Awwa C208-17

ANSI/AWWA C208-17
(Revi si on of AN SI /AW WA C20 8 -1 2)
®
AWWA Standard
Dimensions for Fabricated

Steel Water Pipe Fittings
Efecti ve date: Dec. 1 , 201 7.

First edition approved by AWWA Board o f Directors Jan. 26, 1 959.
This edition approved J une 1 1 , 201 7.
Approved by American N ational Standards I nstitute Sept. 7, 201 7.
SM
Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

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ISBN-1 3, print: 978-1 -62576-271 -9 eISBN-1 3, electronic: 978-1 -61 300-445-5

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1 2999/AWWA.C1 08.1 7
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ii
Committee Personnel
Te Steel Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPM TAC) Task Group
on C208, which reviewed and revised this standard, had the following personnel at the time:
John L. Luka, Chair
General Interest Members
R.J. Card, Manufacturing Consultant, Sugar Hill, Ga. (AWWA)
R.R. Collins, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas (AWWA)
K. Couture, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
D. Dechant, Manufacturing Consultant, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah (AWWA)
J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)
R.N. Satyarthi, Baker Coupling Company Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
D. Seals, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas (AWWA)
K.L. Shaddix, Smith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, Texas (AWWA)
B. Simpson, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
Te Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the fol-
lowing personnel at the time of approval:
John H. Bambei Jr., Chair
Dennis Dechant, Vice-Chair
John L. Luka, Secretary
General Interest Members
J.H. Bambei Jr., Bambei Engineering Services, Arvada, Colo. (AWWA)
W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)
R.J. Card, Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam Inc., Houston, Texas (AWWA)
R.L. Cofey, HDR Engineering Inc., Omaha, Neb. (AWWA)
S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif. (AWWA)
R.L. Gibson, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
M.D. Gossett,* HDR, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
* Alternate
iii

M.B. Horsley,* Horsley Engineering, Overland Park, Kan. (AWWA)
R. Issa,* AECOM, McKinney, Texas (AWWA)
R. A. Kufaas, Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services Ltd., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
J.L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah (AWWA)
A. Murdock, CH2M, Salt Lake City, Utah (AWWA)
R. Ortega,* Consultant, Spring, Texas (AWWA)
E. S. Ralph,† Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, AECOM, Orange, Calif. (AWWA)
J.R. Snow, MWH Americas Inc., Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
W.R. Whidden, Woolpert, Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)
Producer Members
D.W. Angell,† Standards Council Liaison, American Flow Control, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
S. A. Arnaout, Forterra Pressure Pipe Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Consultant, Glendale, Calif. (AWWA)
D. Dechant, Dechant Infrastructure Service, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)
V. DeGrande,* Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
W.B Geyer, Steel Plate Fabricators Association, Lake Zurich, Ill. (SPFA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah (AWWA)
J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)
R.D. Mielke,* Northwest Pipe Company, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA)
J. Olmos, Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G.F. Ruchti,* Consultant, Punta Gorda, Fla. (SPFA)
B.P. Simpson,* American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, Victaulic, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
T
D. Walker, Avid Protective Products Ltd./ nemec Company Inc., Oakville,
Ont., Canada (AWWA)
J. A. Wise, Canus International Sales Inc., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
User Members
L. Adams, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
G. A. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y. (AWWA)
B. Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
* Alternate
† Liaison, nonvoting
iv

