Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019 1

ANALYSIS OF WIND POTENTIAL FOR HIGHWAY LIGHTING ENERGY

SOURCES IN UNGARAN-SEMARANG HIGHWAY INDONESIA

Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang1*, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni2

1 Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Departement of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*E-mail: rizalwahyudi93@gmail.com; Phone: 081217074865 (R.W. Herlambang).

ABSTRACT

Population and economic growth force the world to produce more energy. In this current situation,
energy souce is still dominated by fossil fuel, in which this energy soon will run out since it is non-
renewable source. The growth of the renewable energy rised by 6,3% supported by the expantion of
wind power generator, solar power plant, and hydropower. This development is supported by the raise
of renewable energy usage trends in the world. At the end of 2004, the capacity of renewable energy
throughout the world grew at a rate of 10-60% per year in various types technologies. In 2015, global
investment in renewable energy increased by 5% to $285,9 billion, broke the previous record of $278,5
billion in 2011. Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to provide mechanical power
to turn electronic generators. Wind power can be used as abundant alternative energy, renewable,
widely distributed, clean, produce no greenhouse gas emissions, and use little land. This energy can be
developed to supply energy needs for Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran-Semarang Highway lighting. The
characteristics of the wind speed and the energy potential of Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran-Semarang
Highway is studied using daily wind speed data collected over four years (2015- 2018) and measured
at 10 m height. The numeric value of Weibull parameter without dimension (k) and Weibull scale
parameter (c) are determined. Annual value of “k” ranges between 3.29 and 3.88, while annual value
of “c” is in the range of 2.56 to 3.05 (m/s) with the average of wind power less than 100 W/m2, the
energy potential in this location can be used as a small-scale power plant. The ideal type of turbine to
be used in highway is VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine). The VAWT wind turbine has a vertical
shaft rotor that does not have to be placed directly towards the wind blowing. It is very useful in area
with various wind direction or the area which has turbulence characteristic like a highway. Wind
turbines will be placed on lighting poles at the side of the road. Three kind of wind turbines are being
analyzed and according to the capacity factor, Aeolous 1 kW type is very recommended for installation.
According to the wind potential in the location, Aeolous 1 kW turbine can produce up to 200 kWh/
year which can be used to supply the power of the LED 45 W as street lights in Lemah Ireng Bridge
Ungaran-Semarang Highway.

