‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ )‪ ،(CWA‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ ،‬وﻳﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻷﻣﺔ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؛ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻠﻮث وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪول ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه‬
‫]‪[1‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ؛ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮذا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻳﺮ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺘُ ﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ واﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (EPA‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺗﻪ وﻟﻮاﺋﺤﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ً‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ أو اﻟﺠﺮف‪ُ ،‬ﺗﺪار ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﻠﻖ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‪ُ .‬ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻟﻮاﺋﺤﻪ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ وﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎدة ‪ 40‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺼﻮل اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ دي وإن وأو‪)  ‬اﻷﺟﺰاء ‪ 140-100‬و ‪ 471-401‬و ‪.(503-501‬‬

‫ﻳُ ﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه )‪ .(FAPCA‬اﺻﺪر أول ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﺪراﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻠﻮث‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1948‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ أﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﻌﺼﺮي ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻋﻴﺪت ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1972‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن »ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ .«1972‬ادﺧﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫]‪[6][5][4][3][2‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 1977‬وﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻟﻌﺎم ‪.1987‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ُ .‬ﺗﺪرج أﺣﻜﺎم ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد واﺳﺘﻌﺎدﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻹﻧﺠﺎب‬
‫اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬

‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ُﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻠﻮث ﻣﻮارد ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ً‬
‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )اﻟﺰرﻧﻴﺦ واﻟﺮادون واﻟﻴﻮراﻧﻴﻮم(‪ ،‬وﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )اﻷﺳﻤﺪة واﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات اﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰة(‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ وﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ أو اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺎدﻣﺔ‪ُ .‬ﺗﻌﺪ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬واﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺎر‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺴﺎء اﻟﺤﻮاﻣﻞ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪ ،‬واﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ُ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻌﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ‬
‫وﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ‪ ،‬واﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻹﻳﺪز أو اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ أو اﻷدوﻳﺔ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻟﻠﻤﺮض ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت‪.‬‬
‫]‪[7‬‬

‫اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻹﻣﺴﺎك وﻣﺘﻼزﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮن اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ واﻟﺒﻮاﺳﻴﺮ واﻟﺸﻘﻮق اﻟﺸﺮﺟﻴﺔ وﺧﺮاﺟﺎت اﻟﺸﺮج‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ‬
‫ً‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺎﺳﻮر اﻟﺸﺮﺟﻲ واﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﺮج وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﺮﺗﺞ واﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮن واﻷورام اﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮن واﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‪.‬‬
‫]‪[8‬‬

‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل وﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب‬
‫ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺎرة ارﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺳﻠ ًﺒﺎ ﺑﺪﺧﻮل‬
‫وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻟﺪى ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻼدﻟﻔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬وﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ‪ 9‬إﻟﻰ ‪ً 11‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻹﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ اﻟﻌﻜﻮرة اﻟﺮﺑﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ارﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪65‬‬
‫ﻗﺪرﻫﺎ ‪ .%9‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻠﺔ أﻗﻮى ﻟﺪى اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ‪ً 75‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮا ﻋﻦ ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫و‪ً 74‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[9‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻹﻧﺠﺎب‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻹﻧﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺮض ﻳﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮي ﺑﺤﺚ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ أﺟﺮﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺮوﻧﻴﻞ وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ إﻛﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل‪ .‬ﺣﺪدت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻀﺎدات ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺬﻛﻮرة‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻴﺴﺘﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮون‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر‪.‬‬
‫]‪[10‬‬