M.E. Conner, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
S. Hattan, Tarrant Regional Water District, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
T.J. Jordan,* Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, LaVerne, Calif. (AWWA)
P.K. Karna, Tacoma Water, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA)
M. McReynolds, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,
Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
K.R. Parbhoo, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
M. Turney,* Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
* Alternate
v
Tis page intentionally blank.
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4 Requirements
I Introduction ..................................... ix 4.1 Fittings .......................................... .... 3
I.A Background...................................... ix 5 Verifcation .................................... 13
I.B History........................................... .. ix
I.C Acceptance ........................................ x 6 Delivery ......................................... 13
II Special Issues ..................................... x Appendix
III Use of Tis Standard ......................... x A Dimensions of Steel Water
III.A Purchaser Options and Pipe Fittings ............................ 17
Alternatives ................................. x
III.B Modi fcation to Standard ................. xi Figures
IV Major Revisions................................ xi 1 Recommended Dimensions for
V Comments ....................................... xi Water Pipe Fittings (except
elbows) ...................................... 10
Standard 2 Recommended Dimensions for
1 General
Water Pipe Elbows ........ 11, 12, 13
1.1 Scope ................................................ 1 3 Tangential Outlet ............................ 14
1.2 Purpose ........................................... .. 2 4 Lateral Less than 30º (see Figure 1D
for speci fc dimensions of lateral of
1.3 Application....................................... . 2 equal or unequal diameters)....... 15
2 References ........................................ 2 5 Reducing Elbow .............................. 16
3 De f nitions ....................................... 2
Table
A.1 Dimensions of Steel Water
Pipe Fittings .............................. 17
vii
Foreword
Tis foreword is for information only and is not a part ofANSI*/AWWA C208.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. Steel pipe has been used for waterlines in the United States
since the 1850s. With the development of the Bessemer process in 1855 and the open-
hearth process in 1861, steel, the strongest and most versatile refnement of iron,
became available for water pipe.
Available records disclose installations of steel water pipe as early as 1858. Te
pipe was frst manufactured by rolling steel sheets or plates into shape and riveting the
seams. Tis method of fabrication continued with improvements into the 1930s. In
1905, lock-bar pipe was introduced and, by 1930, had nearly supplanted riveted pipe.
By the early 1930s, both riveted and lock-bar methods were gradually phased out and
welding dominated the pipe-making process. As welding became more universal in
pipeline construction and manufacturing, varying steel shapes able to accommodate
pipeline hydraulics and locations became more prevalent. Over the years, rigid speci-
fcations have been developed and new product developments and improvements in
manufacturing techniques and processes have been established to ensure the purchaser
a product of high standards.
I.B. History. Tis standard was frst proposed in 1955 to provide standard
dimensions for steel water pipe fttings. It was approved as a “tentative” standard
on July 14, 1955. Revisions in the text were approved on Dec. 31, 1957, and were
incorporated in the fourth and later printings. Te revisions consisted of the addition
of an explanatory paragraph, changes in the table for fttings for service in transmission
and distribution mains, and clari fcation of the fgures detailing the various fttings.
Te standard was approved without further revision on Jan. 26, 1959.
Revisions to the text were approved on June 21, 1983, and incorporated in the sixth
and later printings. Tese revisions include the following:
1. Addition of a foreword to provide the history of the standard and major
revisions.
2. Revision of Table 1, deleting 4-in. pipe size and extending pipe sizes to 144 in.
3. Revision of Table 2.
4. Expansion of Figure 3 to include sizes to 144 in.
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
ix

5. Deletion of Table 4.
6. Deletion of alternative Table 3.
7. Deletion of Table 5.
8. Addition of reducing tees and deletion of smooth 90° elbow category from
Figure 1 and Table 1.
9. Te information in Table 1 was changed from a tabular format to a formula
format in order to ascertain dimensions for tees, crosses, wyes, laterals, and reducers. A
factor, f, was introduced in the new Table 1 to facilitate the use of formulas for comput-
ing ftting dimensions and provided formulas for elbow layout to facilitate the design
of elbows not tabulated.
Addendum C208-84 was approved on June 4, 1984. Te addendum added a note
of caution to Tables 2A through 2D concerning hoop tension concentration in elbows
with a radius of less than 2.5D. ANSI/AWWA C208-83, including ANSI/AWWA
Addendum C208-84, was reafrmed without revision on June 18, 1989. ANSI/AWWA
C208-96 was approved by the Board of Directors on June 23, 1996. Te major revi-
sion was to clarify that the standard is a dimensional guide only and that design of
fttings should be in accordance with applicable sections of AWWA Manual M11,
Steel Pipe: A Guide for Design and Installation . Table 2 was deleted from the standard.
ANSI/AWWA C208-01 was approved on June 17, 2001. ANSI/AWWA C208-07 was
approved on June 24, 2007. ANSI/AWWA C208-12 was approved on June 10, 2012.
Tis edition of ANSI/AWWA C208 was approved on June 11, 2017.
I.C. Acceptance. Tis standard has no applicable information for this section.
II. Special Issues. Tis standard has no applicable information for this
section.
III. Use of Tis Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. Te following information should be
provided by the purchaser.
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA C208, Dimensions for Fabricated
Steel Water Pipe Fittings, of latest revision.
2. Type of ftting required (such as elbow, tee, reducer, wye, lateral, etc.).
3. Radius of elbows (such as 1D, 1.5D, 2.5D, or other).
4. Number of pieces or segments for elbows.
5. Design pressure and speci fcations for pipe to which the steel ftting will
connect (i.e., ANSI/AWWA C200, AWWA Manual M11).
x
6. Type of end connection required (such as plain end, beveled end for feld
butt-joint welding, bell or spigot for feld lap welding, bell or spigot O-ring, f anged,
grooved or shouldered coupling, or mechanical coupling).
7. Submittal of shop detail and assembly drawings.
8. Special handling, inspection, or testing requirements.
9. Lining and coating required.
III.B. Modifcation to Standard. Any modi fcation of the provisions, de f nitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in this edition
include the following:
1. A few sections of the standard were rearranged to present the information
in a more linear fow.

