1.

To have an idea what we will going to cover in this discussion

-This is a cerebral angiogram

-u can notice that it likes x-ray test however the difference only is

u can notice the monitor near the physician

(and later on you will know why there is a presence of the monitor near the physician)

2.To correct our misconceptions about words in angiogram, angiography and angiograph

These are the differences

ANGIOGRAPHY-the process of performing an x-ray picture (or an image) of a blood vessel

by injecting the vessel with an opaque dye.

ANGIOGRAM-the picture of the blood vessel that was taken while performing angiography.

ANGIOGRAPH-describes the device by which recording is done.

3. As we saw a while ago, angiography is the process so angiography is……

 is an X-ray test that uses a special dye through the use of catheterto be injecterd into blood
stream and camera or what useually called (fluoroscopy) to take pictures of the blood flow in
an artery (such as the aorta) or a vein (such as the vena cava).

On the other hand angiogram from the prefix and suffix. Angio “BLOOD VESSEL” Gram
“ANALYSIS OR RECORDING”

An angiogram can be used to look at the arteries or veins in the head, arms, legs, chest,
back, or belly.

IMPORTANT

 Cerebral angiogram: used to look at a blood vessel in the brain

 Carotid angiogram: used to look at a blood vessel in the neck
 Coronary angiogram: used to look at blood vessels around the heart
 Pulmonary angiogram; used to look at a blood vessel in the lungs
 Peripheral angiogram: used to look at a blood vessel in an arm or leg

During an angiogram, a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is placed into a blood vessel and
guided to the area to be examined. Then a dye is injected into blood stream. This dye causes
the blood vessel to be visible on an X-ray. Therefore, the X-rays must be taken while the dye
is flowing through the blood vessel being studied.

5. Cerebral angiography

§also called intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA).

§refers to acquiring the images electronically ,rather than with x-ray film. The images are
electronically manipulated so that the overlying bone of the skull, normally obscuring the
vessels, is removed from the image resulting in the remaining vessels being clearly seen.
SO THIS ANSWERS THE QUESTION WHY THERE IS THE PRESENCE OF A MONITOR
NEAR THE PHYSICIAN AND PATIENT--it is elctronic not film and so the physiscian could
monitor the blood vessel that is being focused,and so it could be manipulated so that
overlying bone is removed from image

So here’s the another image in a more detailed and seen parts OF A CEREBRAL
ANGIOGRAM

The next slide will tell about a what arteries or veins does a cerebral angiography centers on

Small arteries branch off the main arteries to take blood to the brain

Vertebral arteries (Right and left) and Carotid arteries (right and left)

6. According to my research, this is based in the US

§For patients covered by health insurance, the cost of an angiogram typically would consist of
a copay or coinsurance of 10%-50% or more.

§For patients not covered by health insurance, the cost of an angiogram can range from less
than $5,000-$100,000 or more, depending on the facility and the area of the body being
examined. In general, angiography of the arms, legs, head and chest costs less than
angiography of the abdomen or spine.

§According to Compare healthcare costs in your area at NewChoiceHealth.com, a head and

neck angiogram costs an average of $16,200 = PHP 826,200

This is the converted into pesos of the cost of cerebral angiography

7. Furthermore, These are some risks and benefits that a patient may involve in hving this
cerebral angiography

Risk

• There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation.

• There is a very slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is injected.

However, the risk of an allergic reaction from contrast material injected into an artery
is less than if it is introduced into a vein. radiology departments are well equipped to
deal with them.
 • These risks include damage to the blood vessel, bruising or bleeding at the puncture
site, and infection. However precaution is taken to mitigate these risks.

Benefits

• Angiography may eliminate the need for surgery. If surgery remains necessary, it can
be performed more accurately.

• This is especially helpful when a surgical procedure or other treatment is being

considered.

• Results from cerebral angiography are more accurate than those produced by carotid
Doppler ultrasound or other noninvasive imaging of the blood vessels.

