TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes - WWW - Edunepal.info

TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.
info
be L^Sh-
!I\
1
TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info
r
;
-l -+
-g
?
r:
+-
nof a O-PSPsrle
j
1_
I
t\-.or-q*r. p:loS-t$clr.\g
j
l
: flrru\d
,- -\êI$-ss\+$
(
\ -\. !+O-ss eqsd '-sêve$re
or 's
\tê ss+q}
,"e -+*.-*-."-qo"---S*ê ktR
\\
b"* : U."wn nsrrerSus-rs'J>_\n-T**
Si R o\s-r \\ne \r''
I
2
I
_ _ _]___Tq L !S,lS _ns\_!!\\tss\ \ A.el€rrni ns \â. \\)iri-\atiuyn loil\t_ ,
S-\e$-\-Ac \qs\lae drnr-..,n tnq!-qirnn_\ $=\qI\L ]

5 tc,ilt s$rrrcsr+ssru4n\\,\ s.A^*J\^"-_ I
rr"o
'r-S
$ilaecs5 BA src-{.he€ pe.y \h\\ .h\r^qNq
I
u_s\rt't$* \nc,\ \o dele\r^\ne {rae e\.itvryiur^
ry |
*s
$rn 1u".
hecoss q\A hNai5blL

L t,.C aLLhs NrR g"o_unil"'!rl*ffi_-__
i\i Se < Re)

I exsssl\t_
Los_s
II
3
i

I l
I
I
'AP>trc.
-'i\: \Q*\C -.
: TQ- 'fc =
-- rP- TC :
: * PcD
i
4
\ $r'.s \Nse$gLIs \e qsss+-_\sss--

d.n,...,r,- r ns--\-$rrnr dq cxeo,sb-,-
I
I
rl -- F,Q:MP el.-
- -
NR=MR
ql
I
\3 '\.)
nes \rrrns \s Q$\sr \ue
5
&snse_
" _ _ lTr{ugf
- r\€
.,y'4 s,.tetrt "r*"*. t:s{er- }e-\c\ q*t,!$trso\
6
q:$++
t-l-
l0z
-ltl
lh
FE
H ' Qr-" q3
f-----f---- o,+n"*
+ t- \"e HU' o$ oPz ?tce, aQa x rsr,ry^ts rs

^61
=1 P*\\ a^\ FelSa"e.SN( Ht \tê
S" *l^. \s F g Oer ou\gst5 p,551cpd, \t"e \rr,, i5

&s.o\ <\\./er AF(.e*\
H"< pr,ce
\ -' -'
L
t l =* a" *o S!ro!-{!\,.$_ts'af
I
qv,..,ts-rl,...^ r=^',nr .'N\ L,o\e,,.'., o0 - r.."A ,tlne...
Rts lolsr,rAQn
llre \rrn B\pS
f -+t*d\suc^ jL\\"e s}osl& \^?s\ft {"ero\ qrysr, su+.\l^d\U_C__,-
Tv.e
$rrnts shq.&..Yrlrr'- s!PP\.]-<-$r-r,rq \s \:\ne tut"f srqmetrrt
7
i
I
l
I
lI
I
8
TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info \1
q<
sr.,.,t n*., *,tpg .\..-ot_s\sle) *F"-=L$oroer\

f-,' I \o\rt \
I lu"-raretuo i\ \-es!\ slrg6_tLq$ S\r\B _ _

s+rrqrrodlLo.LeL\[e-s\- o$:ra-tx--sqre, cJL vo,:os'-s{rocel \n
+ -*
o\t r*re \r&ovs ptanf stze L rl\c._(b.
<o+lbe c-l'onXq. LAS q\^!q \s ns! \rL,,e t rsv,76ntq! Srr.r<rrcrq]16"
trltrovA s\btrt'1 \t rrcs \ o.\\
.I
q)t
\ \,r'ns csz o\ $"e $trslot\ \ecs\r( .
Ns o\ \.* .orr\e clôrrts ,., L R.
Tn \tore Lo. :rchrtls Fu $h\e 6?e\I&j<sslGsb _esrvef_s\i\t

i-+
. tDayd ov dou:s1oqtd &e 6 ef\ern"\ eCO nsrs\e! p di5eeo ls11-rrq.! - -fy.\g
ie co nrrn\el
L$tI
_=-
.arl
=+-
9
T^.A}*a\
r-
I
.-.-__r_
I
a
10
l.rr NI
t)Pz ov-!pv$
?*.* \ \1.e
^\''cn
11
r
SYla{t Y\rfr cr$\ \ b.rlJ\ o\ \rê
= &..r(\ -
i = <-D sr SzE
12
lle4
-! Supor ncy*mo! ?.-$,T\ \\e prr\c'e tha) Sr.eA !z1 \l,.a hw\td\iste \n e1o\\.i-
bi.rr" $\F'r-- I
i
Rt*
cr,onop$ \ S\
S\t.ralion *V,.i tDUJ