2. A revision was made to Sec. 4.1.1, Fittings, General, to clarify the minimum
dimensions stated in the standard.
3. Sec. 4.1.1 2.2, Welded Butt Joint, was modi f ed to clarify that miter cutting
pipe ends to provide de fections at such joints is acceptable, subject to the same de fec-
tions limitations of a one-cut elbow.
4. Sec. 4.1.1 3.2, Wrought Steel, was modi fed to expand the low-end diameter
from 6 in. to 4 in., since 4 in. is a very common size for the application of wrought
fttings in water pipe.
5. Table A.1 , Dimensions of Steel Water Pipe Fittings, in appendix A was
modi f ed to re f ect dimensions for 4-in. nominal fttings in support of the changes
to Sec. 4.1 .1 3. 2.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at
303.795.7603; write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235 -3098; or email at standards@awwa.org.
xi

ANSI/AWWA C208-17
(Revi si on of AN SI /AW WA C20 8 -1 2)
® AWWA Standard
Dimensions for Fabricated

Steel Water Pipe Fittings
SEC TI ON 1 : G EN ER AL
Sec. 1.1 Scope

Tis standard provides formulas to calculate overall dimensions of fttings for
steel water transmission and distribution facilities.
Many confgurations of fttings are possible, and alternatives to this standard
may be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer. Te ftting dimen-
sions shown in Figures 1 through 5 are the minimum dimensions for fttings with
plain ends. In practice, fttings are seldom provided as individual pieces as shown
but are shop fabricated into full lengths or special lengths of pipe or fabricated into
assemblies combining a number of fttings.
1.1 .1 Conditions not covered in this standard. Tis standard is intended to
serve as a dimensional guide only. It is not a design standard for wall thickness,
pressure ratings, structural design, or hydraulic design. Reinforcement of fttings,
which may include increased wall thickness, collars, wrapper plates, or crotch
plates, is not described in this standard. Te design of fttings should be performed
in accordance with the applicable section(s) in AWWA Manual M11, Steel Pipe: A
Guide for Design and Installation .
1
2 AWWA C208 -1 7
Sec. 1.2 Purpose

Te purpose of this standard is to provide formulas for use in calculating the
general minimum requirements for the dimensions of fabricated steel water pipe
fttings.
Sec. 1.3 Application

Tis standard or sections of this standard can be referenced in the purchaser’s
documents for dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fttings. Te stipulations
of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to
dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fttings.
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
Tis standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,
they form a part of this standard to the extent speci fed within the standard. In any
case of confict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI*/AWWA C200—Steel Water Pipe, 6 In. (150 mm) and Larger.
ASME† B16.9 —Factory Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings.
AS TM A234/A234M—Standard Speci fcation for Piping Fittings of Wrought
Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service.
AWWA Manual M11— Steel Pipe: A Guide for Design and Installation .
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
Te following defnitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Manufacturer: Te party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
2. Nominal diameter: Te commercial designation or dimension by which
pipe is designated for simplicity.
3. Purchaser: Te person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
† American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016.
DI m EN SI ON S FO r FAB rI CATED STEE l WATE r PI PE FI TTI N GS 3
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Fittings

4.1 .1 General. Te formulas in this standard provide the fexibility to cal-
culate dimensions for fttings of any size pipe based on the outside diameter of the
pipe.
Values resulting from the formulas are general minimum dimensions of good
practice for fttings with plain ends or beveled ends for feld welding. Alterna-
tive dimensions may be necessary for other types of joint connections, such as
mechanical couplings, grooved or shouldered couplings, bells, spigots, fanges, and
so on, to maintain adequate distance from a reinforcement collar to the pipe end
or to facilitate practical limits of fabrication. Other geometrically constrained ends,
such as fanged ends, may be acceptable when furnished with dimensions shorter
than those contained herein, subject to agreement of constructability between the
purchaser and manufacturer. See appendix A for a reference listing of select ftting
dimensions based on nominal pipe diameters.
4.1 .2 Symbols. Symbols used in formulas and dimensions in this standard
are as follows:
A = Length of tee or cross from centerline to end (Figures 1A, 1B, and 1C).
B = Length of reducing tee from centerline to end (Figure 1C).
d = Outside diameter of steel cylinder of a branch outlet of a reducing tee or
lateral of unequal diameter.
D = Nominal diameter of pipe.
D = Inside diameter of pipe at large end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
1
D , D , D , D = Intermediate inside diameter of right circular cone segments of reducing
elbow (Figure 5).
2 4 6 x
D = Outside diameter of steel cylinder of large end of a reducer (Figure 1F).

L
D = Inside diameter of pipe at small end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
n
D = Outside diameter of steel cylinder.
o
D = Outside diameter of steel cylinder of small end of a reducer (Figure 1F).
S
F = Centerline length from the point of intersection of wye to the end of the
pipe (Figure 1E).
f = Formula factor corresponding to d of a tee, lateral, or tangential outlet.
d
fD = Formula factor corresponding to D of a tee, lateral, wye, or elbow.
o O
G = Centerline length of lateral from point of intersection of lateral to end of
run and end of leg (Figure 1D).
4 AWWA C208 -1 7
G1 = Short side centerline length of lateral from point of intersection of lateral

