Midterm Examination

MATH 2023: Multivariable Calculus

Spring 2019, HKUST
March 28th, 2019
INSTRUCTIONS
• Do NOT open the exam until instructed to do so.
• This is a CLOSED BOOK, CLOSED NOTES exam.
Only calculators approved by HKEAA can be used.
All mobile phones and communication devices should be switched OFF.
• Answer ALL eight problems in the space provided beneath the question.
If you need more space please use the backside of the paper (with clear indication).
• Please show your work clearly and justify your answers (except Problem 1).
Write neatly – answers which are illegible for the grader cannot be given credit.
Scores are indicated in the square brackets.
Time allowed: 2 Hours

Student Name:

Student ID:

Tutorial Session:

Problem Score Problem Score

1 / 24
2 / 10
3 / 10
4 / 12
Total:
5 / 10
6 / 10
7 / 12
8 / 12
/ 100
 FORMULA TABLE
(Hint: You don’t need any of these formula in this Exam...)

Trigonometric Formula:

sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓ = 1
1 + tan2 ✓ = sec2 ✓
1 + cot2 ✓ = csc2 ✓

sin(✓ ± ) = sin ✓ cos ± cos ✓ sin

cos(✓ ± ) = cos ✓ cos ⌥ sin ✓ sin
tan ✓ ± tan
tan(✓ ± ) =
1 ⌥ tan ✓ tan

sin 2✓ = 2 sin ✓ cos ✓

cos 2✓ = cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓
=1 2 sin2 ✓
= 2 cos2 ✓ 1
2 tan ✓
tan 2✓ =
1 tan2 ✓

Distance Formula from Point to Plane:

ax0 + by0 + cz0 d
dist = p
a 2 + b2 + c 2

Curvature Formula:
|r0 (t) ⇥ r00 (t)|
(t) =
|r0 (t)|3

2
 PROBLEM 1.
Answer the following questions. No justification is needed.
(a) [2] Give an example of a graph z = f (x, y) which is not a plane, such that its level sets are all
vertical lines.

without and not linear

z sin x
( other y )
-

or answer
any
-

(b) Let
r(t) = ha sin kt, kt, a cos kti
be a curve, where a, k > 0.
i) [2] What is the name of such curve?

Helix

ii) [2] Find k such that the curve r(t) is in arc length parametrization.

k=¥E

iii) [2] Hence find the curvature of the curve.

a
K =

T+a2

(c) [2] Find (x, y, z) which maximizes f (x, y, z) = 2x 3y + 6z subject to x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

( I , -3 if >

3
(d) [2] Sketch the surface x2 y 4 + z 2 = 0 in the range 1  x, y, z  1.

z
r

if
.

a :÷ .

×
I

(e) [2] Let z = f (x, y) where x = g(u, t), y = h(s, t), u = k(t) and f, g, h, k are all di↵erentiable
@z
functions. Express using the chain rule.
@t

Ee -

- Ex Eoka t Fx # t Ey Ee

Oki fi , guk L
-
t
fxge t
fight

(f) [2] Find all f (x, y) such that ⇢

fx = y + cos x + 1,
fy = x + sin y + 1.

C
fcxiy) =
xytsihx
-

cosy txt
y
t

p p
(g) [2] Find the linear approximation of z = x + y at the point (3, 1).

2- =
2 t
tqfx -

3) tf Ig -

I )

OK : z
f x
tf y
+
I
-

4
(h) The diagram below shows the contour lines

f (x, y) = k, k = 1, ..., 10

of a twice di↵erentiable function f .

t
i) [4] Consider the point P on the diagram. Determine whether each of the following quantities
is positive, zero or negative. Circle the correct answer.

f (P ) O
positive zero negative

fx (P ) positive zero O
negative

•
Di p
3j f (P ) positive zero negative
2

fyy (P ) positive zero negative

ii) [2] Sketch the integral curve of f passing through the point P .

5
 PROBLEM 2.
(a) [2] Show that the shortest distance from a point P to the straight line passing through the points
A and B is given by
! !
|AP ⇥ AB|
! .
|AB|

(b) [3] Define two straight lines by

r1 (t) = (1 + 2t)i + (1 + t)j + k,

r2 (t) = ti + 2j (2 + t)k.

Show that r1 and r2 are skewed lines.

