mixture of monomer and trimers , while as a solid (Mp = 16.9 °C) it
forms polymers.
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The structure of (a) monomeric, (b) trimeric, and (c) polymeric sulfur trioxide.

The reaction of SO3 with water results in the formation of sulfuric acid, H 2SO4, as a
viscous, hydrogen bonded liquid. Sulfuric acid is a strong protic acid, which in dilute solutions (in
water) reacts as a dibasic acid, Equation, forming bisulfate (HSO4-) and sulfate (SO42-) anions. A
large number of salts are known for both anions. In addition, sulfate is known to act as a
monodentate or bidentate ligand in coordination complexes.

The dissolution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid yields very corrosive, fuming sulfuric
acid, which contains some pyrosulfuric acid, Equation.

Warning: The corrosive properties of sulfuric acid are accentuated by its highly
exothermic reaction with water. Burns from sulfuric acid are potentially more serious than those
of occurring strong acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid), as there is additional tissue damage due to
dehydration and particularly secondary thermal damage due to the heat liberated by the
reaction with water.

A Resonating Structure:

The structure of sulphuric acid is viewed as a blend of a few quickly interconverting equal
structures:
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Sulphuric acid is a strong dibasic acid, which means that both of its two hydrogens can be
used to react with other chemicals, liberating the tetrahedral sulphate ion (SO42-) in the process.

Sulfur as a source of atmospheric pollution and acid rain:

Sulfur dioxide is formed as a toxin during the ignition of sulfur containing fuel, specifically
coal. While the discharge of SO2 itself prompts concerns it is its transformation to sulfuric acid as
acid rain that has been of worry for a very long while. The pathway for the formation of sulfuric
acid in the climate is depandant on whether the response happens in dry environment or in
mists and water drops as rain.

Gaseous reactions in a dry atmosphere:

In the dry atmosphere, gaseous sulfur dioxide reacts with the hydroxide radical (formed
by the photochemical decomposition of ozone, in the presence of a non-reactive gas molecule
such as nitrogen,. The sulfurous acid, thus formed reacts with oxygen to generate sulfur
trioxide, Equation, which reacts with water to form sulfuric acid, Equation.

Measurements indicate that the conversion rate of SO 2 to H2SO4 is 4% per hour on a clear
hot sun day but the rate is more slow throughout the winter .

Liquid phase reactions in clouds and rain:

In the liquid phase SO2 reacts directly with water, Equation. The bisulfite (HSO3-) is
oxidized by hydrogen peroxide forming a forming bisulfate (HSO 4-) solution, Equation.
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Water soluble hydrogen peroxide is formed by the oxidation of water, Equation.

The HO2 radical is formed by the photolysis of organic carbonyl compounds, e.g.,
formaldehyde in Equation.

The conversion rate is independent of pH is extremely quick: practically 100% every hour
in summer. In any case, the change is constrained by the supply of hydrogen peroxide, which is
frequently present in much lower levels than SO2. In this way, a decrease in sulfur dioxide
outflows doesn't constantly associate with a decrease of wet acid deposition.

Extraction of sulfer:

Like coal, sulfur once in a while happens in thick layers under ground. One approach to
evacuate sulfur is mine it the manner in which coal is mined. In any case, an a lot simpler
technique for expelling sulfur starting from the earliest stage of the Frasch strategy.

Uses of sulfer:

Sulfur has generally barely any utilizations as a element. One of the most significant of
those utilizations is in vulcanization. Vulcanization is the way toward adding sulfur to rubber to
make it hardened and hard. It shields the elastic from softening as it gets hotter. The disclosure
of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear (1800-60) in 1839 is one of the best mechanical
achievements of present day times.

Some powdered sulfur is additionally utilized as a insecticides. It very well may be spread
on plants to execute or drive away creepy crawlies that feed on the plants. By a long shot most
of sulfur is utilized, be that as it may, to make sulfur compounds. The most significant of these is
sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ).

References:

1. Patrick L (1999). "Nutrients and HIV: part one -- beta carotene and
selenium". Alternative Medicine Review 4 (6): 403–13. PMID 10608913
2. Emsley, John (2003). "Tellurium". Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to
the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 426–429.
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3. ^ "Guidance for Industry. Internal Radioactive Contamination —

Development of Decorporation
Agents" (PDF). http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInf
ormation/Guidances/ucm071944.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
4. Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice
Hall, 2007.