to end of run (Figure 1D).
Go = Centerline length of leg in unequal diameter lateral from point of
intersection of lateral to end of leg (Figure 1D).
Hy = Overall length of branch leg of wye from the point of intersection to end
(Figure 1E).
k = Scalar variable for elbow dimension calculations. k = (number of elbow
segments) – 1
L = Centerline distance from the point of intersection of the elbow to the
end of the pipe (Figures 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, and 4).
LL = Overall run length of a lateral (Figure 1D).
Lr = Length of a reducer (Figure 1F).
Lt = Length of tangential type outlet, centerline to end of pipe (Figure 3).
n = Number of angular divisions of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
ne = Diameter multiplier for elbow radius calculation.
P.C. = Geometric point of beginning curvature of centerline for reducing elbow
(Figure 5).
P.I. = Point of intersection.
P.T. = Geometric point of tangency of centerline for reducing elbow (Figure 5).
R = Radius to centerline of elbow (Figures 2D, 2E, 2F, and 5).
r1 = Development radius for large end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
r3, r5, rx = Intermediate development radius of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
rn = Development radius for small end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
S = Length of inside segment of fabricated elbow (Figures 2D, 2E, and 2F).
T = Elbow length from point of intersection to tangent line (Figures 2D, 2E,
2F, and 5).
Y3, Y5, Yx = Intermediate ofset dimension of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
Z1 = O fset dimension for large end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
Zn = O fset dimension for small end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
α = Angle developed between vertical centerline of pipe run and intersection
of outside diameter of top of outlet (Figure 3).
∆ = Total elbow or ftting defection angle (Figures 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E,
2F, 4, and 5).
φ = Miter-cut angle of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
θ = Angle of inclination of right circular cone (Figure 5).
ρ = Division angle of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
4.1.3 Formula factors. Dimensional formulas contained herein include fac-
tors to provide for adequate minimum clearance between various attributes of fabri-
cated fttings. Te factors represent good practice that will assist in maintaining the
roundness of pipe end and are a function of the outside diameter of the pipe associ-
ated with the specifc equation. Te formulas for the factors are as follows
fDo = 0.1 43 Do + 5
fd = 0.1 43 d + 5
Note: Te above equations are for values in inches. For values in millimeters,
replace 5 with 127.
4.1 .4 Tee and cross. Minimum dimension A for a tee or a cross is calcu-
lated using the formula below. (Refer to Figures 1A and 1B.)
A = 0.5 Do + ƒDo
4.1 .5 Reducing tee and reducing cross. Minimum dimensions A and B for
a reducing tee or a reducing cross are calculated using the formulas below. (Refer
to Figure 1C.)
A = 0.5 Do + ƒDo
B = 0.5 d + ƒd
4.1 .6 Tangential outlet. Te minimum length of a tangential outlet, Lt, is
calculated by the formulas below. (Refer to Figure 3.) Lt should be kept as short as
possible to avoid damage during shipping and handling but long enough to allow
for fange clearance. If necessary to enable the valve operator to clear the outside
diameter of the run pipe, a fanged spool should be used to extend the connection
as required. 0.5Do – d 
α = arccos 
 0.5 Do 
Lt = 0.5 Do sin α + fd
sin α
4.1 .7 Lateral, Case I (equal diameters). Minimum dimensions G, G1 , and
LL for a lateral of equal diameters and suitable for angle ∆ of 30° to 70° are calcu-
lated using the formulas below. (Refer to Figure 1D, Case I [equal diameters].) For
an angle ∆ greater than 70°, use the formulas provided for a tee. (Refer to Figure
1A.) For a required efective angle ∆ less than 30°, use a 30° or larger lateral with
an elbow fabricated into the outlet of the lateral (see Sec. 4.1 .9). (Refer to Figure 4.)
G =  Do  + 2fDo
 2tan(D /2) 
G1 = (Do /2)tan(D /2) + fDo
LL = G + G1
4.1 .8 Lateral, Case II (unequal diameters). When the outlet diameter, d,
is less than Do, minimum dimensions G, Go, G1 , and LL for a lateral suitable for
6 AWWA C208 -1 7
angle ∆ of 30° to 70° are calculated using the formulas below. (Refer to Figure 1D,
Case II [unequal diameters].) For angles greater than 70°, use the formulas pro-
vided for a tee. (Refer to Figure 1C.) For a required efective angle ∆ less than 30°,
use a 30° or larger lateral with an elbow fabricated into the outlet of the lateral (see
Sec. 4.1 .9). (Refer to Figure 4.)
G=
2 tan D + 2 sin D + 2f
D o d
Do
G = D + d + 2f
2 sin D 2 tan D
o o
d
G1 * = d/(2 sin D) – D /(2 tan D) + f