{"e Shacled drea' 13
ilcr\q.rr ok \,le
14
I \.rn qv . (osl b0>

I
:v$ec *: r\t
=:til: otsbc_
I f.$ beqo-\\e
15
Pext6r$ (\m - homoqe.ns.ls -
\.-trrsogo\r6 --Nr q\se S\!oS6h,JR
i trl**p\irtic c-orry'eh\rso '. t\,1' C. l,.runopo\\shc t$r ^. Llbsa Eir\"stih{( -

t-
L
- ----!lsâpor\sLrl e"rsps.bo"*+@
UsnTor\Srtc c-om?e\i$Br \s q c.inrnon rs.o.yf.qf S\tu.oHqrl
- -iS]norIsbe-lAio*fCINqqhL--o\,!- Strtr"esirr \ o. t\oo t\q.lKrf rrt\"h'.a
I
+ msnsF*t.Tn hq bs$r\*\"es\_\ rrsno$,\is\t"l
l*..e"_\\*' \". rs:3.\t.c \a o. sito$or,, in .,Jr.iol., \na* I
^""xtoS
.qve \q\a n$. \ di\1Ee.\ent\.kA p,'r,.t.,+ \ê-
Hrns Rysducif8
dq*o n*rfo.Uh,[a,\r"ot ** $dr\n*-h\ôF',&.H.-l |
- 'o*" eftl A"S, B"rqs b*U I
I ,$\b. L+*$d\ \ h\^.\a r. ss i, I
..ip.**,,-l .i" \J* *"8 *d- &l$F*,n*\i l...t,*d, *r
\,".,t..rco.
{-e, el,e-*it\, e-\e
$* ,. ^,."I
PqrKc"$d ft tr,'e
tnd.urt'1"\.( ls r.}sr,.or, t,.,1
,kxsns \rs.{e\"e, eou\^ PY\d,{cev c-a'n

-- rU
lr,e-rt\rt,etr Bvcna rrnrvrp 2, \ra& rnorv. o.\sn vtqh lio d{Nreattlq
ffi- I
16
.0 P*\t
a's.\. it TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info
Nui t^Nb
qr\ L
+* - a\Fr-o.cttd \28 s\\par,-!\!!ql Fabt-A--e1d--!l]e_S SSff$\-$nrn

l- ;
l---t-* cqn \eqd \{\q-wurrp rn ff"re \on\ y\ro:-As -in. "+qr$$ SDIlPQkUso
\s 'r n(.(Q cts
a-!\\
dr:or- \
'
\echh(quq \qr-\
$ trt
or \snoqrnorp<fi\\ere(to \ tf"g
\\e m\t'dx \ c-onsu,na[. AdvrvhSernent eo-n
I lt" -u+
I
tv.o 2n\ ole) a demqnd
]<sse \ !!c$rao e\be Gs.h 9\ o\\e!:.

-= 5.I \or,:n,.oqrd Srrgir,X elsst, c .Ia-mqÂ O.ty\e'. Qn{er M.C \"q dqrr<rrd Ltrtr)
--
hoS \o xed$,CQ \hp
tt-
ce Le -re(gxp)
-l6b o
go LtSo 9o
5
BO \o 86D
TD r< \oso So
go .Xo 3b
t26b
50 25 \2So \b
Ito 3c \2S! -tD
3p 3S IOSD *3u
17
;:1--'-J
i
I
I
I
I
it
I
18
oq}P,+ g
$ug:er normo! NrovmJ ,,*.** ',
MC: M€ AQ= Ar
nrol \nqs<e- \oss \ $xed rust

\oss \ \+,e \xar. lfn {rre ls \e qql on;rnt
19
I
I TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info

