Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems and Modal Analysis Ahmed Elgamal
Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems and Modal Analysis Ahmed Elgamal
Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF)
Systems and Modal Analysis
Ahmed Elgamal
Ahmed Elgamal
12EI c 24EI c
k 2k col 2
h3 h3
1
Ahmed Elgamal
2-Story Shear Building (2-DOF system)
1
m 2 m 2 roof 2 m col
2
u2 1
m2 m1 m1floor 4 m col
2
k2 k1 2k col1 k 2 2k col2
m1 m 2 u 2 k 2 (u 2 u1 ) m 2 u g
u1
m1u1 k 2 (u1 u 2 ) k1u1 m1ug
k3
m2
u2
k2 m3u 3 k 3 (u 3 u 2 ) m3u g
m2u 2 k 3 (u 2 u 3 ) k 2 (u 2 u1 ) m2ug
m1
u1 m1u1 k 2 (u1 u 2 ) k1u1 m1ug
0 0 m3 u3 0 k3 k 3 u 3 m3
2
For a N-DOF system, Ahmed Elgamal
m1
m2
m
mm
m n
k1 k 2 - k2 0 0
k k 2 k 3 k3 0 0
2
0
0
|
k
|
0 0 - km k m k m1 - k m 1 0
| 0
| kn
0 0 0 kn k n 5
| | 0 | |
| | kn | |
m n u n 0 0 0 kn k n u n m n
cu ku m1u g
mu
3
Natural Frequencies of a N-DOF system
Similar to the SDOF system, MDOF systems have natural frequencies. A 2-DOF
has 2 natural frequencies w1 and w2, and a n-DOF system has natural frequencies
w1 , w2 , …, wn
Similar to the SDOF, free vibration involves the system response in its
natural frequencies. The corresponding Free Vibration Equation is (with
no damping):
ku 0
mu
In free vibration, the system will oscillate in a steady-state harmonic
fashion, such that:
ω2u
u
Ahmed Elgamal
, we get:
substituting for u
- ω m k u 0
2
or
k - ω mu 0
2 Equation 1
4
Ahmed Elgamal
Ahmed Elgamal
2-Story Shear Building (2-DOF system)
m2
m1 0 u1 k1 k 2 k 2 u1 m u2
0 m u k 1 u g
2 2 2 k 2 u 2 m 2
k - lm u 0 k2
k1 k 2 lm1 k 2 u1 0
0
k 2 k 2 lm 2 u 2 m1
u1
Set Determinant = 0:
k1 k 2 lm1 k2
0
k2 k 2 lm 2
k1
or, (k1 k 2 lm1 )(k 2 lm2 ) (k 2 )(k 2 ) 0
5
Ahmed Elgamal
w1 , w2 ,…, wNDOF
Note:
These resonant (natural) frequencies w1 , w2 , … are conventionally
ordered lowest to highest (e.g., w1 = 8 radians, w2 = 14 radians, and
so forth).
11
Ahmed Elgamal
Mode Shapes
Steady State vibration at any of the resonant frequencies wn
takes place in the form of a special oscillatory shape, know
as the corresponding mode shape fn
6
2-DOF system ( 2 mode shapes f1 and f2) Ahmed Elgamal
m2
φ 21
m2
f22 φ 21
u2 u2
f
f1 11
f21
m1
φ11
m1
f12 φ11
u1 u1
f
f 2 12
f22
f1 f2
Note: Any mode shape fn only defines relative amplitudes of motion of the
different degrees of freedom in the MDOF system. For instance, if you are solving
a 2-DOF system, you might end up with something like (when solving for the first
mode):
f11 - 2f21 = 0, only defining a ratio between amplitudes of f11 and f21
(for instance, if f11 = 1, then f21 = 0.5, or if you choose f11 = 2, then f21 = 1, and so
forth).
Generally, go ahead and make fmn= 1 (where m is top floor Dof and n is mode
shape number) and solve for the other degrees of freedom in the vector fn 13
Ahmed Elgamal
Note: When you substitute any of the wn values into Eq. 1, the determinant of the matrix (k-
wn2m) automatically becomes = 0, since this wn is a root of the determinant equation (i.e.,
the matrix becomes singular).