o Do
L = G + G1
L
*Note: For unequal diameter laterals with small values of d, G1 may be nega-
tive. Terefore, the intersection of the centerlines of the outlet and run pipe will not
be within the minimum length L . L
4.1 .9 Elbow fabricated into a lateral outlet. Due to design, manufactur-
ing, and installation constraints, a lateral should not be furnished with branch
defections less than 30°. When a lateral with a defection angle less than 30° is
desired, a combination ftting resulting in the desired angular defection can be
used. One confguration of such a ftting is shown in Figure 4, where the elbow
portion of the lateral branch yields a resultant angle less than 30° for the ftting as a
whole. Various combinations of lateral branch defection and ∆ angles may be used
to yield the required efective defection of less than 30°.
4.1 .10 Wye (bifurcation). Minimum dimensions F and H for a wye are cal- y
culated using the formulas below. (Refer to Figure 1E for a wye with a 90° included
angle.) Other included angles from less than 90° to 30° may be used. When a wye
with an included angle less than 30° is desired, a combination wye with elbow
ftting resulting in the desired angle can be used. A wye con fguration such as this
would be similar on each side to the lateral outlet with elbow combination shown in
Figure 4. Various combinations of wye included angles and elbow ∆ angles may be
used to yield the desired defection of less than 30°.
Where ∆ = the included angle of the ftting as defned in Figure 1E:
F =   tan 
D   D  f
 2   4 
o
 + Do
H =
f Do
+ 0.5D
sin(D/2) tan(D/2)
o
y

4.1 .11 Concentric and eccentric reducers. Te minimum length of reduc-

ers, Lr, is calculated by the following formula. (Refer to Figure 1F.)
Lr = 4 (DL – DS)
Note: If length must be less than the prior formula, consult AWWA
Manual M11 for design stress considerations.
4.1 .1 2 Miter-cut end.
4.1 .1 2.1 Welded lap joint. A small defection angle can be taken in a
welded lap joint using a miter-cut bell end provided that the following are main-
tained: bell and spigot diameter tolerances, joint formation dimensional require-
ments, and joint engagement dimensional requirements. To form a miter-cut bell,
the pipe end is miter cut, and then the bell is expanded square with the face of the
miter cut (see Figure 2B). Te limit for the maximum miter-cut angle of a weld bell
is a function of design requirements and manufacturing constraints and cannot
be defned explicitly in this standard. Although historically a value of 5° has been
a good practice limit, the actual value can be larger or smaller depending on spe-
cifc design and manufacturing parameters. It is recommended that the designer
consult manufacturers regarding the actual limit for speci fc design requirements.
4.1 .1 2.2 Welded butt joint. A defection angle can be taken in a welded
butt joint by miter-cutting one or both pipe ends provided that the maximum
radial ofset (misalignment) at any point around the resultant joint does not exceed
the maximum allowed by the governing purchaser’s documents, standard, or code
to which the joint will be welded (see Figure 2A). It may be impractical to miter
cut both pipe ends, but both pipe ends shall be properly prepared for butt-joint
welding. Defection angle of 22.5° maximum per miter weld is recommended. In
no case shall the maximum defection angle exceed 30° per miter weld.
4.1 .1 3 Elbows.
4.1 .1 3.1 Dimensions. In specifying dimensions of an elbow, the designer
should consider the hydraulic characteristics, space requirements, manufacturing
constraints, stress considerations, and cost–bene ft ratio over the expected life of
the pipeline. Te optimum radius for a fabricated elbow based on these consider-
ations is 2.5 pipe outside cylinder diameters. Tis radius is recommended as a stan-
dard for water transmission lines where space requirements permit. For an elbow
in plant piping, where space is limited, a radius of less than 2.5Do may be used,
provided stress intensi fcation factors are used. If the radius is less than 2.5Do , the
thickness of the shell must be calculated using the method outlined in AWWA
Manual M11.
8 AWWA C208 -1 7
4.1 .1 3.2 Wrought steel. In small diameters (4 in. to 24 in. [100 mm to

600 mm]), steel butt-welding fttings in accordance with ASME B16.9 conform-
ing to AS TM A234/A234M are available in schedules and grades suitable for the
waterworks service and are often an economical alternative to fabricated elbows.
Larger wrought steel fttings, up to 48 in. (1,200 mm), may be advantageous for
applications where space is limited and the smaller footprint of the wrought steel
ftting would be more appropriate. (Steel butt-welding fttings are available in sizes
less than 4 in. [100 mm]. For these smaller fttings, the application of dimensions
for 4-in. (100-mm) fttings would be conservative.)
4.1 .1 3.3 Fabricated elbows. Te following guidelines for dimensioning
fabricated steel pipe elbows are recommended:
Referring to Figures 2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F,
1. is the recommended elbow radius.
R
2. T is the tangent length of the elbow.

3. is the elbow inside segment length. Minimum = 1.5 in. (38 mm) or
S S
6 , whichever is greater.
t
Note: Tis represents good practice to control welding stresses and dimen-
sional tolerances.
4. Defection angle of 22.5° maximum per miter weld is recommended. In
no case shall the maximum defection angle exceed 30° per miter weld.
5. is the minimum recommended length of the elbow leg.
L
Note: Depending on the size of the radius, may be less than T.