I
20
i
6)
'Sc' \..e !s\n\ !.\q{a- \.\trrLM( & Lt\( u'li'- tq[\Nm bq]tt^:r
' t \s \ê e{
v,.e esf ou\t!ts \s cg :. es,\ gnce \s oP 8. Sr\d o& aP Pfice qI PYKP \-
NP=LR< o.ts \\ê to\f\ts k \he \rrn Qo.yn cr1\ ers.qH\\ p\\t\--\"q\-"aA\
Tin\ \ L-Nc 'rs M b\* +we { \ \lrn \rrm dcsr.trt- ta,v.e P\qce "+ f\nq
uy- o?timvt'n e"+..\--csz\}S t+:lErgld q"ery+ernsrt sr .-
c\\We n\rG$_rsr $^3t-c'P38le P.Hr qk!$ S+guq_._Sr"." S*5"sig
vrs\on ({\\ 4;q.et ent rnc\\Q\ S'.\(\o.\''sns'
o c\ \r-rn
\ q!S$=\se\sql,ss\Lrogi-Pnc-e t,td<ev--
:, \o.,,ex 1w,ce /ru5r U.tf, pt€ (sn \cr\Isqncp
l\aSS
ar'ca 1
l
e\-rh<{ ic.,:n.-'.,.t{-
o\\,f r-----!
'---
c I Pe.ke*\.r e\ctrtrql
Sl.\,"J
--q--
..rl;nl tr)
Bqr:iqr 6\ q\ Fvee en
6
? Possi!i,,\\\ \ Pa..
-ru,e
6rm tno-q
No --J cs*
selriq ,Se\,tq cosF \B N\\
I'\e CQ SS(v'l
'i\
r rrkr \\ \s \sed !\eq
- 1_ \J- - __Ur -Soentr rntdr
|
I lo\_S$e6sa:sol=
21
l,
{ TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info
22
I
4 U* N
aa6ree,--.Lts sri-chq$qf
] 3*---^q-X"n..$-fN
- lHx !\ \.-.""t".-3 \d,.en ons\r,rer q,Are $.sqe +{-t!s!\^sy srsts-{E ;
$\\ lr.n,.\s $r\^ q Js4 s$d- lvrsaVir(\rev q&,.a^n,,Pr, & q!\ un\\ r^rlrn
]prctlosc
G &1ooÂ pv,ce \s.rnx \,.ctn Qr_ o,}. q qnc,e Pz 4 So on.J+ \esd) \syne
cor\Sufrre{ S+x$S-
& s..dr.ir
,3. Qv\cq dis<-nm\no5sr. "o$.,
, \ -3,rLde\tee: tn \he 3d A,e$rae
tle hrgn\q\rst Sp\t-\ $ê e.r,\t-e, rlo.tKql-+- Se,$o{ut} \r h.D SuJo m6.x-
-
\<e| de+enA*v\ bn'\ne QIGshei\ 5 a,ernold. tn rcrrrKe\ {tv,e tr"n^.
$.reiqn
ps Sr'r .,\ c\qqeP\ S* o" c.l*iqsS. .\tssle--ms$st \rr -ulg \o qs*ul(
lb{n N\sL\L p{o dKq.o.most\sn e\ {S dcArss dbsq \orsu*
I
(tndi(orr s USiqg_Sjsct{si!ô\iq^,'
L lExisteme \ rnonolo\qe\rrs,sn\'.un{t gtr\tb c-"tn1t\\tsn \rn$\n^ 1.o'q
l+rcev.d\e
r. +e rcorKe} , tr'\-\s ns\ !rsi.-\E. \ tU\sLKat is rrcrrqe$+ \MH I
m"ns+o\1 ersrsenl rilre setrqx cGlN_sq\ \ê Sq$e +u" \p*A*-ts
l\t"e \F_\ "f I
g!\ss-sL d$' ssb'rrrs{st}.
f*St' \he
|
q a.e-mond \c..
"lo$_"ib
."T^"d-\-\!'i$:--Sula:!qa\K{ &qe:r-v \rs tl$qp\ I
ISLile\\ S.m
pro5to.tae \" *{l\u mare-\n -
I
\"1 mcAql sr"s.rr elqs\iqiH o\
l\O. |
F-{t^q-1nd$cl is \oro ! 166 p"+* tshqre rt \s 5;g]."

3 *\\â I
trr,urr<r} scqsesr\s$,U:
Nfi\ \lôu\d LR s\o\e \\ satq.o}q \nq ."os<s}.
i..\: &\\, S\ADttrosa,(e\ or\ \\e bo.s\s \ \f".e efus\ \ ARrNq11 .
S\m\\sr\1r \re rnsnsg\ <-n <xss'X< d'i$. \i\s^\ \* yuducF irr

3tr$ae.errte\ <\q
\rar \.
n Seq$a\Rd \ dsStsnc_e St t-rtg" \Sc-.r.sSr,.\S \\S
ots a \Aq$er \{aa dscrqstc- r*q\Kq\ ot'\^ q Ss.n\ Urag
f,\ANcf
+
\xre&'\n
\mpo.{\ \o.o ptee- \n o \.* nrqt\<,qh s\'\f\ o \s.:n\
\3.
-i*+ ne s\cla dus\.
23
I 24
I
'r3
\u.u^ Mqr\< e! - A t!
s,.,-lo^ $Jra.'tx
- Q
\o\.1\ o\ Uit<r b\re
Hiqf\\ tldsha \eg'c Q.I(elt( rr'arkqr'
rncrlKe\ is \Le Ume -