The determinant being zero is a necessary condition for obtaining a vector u (the mode shape
fn) that is not equal to zero (i.e., a solution other than the trivial solution of u = 0.
node
node
14
7
Properties of fn Ahmed Elgamal
φ Tn kφ r φ Tn mφ r 0 (not φ Tn φ r 0 )
b) For any mode fn , modal mass Mn is defined by:
φ Tn mφ n M n
φ Tn kφ n K n ω2n M n
d) If φ Tn mφ n 1.0 then φ Tn kφ n ω 2n
1
To do that, multiply each component of mode fn by Mn 15
Ahmed Elgamal
φ 21 f22
m2 u2
φ11 f12
m1 u1
16
8
Ahmed Elgamal
Modal Analysis (Solution of MDOF equation of motion by Mode Superposition)
The solution u will be represented by a summation of the mode shapes fn, each
multiplied by a scaling factor qn (known as the generalized coordinate) . For instance,
for the 2-DOF system:
u1 φ11 φ12 φ11 φ12 q1
u = u
1 φ 2 φ
q q φ1 φ 2 q Φq
2 φ 21 22 21 φ 22 q 2
In the above, F is known as the modal matrix. As such, changes in the displaced shape
of the structure u with time will be captured by the time histories of the vector q
ΦTkΦq ΦTm1ug
ΦTmΦq
Ahmed Elgamal
Due to the orthogonality property of mode shapes (see previous slide), the
matrix equation becomes un-coupled and we get:
φ 21 f22 φ 21
M1q1 M1ω12 q1 L1u g m2 u2 m2 u2
M 2 q 2 M 2 ω 22 q 2 L 2 u g
or, φ11 f12 φ11
m1 u1 m1 u1
L1
q1 ω12 q 1 u g
M1
q 2 ω 22 q 2
L2
u g
f1 f2
M2
NDOF NDOF
For a diagonal mass matrix: Mi m jφ 2ji
j1
Li m φ j ji
j1
The terms L1/M1 and L2/M2 are known as modal participation factors. These terms
control the influence of on the modal response. You may notice that (if both modes
are normalized to 1.0 aturoof
g level for example) L1/M1 > L2/M2 since f11 and f21 are
of the same sign while f12 and f22 are of opposite signs. Therefore, the first mode is
likely to play a more prominent role in the overall response (frequency content of the
input ground motion also affects this issue).
18
9
Ahmed Elgamal
Note that the original coupled matrix Eq. of motion, has now become
a set of un-coupled equations. You can solve each one separately (as
a SDOF system), and compute histories of q1 and q2 and their time
derivatives. To compute the system response, plug the q vector back
into Equation 2 and get the u vector
u Φq
(the same for the time derivatives to get relative velocity and
acceleration).
19
Ahmed Elgamal
OK, go ahead now and solve for qi(t) in the above uncoupled equations
(using a SDOF-type program), and the final solution is obtained from:
u Φq
u Φq
Φq
u
t u
u 1u g
20
10
Ahmed Elgamal
Modal Analysis (3-DOF system)
The solution u will be represented by a summation of the mode shapes fn, each
multiplied by a scaling factor qn (known as the generalized coordinate) . For instance,
for the 3-DOF system:
Ahmed Elgamal
1. Once you have generalized coordinates and uncoupled equations, use response
spectrum to get maximum values of response (ri)max for each mode separately.
(note that summing the maxima from each mode directly is typically too
conservative and is therefore not popular; because the maxima occur at different
time instants during the earthquake excitation phase)
11
Ahmed Elgamal
Ln
u jn Sd φ jn (S is S evaluated at frequency ω n or period T )
Mn n dn d n
Ln
f jn Sa m jφ jn
Mn n
23
Ahmed Elgamal
base
where dj = Distance from floor j to base
M M
V0 V0n2
n 1
M0 M 2
0n
n 1
24
12
Ahmed Elgamal
cu ku m1ug
mu
Mass-proportional damping
c = aom
Stiffness-proportional damping
c = a1k
Classical damping (Rayleigh damping)
c a 0 m a 1k
where, Cn 2ζ nωn Mn
2ζ n ωn M n a 0 M n or a 0 2ζ n ωn
13
Ahmed Elgamal
z
ao
z
2ω
c a om
ω1 ω 2 ω 3 ω 4 ωn
27
2ζ n ωn M n a1ωn2 M n or a1 2ζ n /ωn
14
Ahmed Elgamal
z c a 1k
a 1ω
z
2
ω1 ω 2 ω3 ω
29
Ahmed Elgamal
30
15
Variation of Classical (Rayleigh) Damping with Frequency Ahmed Elgamal
Combined
c a 0 m a 1k
Mass-proportional damping
c a 0m
ωi ωj ω
w1 for example 2nd or , 3rd resonance for example 31
Ahmed Elgamal
Notes
2ωiω j 2
, a0 ζ a1 ζ
ωi ω j ωi ω j
16
Ahmed Elgamal
Caughey damping
N 1
c m a i m 1k
i
i 0
33
Ahmed Elgamal
Disadvantages:
34
17