Keywords: lighting lamp, renewable energy, highway, VAWT, wind power

I. INTRODUCTION the expantion of wind power generator, solar

The increase number of human
population on earth causing the higher use of
resources. In 2017, global energy rised by 2,1%. In
average, this number of growth is two times higher
comparing to 2016 with the fact that fossil energy
as non-renewable resources is still used as the
main energy resource [1]. The need of coal rised
by 1% and crude oil rised by 1,6% in 2017, highest
number from the average growth in the last 10
years caused by the increase of the transportation
and petrochemicals industry [2].
More than 70% of global energy needs
are met by fossil energy, meanwhile the remain is
supplied by the renewable energy. The growth of
the renewable energy rised by 6,3% supported by
power plant, and hydropower [2]. This
development is supported by the raise of
renewable energy usage trends in the world. At the
end of 2004, capacity of renewable energy in the
world grew at the rate of 10-60% per year in
various types of technology. In 2015, global
investment in renewable energy increased by 5%
to $285,9 billion, broke the previous record of
$278,5 billion in 2011 [3].
One of the renewable energy that can be
utilized optimally is wind energy. Wind power is
the use of air flow through wind turbine to provide
mechanical power to change electronic generators.
Wind power can be used as abundant alternative
energy, renewable, can be distributed widely,
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019
clean, does not produce greenhouse gas emissions
and does not use the large land [4].
Wind energy is suitable to be applied in
Indonesia which is the largest archipelagic country
consists of 17.504 islands and is located on the
equator. The potential of wind energy in Indonesia
can be seen by the wind velocity ranging from 3,5-
7 m/s. The mapping result conducted by the
National Aviation and Space Agencies (LAPAN)
in 120 locations showed that in several regions the
wind velocity is above 5 m/s. Those regions are
East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, South
Sulawesi and South Coast of Java [5]. In 2009,
installed capacity in wind conversion system
throughout Indonesia reaches 1.4 MW spread
across the Selayar Island (North Sulawesi), Nusa
Penida (Bali), Yogyakarta, and Bangka Belitung
[6].
One of the potential location in Indonesia
which needs the wind energy supply is highway.
Indonesia has highways that have been operating
for 1.234 km until August 2018 [7]. Most energy
supplies for highway lighting still use PLN
electricity at a more expensive cost for a long term
period. Wind energy can be replace the PLN
electricity for highway lighting, thus Indonesia can
reduce the cost for highway lighting. Besides,
participating in supporting SGDs number 7
regarding to Clean and Affordable Energy and
SGDs number 13 regarding Climate Changes. The
purpose of this research is to find out that VAWT
wind power plants for highway lighting can be
applied in Indonesia’s highways, and to find the
right turbine specification for optimal lighting
result.
II. DESCRIPTION OF UNGARAN
HIGHWAY (LEMAH IRENG BRIDGE)
Wind data used is wind data from
Ungaran Highway in Lemah Ireng Bridge, latitude
and longitude coordinates -17,2216 and 110.449.
This data was obtained from MERRA 2 Sattelite
owned by NASA [15]. The data taken in the
average wind velocity per day at the height of
measument 10 meter over a 4 year period from
2015 to 2018. In the area around the bridge, there
are large trees and hills, thus the characteristic of
wind that blows is turbulent [10].
2
Fig. 1. Lemah Ireng bridge from satelite MERRA2
NASA
III. METHODOLOGY
Analyze the wind potential in certain area
can be approached by the continuous function,
namely the Weibull distribution method. This
method is considered to be able to describe in
detail the wind potential in certeain area,
characterize the wind pattern and predict the wind
turbine output with the existing experimental data.
From the last several years, many researches have
been conducted to evaluate the wind potential in
several areas using many probability distribution
functions and the result shows that Weibull
distribution method can describe the probability
distribution wind velocity very well [23][24]. In
the Weibull distribution method, there are 2
functions which can describe the wind velocity
variation, namely probability density function and
cumulative distribution function. Probability
density function shown by the following equation
[8][9].
(1)
(2)
Probability density function will produce
a graph of wind velocity distribution at the
measurement site, the peak of the graph describes
the velocity that blows most often from the area.
Meanwhile, cumulative distribution function is
used to determine the frequency of wind velocity
which is equal or faster than the reference wind
velocity, reference velocity in this case is the cut-
in velocity from the wind turbine.
From the equation above, there are 2
Weibull parameters namely k and c, k is a form
parameter (without dimension) and c is a scale
parameter (m/s) and v is the measurable wind
velocity (m/s). Both parameters are searched from
the measurement data, first the average of the
velocity and standard deviation from the the wind
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019 3

velocity data must be known [9]. Average wind Table 1. Wind power classifications for 10m
velocity is obtained from this following equation. elevation
Min Max Min Wind Max Wind
(3) Wind wind Wind Power Power
Class speed Speed Density Density
(m/s) (m/s) (W/m2) (W/m2)
By calculating the average wind velocity 1 0 4.4 0 100
using the equation above, the result obtained are 2 4.4 5.1 100 150
more maximal and tend to be higher than the 3 5.1 5.6 150 200
4 5.6 6.0 200 250
following equation [10].
5 6.0 6.4 250 300
6 6.4 7.0 300 400
(4) 7 7.0 9.4 400 1000
There are two parameter which can
The values of k and c according to the evaluate the wind potential in certain location,
Weibull method obtained by using the equation as possible wind velocity or high frequency wind
follows velocity (Vmp) and wind velocity which
contibutes maximum energy (Vmax) [16]. Both
parameter can be determined using the following
[3,4] (5)
equation [17][18][19].

(6)

Where is the average wind velocity and (9)

is gamma function. The value of k will affect or
show the peak of the probability density function
graph [9]. Meanwhile, c parameter will affect the (10)
curve shift, the smaller the value of c, the curve
will shift to low velocity and vice versa [12].
Weibull parameter can be used also to
find the wind power density (WDP) and wind
energy density (WED) which is available during
the period, usually taken as a benchmark to
evaluate the energy potential. Wind power density
and wind energy density are used to find out the
power of energy available in certain period and
location per unit area [13]. Wind power and wind
energy density can be searched using the
following equation [14].