L
6. Recommended two-, three-, four-, and fve-piece elbows:

For ∆ ≤ 22.5°, use two-piece elbow; * = 1. k
For 22.5° < ∆ ≤ 45°, use three-piece elbow; * = 2. k
For 45° < ∆ ≤ 67.5°, use four-piece elbow; * = 3. k
For 67.5° < ∆ ≤ 90°, use fve-piece elbow; * = 4. k
*Note: For any elbow confguration = (number of elbow segments) – 1.

k
7. is the diameter multiplier for calculating the radius of an elbow. Rec-

ne
ommended for water mains is 2.5. In instances where is less than 2.5, stress
ne ne
intensi fcation factors need to be addressed as outlined in AWWA Manual M11.

Values of shall not be less than that which achieves the minimum value noted
ne S
above.

Where:
R = n e Do
S = Do (2 – 1)tan[∆/(2k)]
ne
L = n e Dotan[∆/2] – ( – 0.5)tan [∆/(2k)] +
Do n e fDo
T = n e Dotan [∆/2]
Example: Given a 49.75-in. OD, three-piece, 45° elbow, with = 2.5. ne
22.5° < ∆ ≤ 45°, therefore, = 2 k
R= 2.5(49.75) = 124.375 in.

S= 49.75[2(2.5) – 1]tan{45/[2(2)]} = 39.6 in.
L= 2.5(49.75)tan(45/2) – 49.75(2.5 – 0.5)tan{45/[2(2)]} + 0.143(49.75) + 5 =
43.8 in.
T 2.5(49.75)tan[45/2] = 51.5 in.
=
In certain applications, compound elbows and reducing elbows may be used.

See Figure 5 for geometric relationships of a reducing elbow. For computational
methods and formulas for compound pipe elbows, refer to AWWA Manual M11.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Tis standard has no applicable information for this section.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Tis standard has no applicable information for this section.

1 0 AWWA C208 -1 7
Do Do d
A A A
Do Do Do
A
A A B B
A A
Figure 1 A Tee Figure 1 B Cross Figure 1 C Reducing Tee
Do d
G Go
∆ (Min. ∆ = 30°) ∆ (Min. ∆ = 30°)
Do Do
G1 G G1 G
LL LL
Figure 1 D Case I Figure 1 D Case II
Lateral (Equal Diameters) Lateral (Unequal Diameters)
∆ = 90°
Do Do
Lr
DL Ds
Hy F
Do
Figure 1 E 90° Wye Figure 1 F Reducer
Figure 1 A–1 F Recommended dimensions for water pipe fttings (except elbows)

P.I.
°
90
∆
DO
∆
Figure 2A Miter-end cut—welded butt joint
P.I.
°
90
DO
Figure 2B Miter-end cut—welded lap joint
Figure 2A–2B Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows

(Figure continued next page)

1 2 AWWA C208 -1 7
L
(To match field conditions)
i on s)
L
c o ndit
fi e l d
m a t ch
(To
Do
∆
P.I.
Figure 2C Two-piece elbow (0° to 22.5°)
L*
P.I. T
)
io ns
dit T
L* con ∆
ld
fi e
c h Do
at
m
o
(T S
∆
∆
4 R
∆ 2
4
Figure 2D Three-piece elbow (more than 22.5° to 45°)

*N? ?? : L may be less than T
Figure 2C–2D Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows (continued)

(Figure continued next page)

L*
T
P.I.
n s)
Do
d i ti o T
co n
L*
i el d
S
ch f
∆
∆
m at
6 R
3
(To
∆
3
∆
6
Figure 2E Four-piece elbow (more than 45° to 67.5°)

*Note: L may be less than T
L*
T
P.I. ∆
Do
S
(To match field conditions )
∆
∆
T 8 R
4
∆
4
L*
∆
4
∆
8
Figure 2F Five-piece elbow (more than 67.5° to 90°)

*Note: L may be less than T
Figure 2E–2F Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows (continued)

1 4 AW WA C20 8 -1 7
0
.5
Do
d–
Do
0. 5
d
Lt
Figure 3 Tangential outlet

L
∆
Do
See Figure 1 D
* *Butt joint not required

but shown for dimensioning
30° min.
Do
See Figure 1 D
See Figure 1 D
Figure 4 Lateral less than 30º (see Figure 1 D for speci fc dimensions of lateral of equal or un-
equal diameters)

