MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MAHENDHIRAPURI, MALLASAMUDRAM - 637503 L-10

AE

Lecture Handouts
Subject Name: AVIONICS
VII/IV

Staff Name : Mr. J. GOWRI SHANKAR, AP/ECE

Unit : II (PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS) Date of

Lecture:

Topic of Lecture: Review of Number Systems-Types

Introduction :

 A numeral system is a writing system for expressing numbers i.e., a mathematical notation for
representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner.
 Ideally, a numeral system will, represent a useful set of numbers (e.g. all integers, or rational
numbers).
 Give every number represented a unique representation (or at least a standard representation).
 Reflect the algebraic and arithmetic structure of the numbers.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete learning of Topic:

 Natural and Whole Numbers

 Bases(Radix) for a Number

Detailed content of the Lecture:

 We are familiar with numbers, characters and symbols.

 But this type of data are not suitable for microprocessor, logic circuits, computers etc. For this
reason data is converted into electronic pulses and each pulse is identified as code.
 Then this code is converted into numeric format by ASCII, where each number, character and
symbol have numerical equivalent. E.g.: Character A has ASCII value 65.
 Using this equivalent, the data is interchanged into numeric format.
 For this numeric conversions we use number systems having a base number, which indicates the
number of digits in that number system.
TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEM:

 Binary Number System

 Octal Number System
 Decimal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System

Fig 1.1 : Number systems

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM:

 Represents two types of digits 0's and 1's, so the base of number system is 2.
 Uses two types of electronic pulses, where absence of pulse shows 0 and presence of pulse shows 1.
 Each binary digit is called as bit.
 Left-most bit of a number is known as Most Significant Bit (MSB) and right-most bit is known as
Least Significant Bit (LSB). Its same for all number system.
 A group of 4 bit is called as nibble and group of 8 bit is called as byte.
 Value of digit is determined by the position of digit in the number, where lowest value is for the
right-most position and each successive position to the left has a higher place value. Its same for all
number system.
 Examples: a) (010101)2 b) (1010.101)2

OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM:

 Represents 8 types of digits from 0 to 7, so the base of number system is 8.

 It takes exactly three binary digits to represent an octal digit.
 Binary 000 is same as octal digit 0, binary 001 is same as octal 1, and so on.
 Insufficient to convert values into bytes(8 bit), so not widely used in computers.
 Examples: a) (03105)8 b) (4237.23)8
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 Represents 10 types of digits from 0 to 9, so the base of number system is 10.
 This is the most familiar number system with everyone.
 Examples a) (582938)10 b) (3797.902)10

HEXADECIMAL NMBER SYSTEM

 Represents 16 types of digits from 0 to 9 and alphabets from A to F, so the base of number system is
16.
 Digits from 10 to 15 are represented as 10-A, 11-B, 12-C, 13-D, 14-E, 15-F.
 As numeric digits and alphabets are used to represent digits, this number system is also called as
alphanumeric number system.
 More complex number system and widely used in computer system.
 Examples: a) (AF38)16 b) (CE7.5B)16

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-507VSAFLM&list=PLFp56HbJTNIuj79e0iyLfnQZKFesdCFWm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2v1NnvqIxak&index=3&list=PLFp56HbJTNIuj79e0iyLfnQZKFesdCFWm

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:

1. Digital Electronics-Technical Publications D.A Godse & A.P Godse, Page No: 1-1 to 1-4
2. M.Morris Mano , ‘Digital Logic & Computer Design ‘ , Prentice Hall of India,2002

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