\
P\^bi\zlo\e
lin+w-gF.
lrq r.or\1 selJ in tbcp & \esS \n rro,tof t,$

rn$rQ
rô\kdF\Ar q_t- Op+
,on* pi\c€. Tb\a.I srnr \ ou\u-t \o 2_ r\o\i el i,e Oent 0\6 ror\t \
t1ê- \ob.! os-\u\ sA Ue ${ r4\^\p$\t.
--f :rr*S Pn{,*q
t-T--
I
I
E
I
25
,\s
. '\v\e
AFc cc. '. iY\\rI\ ! C\\e
26
q EnJ
(\YQ o\ o \rro \otqe sa}lsr \q
'enXer.ne \c\ nsn-plrrcB \o\aer \Xon Fi.e C-ornq,e_\i$on e-z

\nterd.epen&m,e.\ crhe \.* \e\ces.\e prlca-\ its pnd\cF,'rt
cou\d \qtce nro$ \ \e sa\s o*\ \V,e D\\1S\- \rrnS.Dlft
\nm
,$r*-s o-rQ \\-,.Qre \rd6 N \e5€.J\cie .i gJ"or,q s\qyt pnc.a r,oo.t.k
o.yerr.r\\ o\iqogo\\s\ \s clrc,.-roc\ey\z_aa U..Î U\ gn.* .n1d*\"S is
Jiqi.**ft \o &jgr rnirre Wle &noorrd <\\\e .
o.Arcrhs\rS.
\o {ttrle 7'mhrc-nrsn \ <-a-rnsnt I
qph\*. qre st^rs{qrdized.
<\oninolQd $^Q frrlxtte\

elô\61 cle.o Sti qg
\'cto
i r.]o+q%q
o"ltr! 4_ con i\b\uer..ca \rru serrs_ o. \-r3e p*rtr \ \\a.l
f_ I p\\c€.
! 56gr\ord-encx : ft\.-E & t>Jr?\1f &c,s\on \
ure irrh.d,epen- b.*
&-Oc€'Orre $rms PYK€ &cis\on \S fecrc-\ed \rt5 <,..,r,o\raqv
K-*".
27
i
A)i
tr:h'rlo h,. ^\ ata'ra.c C63t C o, crqtsnnit , li r.frrS (\

\u
:r\r.)rll^ t/.r\A6\\a- tu.oer r\ rro n-15r\c€. c6rr\ Dt{h \ihn S\t}-- c-\ \cr\lt 0.6
a
tqoa .rk-
u u -J' I
Lîr\\trer . arl,t
5)
re '?i... rlc-o 6U-
inuo.rt'.
Cr-dr reV\i e tl r-<r o fl+ ! SO\\i
-J fO M
"'-r.t'.
\Jn&r o\\onne,\r.. r. Artrr(1ix\tl.naf\ts A SqN\rq C,olr- (ofr hq(on
o. tlkq x. A-o..=trl^ scra\kr . $\rrh \ar.\ to \{aao t)o o o-{uo{tae Vetsior
\9( \ks
v--.-1-.--l$Q.s...sQ\i\srs t [G-r\u tic.dr \
.
..,,.-.,& ti( a&eJli<i -"-r 9 coss \nc\q& oS\ eFaar(a]
Sa\\ y1c \\t\T!s\ \t
nhtsr.i nQd ntrAikion -l. rna^-t kur- \vre ,.sAsSL-
1 ,. t caA t hmsts rcrr te torroeL b.r \p
"\
irms
t-.wel h.+ Itt \i E6i.-rill-to-Si--Se e-roqn o-k nero bvrrrs \nto

\)\ \-) vv
t<.-,.,.rr ol- Co,-:z {v.s sv\ SF.rtcr l-..t".e ff\(lu (r..rn c Fn a\n ^.rFpr"\ol
ru
.,,;
C-cnoccts \rsqd \n O\i
^r,c.,rrlr
B,\.c*- \e-&vsLra,',-:ST:-o,ressb\.oo*-_--'..-
\nc-B ,o.'r'
Cs\\,.rs.r nn--_-l-Q
Secxe! Fic,p (onc.rssio -> !\Srt
5. N\on P;.* <-bfi\DqH\in
28
'7':
rr.Ser due ks \tê rqu$rroj
$'e pvsducl di$ercrn\n\vr ,
\t\e \oye- &ktri