(7)

(8)

Fig. 2 Power curve wind turbine 1MW

Where is wind power density and
wind energy density (W/m2), is air density
(assumption of air density = 1.225 kg/m2, T is the
time period). After wind power density and wind
energy density calculation, then the assessment of
WDP and WED is carried out at the research
location based on the following table [15].
The curve above is a theoritical curve of
relationship between wind velocity and power
produced by turbine, one of the factors which
affect the performance of wind energy conversion
system is turbin power response to different wind
velocity. As we can see that velocity of turbine
characteristics is the cut-in velocity (VI),
measurable velocity (VR) and cut-out velocity
(VO).
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019
Turbine cut-in velocity is the minimun
wind velocity which the system starts generating
power. Cut-in velocity is various from one turbine
to the other, depends on the turbine design. VR is
the velocity which turbine produces the maximum
power theoritically (PR). Note that power curve
shows the power produced by the turbine at
instanteous velocity, not the average velocity in a
given period [10].
Table 2. Wind Turbine Performance Area
Wind range velocity Power
0 -VI 0 (do not produce power)
VI- VR Power rise by the rise of V
VR – V0 Power constant at the rate of PR
Lebih besar dari Vo 0 (do not produce power)
The power produced by wind turbines
is only divided into two performances area,
performance area 1 (VI – VR) and performance
area 2 (VR – VO). Power performance area 1 will
increase with the increasing wind velocity, while
in the performance area 2, the power generated
will be constant at the maximum power produced
by the turbine (PR) . If the velocity exceeds the VO,
then the turbine will stop operating so that there
will be no damage occurs due to overload. Power
in the performance area 1 can be calculated using
the following equation [10].
(11)
From the equation above, n is the power
and velocity ratio, the ideal value of n = 3.
The value of probability density function
and cumulative density function Weibull method
will be used to find the power generated by turbine
in desired time period. Power generated by the
turbine in performance area 1 (EIR) and 2 (ERO).
EIR can be determined using the addition of all the
energy produced by the wind velocity between VI
dan VR. Meanwhile, ERO is energy produced by the
wind velocity between VR and VO. Shown by the
following equation [10].
(12)
4
Meanwhile the ERO use this following equation,
(13)
Subtitute the equation (1) and (11) to the equation
(12), we can obtain
(14)
To get the ERO value, we can substitute equation
(1) to equation (13), obtained the equation (15).
(15)
Total energy produced by the turbine
during certain period is the sum of energy
produced by the wind velocity in performance area
1 and 2.
(16)
IV. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
Wind velocity data obtained per day from
MERRA 2 Sattelite NASA from 2015 to 2018 will
be used to analyze wind energy potential in
Ungaran Highway (Lemah Ireng Bridge). From the
data, wind velocity varies from .
The analysis done (1) to find the average wind
velocity per month, (2) to find Probability Density
Function and Cumulative Densisty Probability per
year from the wind velocity.
To find the Probability Density Function
and Cumulative Density Probability, the k value
(form parameter) and c value (scale parameter m/s)
of Weibull parameter is needed from the wind
velocity data, (3) to find the the Vmp value
(possible wind velocity) and Vmax (wind velocity
that contributes maximum energy), (4) to find the
Wind Power Density (WDP) and Wind Energy
Density (WED), (5) to find the suitable type of
turbine considering the wind potential in the
research site, and (6) energy output from the
chosen turbine during the certain period (per year).
Monthly wind velocity fluctuations on the Lemah
Ireng Bridge from 2015 to 2018 are shown in the
following figure.
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019 5

velocity frequency or represent the peak k of the

3.5 PDF graph [9]. Meanwhile, the value of c scale
3 parameter (m/s) affect the curve shift, the smaller
Velocity (m/s)

2.5 the c value, the lower the velocity that occurs and
2 vice versa [15].
1.5 After getting the two Weibull parameters,
1 Weibull distribution can be representated with the
0.5
Ptobability Density Function and Cumulative
Density Function graph using the equation (1), (2)
0
as follows.

