CARBON

STRUCTURE
BY: MRS. MR. ARIES P. RICARDO
LET’S REVIEW
1. What is the symbol of carbon?
2. What is the atomic number of an
element?
3. How many protons are there in
Carbon?
4. How many neutrons are there in Carbon?
5. How many electrons are there in Carbon?
6. Carbon atom can be found in group 4A in the
periodic table, how many valence electrons does it
have?
7. Is carbon a metal or non-metal element?
 -The carbon atom can use its four
valence electrons to form covalent bonds
with many other atoms of itself, called
CATENATION..
-These bonds may either be four single
bonds, one double bond, and two single
bonds, or a triple bond and one single
bond. In all of these bond types, the octet
rule must always prevail
WHY CARBON is UNIQUE and AMAZING ELEMENT?

-Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the

universe and the 15th most abundant element in the
Earth's crust. It is also the second most abundant
element in humans after oxygen. Its chemical makeup
leads to several unique properties of carbon.
-The most unique things about the carbon atoms are
its ability to combine with itself. This unusual ability allows
carbon atoms to form all kinds of chainlike and ring-
shaped molecules, making countless organic
compounds.
Elemental carbon can exist in many different forms
called ALLOTROPES.
Allotropes are forms of the same element that have
different bonding patterns or arrangements.

1. Graphite
-A soft and abundant allotrope of
carbon is graphite. The carbon
atoms in graphite are arranged in
sheets or layers, held together by
weak attraction forces.
2. Graphene
-It is simply one atomic layer of graphite
arranged in a honeycomb lattice. In a
graphene layer, each carbon atom is bonded
covalently to three other atoms, leaving the
fourth electron free to migrate in the plane,
hence its electrical conductivity.

3. Diamond
-The carbon atom is bonded to four other
carbon atoms in a tetrahedral structure .
Because of this type of arrangement, the bonds
between carbon atoms are extremely strong. This
makes the diamond the hardest natural
substance known on earth. Diamond is used as
jewelry and as tools to cut glass or metal
4. Amorphous carbon
-When carbon compounds decompose, other
carbon allotropes are produced called
"amorphous" carbon. The word amorphous
means 'shapeless' or 'harmless', which is why this
allotrope has no definite arrangement. Examples
are soot, charcoal, bone black, and coke.

5. Fullerenes (C60)
-Fullerenes are globe-shaped, cage-like
arrangements of carbon atoms. They are also
called carbon balls because they resemble tiny
soccer balls. Fullerene was named for R.
Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), famous for his
geodesic dome designs. A research team has
discovered fullerene that attacks an enzyme that
is found in the virus that causes AIDS.
 -One of the most important uses of Carbon
is carbon dating.
-We can actually use carbon to measure
the age of things. Scientists use a rare form of
carbon called Carbon-14 to measure the
age of fossils, bones, etc. The release of this
carbon-14 is recorded to estimate the life of
the said organic substance.
-This is how scientists find the age and
period of dinosaur bones and fossils!
 -Organic compounds are compounds that
are primarily composed of carbon atoms, which
are chemically bonded with Hydrogen and other
elements such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
-Its molecules are associated with living
organisms. Organic compounds are broadly
classified as natural and synthetic compounds.
Organic natural compounds are derived from
plants and animals while synthetic compounds are
man-made.
Example:
Methane (CH4), Carbohydrates (C6H12O6),
Ethanol (C2H5OH), DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
 -Inorganic compounds
are compounds that do not
contain carbon and are not
derived from living matter.
-They include substances made
from single elements, salts, metals,
and any other compound that does
not contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen.

Note: Carbonates (CO3-2), oxides of carbon (CO and CO2), metallic carbide
(CaC2), Cyanides (CN-), are not Organic compounds and considered inorganic
compound because they don’t have a carbon-hydrogen bond
Properties of Organic Compounds
-Petroleum products like gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil,
lubricating oil, crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
others like ethyl alcohol, and acetic are organic compounds
with different properties.
Every compound has its own specific odor.
• Viscosity is a measure a liquid’s resistance to flow.
• Volatility is the measure of the tendency of a compound
to evaporate or turn into gaseous state.
• Flammability is the measure of how easily the materials
burn.