1 6 AW WA C20 8 -1 7
R
∆
P. T
.
P. C
n
.
eq u al
d i vi s i o n s
Dn
1
D
1
r
rn
5
r
3
r
2
D
D
6
φ
φ
Z1
4
D
Zn
Y
3 Y5
T
∆
θ
P oi n t of
I n te rs e cti o n
∆ = An g l e o f i n te rs e cti o n
θ = I n cl i n a ti o n of a ri g h t ci rcu l a r co n e
R = Ra d i u s of ben d
n = 2 x th e n u m ber o f d e fl e cti o n s
D 1 = I n si d e d i a m e te r o f l a rg e pi pe
ρ
Dn
si n 2
ta n φ =
ρ θ
= I n si d e d i a m e te r of sm al l pi pe
co s 2 + cos
∆
ρ
n
=
r θ
Z = 1
(s i n )
D – Dn
1
co s 2 ρ + cos θ
θ
1
(n – )R rn
si n =
2 2 ( ta n ρ )
θ
Zn =
(s i n )
r D 1
co s 2 ρ + cos θ
=
rx
1
2
θ
Dn Yx =
(s i n )
rn = co s ρ
2
T= R ∆
rx r = 1
– ( x – 1 ) R ( ta n ρ )(si n θ )
ta n
D – x R ρ θ
Dx 1
2( – 1 ) ( ta n )(si n )
co s θ
Wh e re x = n u m ber o f d i vi s i o n s fro m
Wh e re x = P. C . to poi n t u n d er co n s i d e ra ti o n .
Figure 5 Reducing elbow

APPENDIX A
Dimensions of Steel Water Pipe Fittings
Table A.1 Dimensions of steel water pipe fttings (continued)

Tee or
Nominal Diameter Cross Wye, 90° Equal Diameter Lateral, ∆ = 30°*
D A F Hy G G1 LL
in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)
4 (4 1 OD) (100) 8 (203) 7 (178) 11 (279) 20 (508) 7 (178) 27 (686)
6 (6 5 OD) (150) 10 (25 4) 8 (203) 12 (305) 25 (635) 7 (178) 32 (81 3)
8 (8 5 OD) (200) 11 (279) 9 (229) 14 (356) 29 (737) 8 (203) 37 (940)
10 (1 0 3 OD) (250) 12 (305) 9 (229) 15 (381) 34 (864) 8 (203) 42 (1 ,067)
1 2 (1 2 3 OD) (300) 14 (356) 10 (25 4) 17 (432) 38 (965) 9 (229) 47 (1 ,194)
14 (350) 15 (381) 10 (25 4) 17 (432) 41 (1 ,041) 9 (229) 50 (1 , 270)
16 (400) 16 (406) 11 (279) 19 (483) 45 (1 ,143) 10 (25 4) 55 (1 ,397)
18 (450) 17 (432) 12 (305) 20 (508) 49 (1, 245) 10 (25 4) 59 (1 ,499)
20 (500) 18 (457) 13 (330) 22 (559) 54 (1 ,372) 11 (279) 65 (1 ,651)
22 (550) 20 (508) 13 (330) 23 (584) 58 (1 ,473) 12 (305) 70 (1 ,778)
24 (600) 21 (533) 14 (356) 24 (610) 62 (1 ,575) 12 (305) 74 (1 ,880)
30 (750) 25 (635) 16 (406) 29 (737) 75 (1 ,905) 14 (356) 89 (2, 261)
36 (900) 29 (737) 18 (457) 33 (838) 88 (2, 235) 15 (381) 1 03 (2,616)
42 (1 ,050) 33 (838) 20 (508) 37 (940) 101 (2,565) 17 (432) 118 (2,997)
48 (1 , 200) 36 (914) 22 (559) 41 (1 ,041) 114 (2,896) 19 (483) 1 33 (3,378)
54 (1 ,350) 40 (1 ,016) 24 (610) 45 (1 ,143) 1 27 (3,226) 20 (508) 147 (3,734)
60 (1 ,500) 44 (1 ,118) 27 (686) 50 (1 ,270) 140 (3,556) 22 (559) 162 (4,115)
66 (1 ,650) 48 (1 , 219) 29 (737) 54 (1 ,372) 153 (3,886) 24 (610) 177 (4,496)
72 (1 ,800) 52 (1 ,321) 31 (787) 58 (1 ,473) 165 (4,191) 25 (635) 190 (4,826)
N otes :
1 . All dimensions based on outside diameter of pipe equal to nominal diameter, D, except dimensions for 1 2-in.
nominal and smaller pipe, which are based on pipe OD noted.
2. For elbow dimensions, see Sec. 4.1 .1 3.3 and Figure 2.
3. Add additional length to these dimensions when necessary for f anged, mechanical couplings, or bell and
spigot joints, or as needed to meet other design conditions.
*Lateral dimensions given are for an equal diameter, 30° angle ftting. For an angle greater than 30° through 70°,
see equations in Sec. 4.1 .7. For angles greater than 70°, use dimension given for a tee.
T
( able continued next page)
17
1 8 AW WA C20 8 -1 7
Table A.1 Dimensions of steel water pipe fttings (continued)