Nov
Ags
Apr

Jul

Okt
Mei
Feb

Sep

Des
Mar

Jun
Jan

0.6
Month 2015
2015 2016 2017 2018 0.5
2016
0.4
2017

Fig. 3. Wind velocity
From the Figure 3, we can get the
information that the highest average of wind
velocity ccurs in January, February, July, August
and December. Winds that blow in Asian continent
(Indonesia) are west and east monsoon. West
Monsoon blows between October and March and
East Monsoon blows between April to September.
Figure 3 shown that highest average of
wind velocity per year occurs in 2017 and 2018,
average of its wind velocity reach the number of 2-
3 m/s. This value indicates the wind velocity in
research site tend to be low, thus the development
of wind energy power plants on highway can be
conducted in a small scale.
4.1 Weibull Distribution of Wind Velocity
Weibull distribution used to model wind
velocity in Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran Highway.
There are 2 Weibull distribution functions,
Probability Density Function (PDF) and
Cumulative Density Function (CDF). To get the
both function, the value of 2 Weibull parameters (k
and c) must be known using the equation (5), (6).
The value of k and c are obtained per year as
follows.
Table 3. Wind distribution
Vmax
C Vmp WPD
Year k e
(m/s) (m/s) (W/m2)
(m/s)
2015 3.88 2.63 2.43 2.92
2016 3.29 2.56 2.29 2.95
2017 3.62 3.05 2.79 3.44 16.31
2018 3.71 3.05 2.8 3.42 16.23
The k and c value from 2015 to 2018 are
different, this is due to the differences in wind
velocity distribution at a location per year. The
value of k parameter will affect the certain wind
PDF
0.3
2018
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
V elocity (m/s)
Fig. 4 Probability Density Function
Figure 4 is the Probability Density
Function curve for the wind velocity from 2015 to
2018 in Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran Highway.
The form of the curve varies every year caused by
the difference of Weibull’s k and c parameters.
The peak of the curve shows the highest number of
frequencies of certain wind velocity.
In 2015, the most frequent wind velocity
is 2-3 m/s with the probability of occurence 56%
from 2015 data. In 2016, the highest wind velocity
has the frequency 2-3 m/s with probability of
occurence 48% from the amount of data in 2016.
In 2017, the highest wind velocity has the
frequency 2.5-3.5 m/s with the probability of
occurence 44% from amount of data in 2017. In
2018, wind distribution tend to be the same from
2017. Figure 4 shows that the higher the wind
velocity, the lower the frequency.
WED
(kWh/m2)
10.3 90.24
9.93 86.95
143
142.14
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019
1.2
1 150
0.8
CDF
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 Fig. 7. Wind energy density
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Velocity (m/s)
Fig. 5. Cumulative Density Function (CDF)
Figure 5 is the Cumulative Density
Function (CDF) curve wind velocity from 2015 to
2018 in Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran Highway.
The curve above used to determine the frequency
of wind velocity that are equal to or higher than the
reference speed, reference speed is the cut-in
velocity from air turbine. A turbine with low cut-in
between 1.5-2 m/s specification is suitable for the
place with low wind velocity.
In 2015, wind velocity which is equal to
or higher than 1.5 m/s is 85% and wind velocity
which is equal to or higher than 2 m/s is 65% from
the average wind velocity during 2015. In 2016,
there is no big differences with 2015, the wind
blows reach the number 3-4 m/s. In 2017, wind
velocity which is equal to or higher than 1.5 m/s is
93,1% and wind velocity which is equal to or
higher than 2 m/s is 82% from the wind velocity
data in 2017. There is no significant differences
shown in 2018, the wind velocity that blows reach
the number of 4-5 m/s with 7% frequency.
4.2 Analysis of Wind Energy Potential
Energy potential in a location can be
figured with the wind power density and wind
energy density which functions to find out how
strong energy which is available in certain period
in a given research area per unit area [13].
20
15
W/m2
10
5 which affect the wind blow direction.
0
2015 2016 2017
Year
Fig. 6. Wind power density
6
200
kWh/m2
100
2015
50
2016
2017 0
2015 2016 2017 2018
2018 Year
8 9 10
Figure 6 and 7 is the wind power density
and wind energy density curve. Wind powe density
in research site from 2015 to 2018 range between
10-20 W/m2, that value considered to be class 1
because the wind power density is less than 100
W/m2. This classification can be shown in the
Table 1 Wind Power Classification for 10 m
Elevation with the low wind power density, the
wind potential can be used in a small scale.
4.3 Selection of the Suitable Wind Turbine
Wind velocity distribution analysis using
Weibull distribution function is not only used to
determine the wind potential in certain area, but
also used to determine the appropriate turbine. The
chosen wind turbine must have operational
velocity that matches the characteristics of the
wind. The operational area of wind turbine is
divided into two operational areas, operational area
1 starts from cut-in wind speed (VI) to the rated
speed (VR), and operational area 2 starts from rated
speed (VR) to the cut-off wind speed (VO), shown
in the following figure (1).
From the data of wind velocity
distribution analysis, obtained that the wind
velocity that blows in Lemah Ireng Bridge
Ungaran Highway in 2015 to 2018 range from 1.5-
6 m/s. Thus, to utilize the wind that is converted to
electrical energy by wind turbine, the specification
of turbine must have low cut-in wind speed (VI)
ranging between 1.5-2 m/s. VI is the wind velocity
that is needed by wind turbine to start producing
electrical energy. Besides, the turbine chosen is a
VAWT (Vertizal Axis Wind Turbine) type turbine
due to the condition of Lemah Ireng Bridge which
is turbulent. Wind turbulent at this location is
caused by the presence of valleys and high trees
According to the distribution analysis
result, there are 3 wind turbines which have
2018
appropriate specification with the wind
characteristics at the location as follows [20][21].
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019 7