\i/-_-
cu}\ Co\\u"I:r on b.corr'el.
$un*
-llsoSuJW
g roth"e \cr o\i61s\S\ rs.sxRe\ r':Y,qn \o,' tteqse '\r, c ssts Cs11di\\on
tlrol'c€l o- pirce
uSuo\\6 Stlr-\\s p.oce \nrreoSq
\n \*'e
\tt no\
Cs\\usi on
llje\rts U\\a B]rtoal \\eqnent,s\cts,,q\o _qq15\-TL\+sL
+ tê q\anbê..T^ \\x. o,\-\ sts \g.*:s :!NS!eL-\\_q l|13q"}_,
_t +rn {!oS\ \
Co*e\". T\ \s
ltre trrct<et S\ qs \o $c,x\m\ze \rta\ !vs6t t.acf *"\
" \ ns,r \t,r,s \rrtU
(qrte! rp},,\eh tB,ho^
- "let
ot Ns \\\q?Fr \n a's. A\\ $rrms qrt\<ir^q +ue
|
:-:"J::: ^ T*:
r-
tr"".t
29
= q''+q2
t- '_i_-
I
I
I
I
i
30

TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes - WWW - Edunepal.info

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes - WWW - Edunepal.info

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.

_ _ _]___Tq L !S,lS _ns\_!!\\tss\ \ A.el€rrni ns \^a. \\)iri-\atiuyn loil\t_ ,

S-\e$-\-Ac \qs\lae drnr-..,n tnq!-qirnn_\ $=\qI\L ]

hecoss q\A hNai5blL

i\i Se < Re)

TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info

\ $r'.s \Nse$gLIs \e qsss+-_\sss--

nes \rrrns \s Q$\sr \ue

.,y'4 s,.tetrt "r*"*. t:s{er- }e-\c\ q*t,!$trso\

+ t- \"e HU' o$ oPz ?tce, aQa x rsr,ry^ts rs

S" *l^. \s F g Oer ou\gst5 p,551cpd, \t"e \rr,, i5

sr.,.,t n*., *,tpg .\..-ot_s\sle) *F"-=L$oroer\

I lu"-raretuo i\ \-es!\ slrg6_tLq$ S\r\B _ _

Tn \tore Lo. :rchrtls Fu $h\e 6?e\I&j<sslGsb _esrvef_s\i\t

SYla{t Y\rfr cr$\ \ b.rlJ\ o\ \r^e

S\t.ralion *V,.i tDUJ

I \.rn qv . (osl b0>

i trl**p\irtic c-orry'eh\rso '. t\,1' C. l,.runopo\\shc t$r ^. Llbsa Eir\"stih{( -

,kxsns \rs.{e\"e, eou\^ PY\d,{cev c-a'n

lr,e-rt\rt,etr Bvcna rrnrvrp 2, \ra& rnorv. o.\sn vtqh lio d{Nreattlq

+* - a\Fr-o.cttd \28 s\\par,-!\!!ql Fabt-A--e1d--!l]e_S SSff$\-$nrn

\s 'r n(.(Q cts

]<sse \ !!c$rao e\be Gs.h 9\ o\\e!:.

nrol \nqs<e- \oss \ $xed rust

I TU BBS 1st Year Economics I Notes | www.edunepal.info

vrs\on ({\\ 4;q.et ent rnc\\Q\ S'.\(\o.\''sns'

F-{t^q-1nd$cl is \oro ! 166 p"+* tshqre rt \s 5;g]."

S\m\\sr\1r \re rnsnsg\ <-n <xss'X< d'i$. \i\s^\ \* yuducF irr

rncrlKe\ is \Le Ume -

lrq r.or\1 selJ in tbcp & \esS \n rro,tof t,$

'enXer.ne \c\ nsn-plrrcB \o\aer \Xon Fi.e C-ornq,e_\i$on e-z

qph\*. qre st^rs{qrdized.

<\oninolQd $^Q frrlxtte\

tr:h'rlo h,. ^\ ata'ra.c C63t C o, crqtsnnit , li r.frrS (\

t-.wel h.+ Itt \i E6i.-rill-to-Si--Se e-roqn o-k nero bvrrrs \nto

rr.Ser due ks \t^e rqu$rroj

$'e pvsducl di$ercrn\n\vr ,

\t\e \oye- &ktri

You might also like

.,y'4 s,.tetrt "r". t:s{er- }e-\c\ q*t,!$trso\

sr.,.,t n., ,tpg .\..-ot_s\sle) *F"-=L$oroer\