‫اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي واﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﺟﺪت دراﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺷﻤﻠﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪700‬‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺘﺮال ﻓﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺧﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﺮض ﺑﺎرﻛﻨﺴﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻣﻴﺎه اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ %90‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ آﺑﺎر ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ُﺗﺮش ﺑﻤﺒﻴﺪات ﺣﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪات ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪ ،‬إذ إن اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫وﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 20‬ﻳﺎردة‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻵﻓﺎت واﻷﻋﺸﺎب اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﻴﺪات ﺣﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ اﻷدﻣﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮر ﻧﻤﻮ )ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ أو ﺗﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺮﺿﻴﻊ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮاض ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ً‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ أﺟﺮاﻫﺎ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷوﺑﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﺎت رﻳﺘﺰ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺸﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺮض ﺑﺎرﻛﻨﺴﻮن ﻛﺎﻧﻮا اﻷﻗﺮب‬
‫]‪[11‬‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻣﻴﺎه اﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﺎق اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳً ﺎ ﻣﺪّ ة ‪ 4.3‬ﺳﻨﻮات ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮض‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻳُ ﻐﻄﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎرزة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺒﺎرة »ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎرزة« ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻀﻔﺎﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻌﺮف ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ وﻳﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺪل ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﺎم ‪ 1972‬ﺑﺘﻜﺮار ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ »اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺣﺔ« وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳُ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﻨًﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ«‪ [12].‬ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ‪ 1972‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ »ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ وﺑﺤﻴﺮات ﺑﻼﻳﺎ وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺮج ﺑﻮﺛﻮل واﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ »ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة«‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ أن‬،‫ رأى اﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ راﺑﺎﻧﻮس ﺿﺪ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬،2006
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
ً ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ »ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة« ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﻮى ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ‬
.«‫ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـ»ﺗﻴﺎرات واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت واﻷﻧﻬﺎر واﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮات‬

ً ‫اﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫إﻣﺪاد اﻟﻤﻴﺎه واﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. “Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress.” .1
‫ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬.(http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf) EPA Alumni Association. March 2016
https://web.archive.org/web/20191228013418/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterqual) ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2019 ‫ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬ity.pdf) 28
See U.S. EPA, Summary of the Clean Water Act (http://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary- .2
clean-water-act) ("Clean Water Act" is the law's "common name," including link to Senate version of
https://web.archive.org/web/20200214074440/https://ww) ‫ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.(the Act with proper title
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2020 ‫ ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ‬w.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act) 14
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Pub.L. 92-500 (http://w .3
https://web.archive.org/web/20170) ‫ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.ww.epw.senate.gov/water.pdf), October 18, 1972
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2017 ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬502004425/https://www.epw.senate.gov/water.pdf) 2
Rinde, Meir (2017). "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism". .4
.2018 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬04 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2019 ‫ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬14 ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ‬.Distillations. 3 (1): 16–29
Clean Water Act of 1977. Pub.L. 95-217 (http://www.epw.senate.gov/water.pdf), December 27, .5
https://web.archive.org/web/20170502004425/https://www.epw.senate.gov/w) ‫ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.1977
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2017 ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬ater.pdf) 2
Water Quality Act of 1987. Pub.L. 100-4 (http://www.epw.senate.gov/water.pdf), February 4, .
https://web.archive.org/web/20170502004425/https://www.epw.senate.gov/w) ‫ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.1987
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2017 ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬ater.pdf) 2
The Effects: Human Health". Nutrient Pollution. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency" .7
.2017 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬24 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2020 ‫ ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ‬19 ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ‬.((EPA
Digestive Disorders & Gastrointestinal Diseases | Cleveland Clinic". Cleveland Clinic" .
.2017 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬24 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2017 ‫ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬9 ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ‬.(‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
Schwartz, J.; Levin, R.; Goldstein, R. (2017-04-24). "Drinking water turbidity and .9
gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia". Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health. 54 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1136/jech.54.1.45. ISSN 0143-005X.
.PMC 1731533. PMID 10692962
Schwartz, J.; Levin, R.; Goldstein, R. (2017-04-24). "Drinking water turbidity and .10
gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia". Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health. 54 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1136/jech.54.1.45. ISSN 0143-005X.
.PMC 1731533. PMID 10692962
News, Marla Cone, Environmental Health. "Rural Well Water Linked to Parkinson's .11
‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬.2018 ‫ ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ‬9 ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ‬.(‫ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬Disease". Scientific American
.2017 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬24 ‫ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬
.USC:‫(; ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬United States. Clean Water Act (CWA) section 502 (7 .12

"https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=‫&ﻗﺎﻧﻮن_اﻟﻤﻴﺎه_اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬oldid=46688280" ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

 ‫آﺧﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻮم ‪ 6‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،2020‬اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪.00:49‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة ﺑﺮﺧﺼﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎع اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﺷﺮوط اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪.‬‬