Table 5. Turbine specification 250

SRM SRM Aeolos 200

Characteristic

kWh/Year
1kW 0,5kW 1kW
150
Rated Power PR (W) 1000 500 1000
Diameter (m) 1.5 1.4 2 100
Cut-in Wind Speed
1.8 1.8 1.5
VI (m/s) 50
Rated Wind Speed
10 8 10
VR (m/s) 0
Cut-out Wind Speed 2015 2016 2017 2018
25 25 25
VO (m/s) Year
SRM 1 kW SRM 500 W Aeolos 1 kW
After choosing the right turbine matches
with wind characteristics, the next step is looking
Fig. 8. Energy yield by each turbine manufacture
for the amount of total energy produced by wind
turbine in desired period (per day, per year etc), Figure 8 is energy curve that is released
can be determined using the following equation from each turbine. From the curve, wind turbine
(6). which produces the highest electrical energy is the
Aeolos 1 kW type turbine with the maximum
energy production reach the number of 1000W,
Total energy released by turbine is the this turbine can produce 200 kWh electrical energy
sum of energy in operational area 1 (EIR) and in 2017 and 2018. Aeolos 1 kW turbine is suitable
operational area 2 (ERO). With the low wind to convert wind energy in Lemah Ireng Bridge
characteristics at the location ranging from 1.5-6 Ungaran Highway, it has matches specification to
m/s, the total energy released by turbine can be the wind characteristics, 1.5 m/s cut-in wind speed,
approached using energy released by operational thus the wind that blows is equal to 1.5 m/s or
area 1 (EIR) without calculating energy in higher than 1.5 m/s can be converted to electrical
operational area 2 (ERO), due to the wind that energy using this Aeolos 1 kW turbine.
blows is no more than the rated wind speed (VR) Energy produced by the turbine will be
from each turbine or energy produced by turbine in used afterwards as highway lighting, subtituting
operational area 2 (ERO) will be close to zero (0). the electrical energy supplied by PLN. Highway
Thus, the total energy released by turbine can be lighting is assumed to operate for 12 hours per day
determined using the following equation (14). with the 45 watt of light power. Energy
consumtion of loads (lights) in a year is around
197 kWh. Thus, electrical energy produced by
turbine can be used as energy to turn on LED
lights 45 W in a year.
(20)

EIR is energy released by the turbine in VI. CONCLUSIONS

operational area 1. From the equation above shows
Proper consumption of fossil fuels can be
the presence of Weibull parameter k and c (m/s),
achieved by applying the right technology. Wind
which value is already known. The ideal n value is
turbine technology is one of many options that can
3, VI is a cut-in wind speed turbine, VR is the rated
be considered by the policy makers to provide
speed turbine, PR is the maximum energy which
environmentally friendly energy one of which is
can be produced by turbine, and T is time or
for highway lighting. Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran
period. Thus, from the equation above, the energy
Highway is one of the potential site to apply
released by each turbine from 2015 to 2018 shown
highway lighting using the wind power.
as follows.
Ways to find wind potential energy in the
location is done by measuring the wind power
density (WPD), which is the wind energy available
in a location per unit area, from the analysis, the
average value of WPD from 2015 to 2018 is less
than 100 W/m2, with the highest WPD in 2017 and
2018 is 16 W/m2. For the WPD which is lower
than 100 W/m2, indicates the wind that blows is
 Rizal Wahyudi Herlambang, Dimas Sandy Dary Rahmadhanni – INSPECT PGDUI 2019
classified as class 1 which means the wind energy
potential can be used in a small scale.
Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran Highway
has turbulent characteristics due to the presence of
valleys and high trees. In the other hand, this
location still has potential to develop wind power
plants. Then, to analyze wind potential in the
location, the selection of suitable wind turbine is
conducted. The suitable chosen wind turbine is the
VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) turbine with
the brand Aeolos 1 kW. This wind turbine has cut-
in wind speed of 1.5 m/s with the rated speed 10
m/s, the maximum power that can be produced by
this turbine is 1000 W.
Turbine specification is suitable with
wind characteristics which blows in the range
between 1.5 to 6 m/s. Aeolos 1 kW wind turbine is
a VAWT which is proper to be used in the location
with turbulent characteristics. Energy produced by
this wind turbine reaches the number of 200
kWh/years, can be used as lighting energy using
LED 45 Watt which is assumed to light up 12
hours per day in Lemah Ireng Bridge Ungaran
Highway.
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