Risks

• There is a small risk that blood will form a clot around the tip of the catheter, blocking
the artery and making it necessary to operate to reopen the vessel. However
precaution is taken to mitigate these risks.

• There is a risk of stroke with this procedure if the catheter dislodges plaque from a
vessel wall that blocks blood flow within the brain. (effect)

Benefits

• Use of a catheter makes it possible to combine diagnosis and treatment in a single

procedure.

• No radiation remains in a patient's body after an x-ray examination.

• X-rays usually have no side effects in the typical diagnostic range for this exam.

SUMMARY:

 stroke (if the catheter loosens plaque inside a blood vessel)

 damage to the blood vessels, including puncturing an artery
 blood clots, which can form around the catheter tip

8.My other groupmates will further discuss the purpose,equipment,procedures,output and

how psychologist used this.
4. there are many types of angiogram: the differences of this pictures is their focus of artries
or veins but same concept

 you'll be asked to change into a hospital gown and lie down on a special table
 a small cut is made in the skin over one of your arteries, usually near your groin or
wrist – local anaesthetic is used to numb the area so it doesn't hurt
 a long, thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into the artery and is carefully guided to
the area being examined – you may feel some pushing and pulling when this is done,
but it shouldn't be painful
 a special dye (contrast agent) is injected through the catheter – you may feel warm,
flushed and as though you need to pee for a few seconds after this is done
 a series of X-rays are taken as the dye flows through your blood vessels

Aortogram

-Aortic angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye and x-rays to see how blood flows
through the aorta. The aorta is the major artery. It carries blood out of the heart, and through
your abdomen or belly.

Angiography uses x-rays and a special dye to see inside the arteries. Arteries are blood
vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Carotid Angiogram

Carotid angiography is an invasive imaging procedure that involves inserting a catheter into a
blood vessel in the arm or leg, and guiding it to the carotid arteries with the aid of a special x-
ray machine. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter so that x-ray movies of your carotid
arteries (the arteries that supply your brain with oxygen-rich blood) are taken. This procedure
is considered the "gold standard" for imaging the carotid and cerebral vessels.
Cerebral Angiogram
Coronary Angiogram

A coronary angiogram is a procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see your heart's blood
vessels. The test is generally done to see if there's a restriction in blood flow going to the
heart.

Coronary angiograms are part of a general group of procedures known as heart (cardiac)
catheterizations. Cardiac catheterization procedures can both diagnose and treat heart and
blood vessel conditions. A coronary angiogram, which can help diagnose heart conditions, is
the most common type of cardiac catheterization procedure.

CT Angiogram
Angiography is a minimally invasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat
medical conditions. Angiography uses one of three imaging technologies and, in most cases,
a contrast material injection is needed to produce pictures of blood vessels in the body.

Angiography is performed using:

 x-rays with catheters

 computed tomography (CT)
 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

CT angiography uses a CT scanner to produce detailed images of both blood vessels and
tissues in various parts of the body. An iodine-rich contrast material (dye) is usually injected
through a small catheter placed in a vein of the arm. A CT scan is then performed while the
contrast flows through the blood vessels to the various organs of the body. After scanning, the
images will be processed using a special computer and software and reviewed in different
planes and projections.

Microangiography

Radiography of the minute blood vessels of an organ obtained by injection of a contrast

medium and enlargement of the resulting radiograph.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

MR angiography (MRA) uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to
evaluate blood vessels and help identify abnormalities or diagnose atherosclerotic (plaque)
disease. This exam does not use ionizing radiation and may require an injection of a contrast
material called gadolinium, which is less likely to cause an allergic reaction than iodinated
contrast material.
Neuro-Vascular Angiogram
Peripheral Angiogram

A peripheral angiogram is a test that uses X-rays and dye to help your doctor find narrowed or
blocked areas in one or more of the arteries that supply blood to your legs. 

Pulmonary Angiogram

Pulmonary angiography is a test to see how blood flows through the lung.