Tee or
Nominal Diameter Cross Wye, 90° Equal Diameter Lateral, ∆ = 30°*
D A F Hy G G1 LL
in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)
78 (1 ,950) 56 (1 ,422) 33 (838) 62 (1 ,575) 178 (4,521) 27 (686) 205 (5, 207)
84 (2,1 00) 60 (1,524) 35 (889) 67 (1 ,702) 191 (4,851) 29 (737) 220 (5,588)
90 (2,250) 63 (1 ,600) 37 (940) 71 (1 ,803) 204 (5,182) 30 (762) 234 (5,944)
96 (2,400) 67 (1 ,702) 39 (991) 75 (1 ,905) 217 (5,51 2) 32 (81 3) 249 (6,325)
1 02 (2,550) 71 (1 ,803) 41 (1 ,041) 79 (2,007) 230 (5,842) 34 (864) 264 (6,706)
1 08 (2,700) 75 (1 ,905) 43 (1 ,092) 83 (2,108) 243 (6,172) 35 (889) 278 (7,061)
114 (2,850) 79 (2,007) 45 (1 ,143) 88 (2,235) 256 (6,502) 37 (940) 293 (7,442)
1 20 (3,000) 83 (2,108) 48 (1 ,219) 92 (2,337) 269 (6,833) 39 (991) 308 (7,823)
1 26 (3,150) 87 (2, 210) 50 (1 ,270) 96 (2,438) 282 (7,163) 40 (1 ,016) 322 (8,179)
1 32 (3,300) 90 (2,286) 52 (1 ,321) 100 (2,5 40) 295 (7,493) 42 (1 ,067) 337 (8,560)
1 38 (3,450) 94 (2,388) 54 (1 ,372) 104 (2,642) 307 (7,798) 44 (1 ,118) 351 (8,915)
144 (3,600) 98 (2,489) 56 (1 ,422) 1 09 (2,769) 320 (8,1 28) 45 (1 ,143) 365 (9,271)
N otes :
1 . All dimensions based on outside diameter of pipe equal to nominal diameter, D, except dimensions for 1 2-in.
nominal and smaller pipe, which are based on pipe OD noted.
2. For elbow dimensions, see Sec. 4.1 .1 3.3 and Figure 2.
3. Add additional length to these dimensions when necessary for f anged, mechanical couplings, or bell and
spigot joints, or as needed to meet other design conditions.
*Lateral dimensions given are for an equal diameter, 30° angle ftting. For an angle greater than 30° through 70°,
see equations in Sec. 4.1 .7. For angles greater than 70°, use dimension given for a tee.
T
( able continued next page)

6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098
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www.awwa.org
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standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy.
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environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life.
1 P– 1 . 2M 43 208-201 7 (1 2/1 7) I W P ri n te d o n Re c ycl e d Pa p e r

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ANSI/AWWA C208-17

(Revi si on of AN SI /AW WA C20 8 -1 2)

Dimensions for Fabricated

Efecti ve date: Dec. 1 , 201 7.

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

American National Standard

This AWWA content is the product of thousands of

ISBN-1 3, print: 978-1 -62576-271 -9 eISBN-1 3, electronic: 978-1 -61 300-445-5

Copyright © 201 7 by American Water Works Association

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

R. Issa,* AECOM, McKinney, Texas (AWWA)

J.L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah (AWWA)

A. Murdock, CH2M, Salt Lake City, Utah (AWWA)

R. Ortega,* Consultant, Spring, Texas (AWWA)

E. S. Ralph,† Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

A.E. Romer, AECOM, Orange, Calif. (AWWA)

J.R. Snow, MWH Americas Inc., Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

W.R. Whidden, Woolpert, Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)

S. A. Arnaout, Forterra Pressure Pipe Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)

H.H. Bardakjian, Consultant, Glendale, Calif. (AWWA)

D. Dechant, Dechant Infrastructure Service, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)

V. DeGrande,* Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)

B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah (AWWA)

J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)

R.D. Mielke,* Northwest Pipe Company, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA)

J. Olmos, Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)

G.F. Ruchti,* Consultant, Punta Gorda, Fla. (SPFA)

C.C. Sundberg, Victaulic, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)

Ont., Canada (AWWA)

J. A. Wise, Canus International Sales Inc., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)

L. Adams, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

B. Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, B.C., Canada (AWWA)

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

S. Hattan, Tarrant Regional Water District, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)

P.K. Karna, Tacoma Water, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA)

M. McReynolds, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,

Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)

M. Turney,* Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

7. Submittal of shop detail and assembly drawings.

8. Special handling, inspection, or testing requirements.

9. Lining and coating required.

III.B. Modifcation to Standard. Any modi fcation of the provisions, de f nitions,

or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.

include the following:

1. A few sections of the standard were rearranged to present the information

in a more linear fow.

dimensions stated in the standard.

tions limitations of a one-cut elbow.

fttings in water pipe.

5. Table A.1 , Dimensions of Steel Water Pipe Fittings, in appendix A was

V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,

please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at

303.795.7603; write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO

80235 -3098; or email at standards@awwa.org.

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Dimensions for Fabricated

Sec. 1.1 Scope

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

Sec. 1.3 Application

Sec. 4.1 Fittings

D = Outside diameter of steel cylinder of large end of a reducer (Figure 1F).