(c) [5] Find the pair of points on r1 and r2 which are closest to each other.

yd
P u

" D= IAPI sino

Ca) IAPXATBI - -

lAPllAB#
IAF
'
•
since
so
"
B
= = d
•
⇒
A

(b) J = L2 ,
1,07 ,
Jz= LI ,
O
,
-17 not parallel .

Solve rics ) -

-
TH )

{
H2s =L ⇒ t= 's
no solutions !

Zz
tf?
' ⇒
s= I
, ⇒ It -2-3

⇒ skewed lines .

6
 PROBLEM 2. (cont’d)

If P Tko and Q Eto ) closest

(c) )
-

are
-
- -

poilu xvi
=/ ! / =L -
1,2 .
-

I >

PI = rito ) -
Tko )

=
(to - I -2 So
,
2 -
I -

So
,
-2 to -

I )

=
( to -2 so -
I
, I -

So
,
-3 -

to >

: .

: ⇒
sis: ⇒
:
,

: . D= Fit -
I ) -
I =L
, oil >

Q= ric -2 ) =L 212,07
¢
-

7
 PROBLEM 3.
(a) [2] Find a vector n that forms the same angle with all the standard vectors i, j, k.
What is the angle?
(b) [4] Let S be the ellipsoid defined by

x2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2 = 16.

Find the equation of the tangent plane at a point (a, b, c) on S.

(c) [4] Find the point(s) on S for which the tangent plane at that point is perpendicular to n.

wth angle
I

)
Ll 1117
Oka
of
(
=
(a)
, !

I =i=9 955rad
:
°
'
0
nits
-

Fs
-
osso
-
-
-
=

or .

at ) C 2A 8b 18C >
rt ( ) ca b. =
2x 8g Hz c ,
( b)
,
= , ,
,

plane
=D
tangent :
2axt8by -118oz

tfblb ) -118ha )
the ⇒ D= Rafa )
C a. bio ) lies on plane
)
=2(a445t9d
= 2 C 16 ) =
32

-118C 2- ok
-1 8 by -2=32
2 ax

or
ax -14
by -19oz
-16g

( c ) C a ,4b ,
9C > HCl it , I >

'

⇒ b I I a44(⇒ -19175=16
-

c
- -

,
⇒
-

⇒ at 36.1-6
49

If
⇐
124g b
IE
a --
c
-

-
-
, ,

( Fi f. IT )
( I E
)¢
Hence the points are and -

¥ ,
-

,
-

8
PROBLEM 3. (cont’d)

9
 PROBLEM 4.
(a) [4] Let 8 2
< x y + xy 2
(x, y) 6= (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
:
0 (x, y) = (0, 0).
Is f continuous everywhere?

function continuous at all Cxiy ) t 10,0 )

f is a rational ⇒ ,

×¥t¥y? Etzcxty
'

fcxiy ) lxyl )
=
,

Hence Iflxiy ) ) E I 1×+91→ O as

Clay ) -7 Colo )

By Squeeze Theorem , t.mg#...,flxiy)=o--fCoio )

: .
f is continuous at ( 010 ) also .

⇒ f is continuous everywhere .

)
If Irccssotsiao ) I E 2r ot
pole Crosse ) I → o
: rsino = as r →

Using
,

( ⇒
¥y,→ , , ,
fcxiy ) = O by squeeze
theorem .

10
 go
yet
"

(b) [4] Let I

⇢
0 if y  0 or y x2023 ,
l
^

f (x, y) =
1 otherwise.
Show that
lim f (x, y)
(x,y) !(0,0)
> x
does not exist.

fit
Along y=o , ¥nofH ,
07=0 by definition .

n > 2023
is OK
any
.

f
" " "
"

)
'
X =L for all ta
Along g- t ,
-

,
,

since 42024<42023 for f c

I

Hence ¥14
"

t.tw ) =L .

.
'

.
Limit does not exist .

11
(c) [4] Let p
f (x, y) = x8 y 2 .
Find the domain of fx and fy .

X 'll
fury ) =
yl
'

Henie f ,
= 4x4 yl , domain = IR .

For fy ,
when × to treating it as constant we know
,

fylxiy
> O
y

)
{ ¥4
=

geo

does not exist y

o
-
-

However when x=0 , fco.gl

) -
-
O
Vy
,

Hence fyloiy ) = O is defined for all

y ⇐ IR .

Hence domain of fy is { Clay ) ) y 't of u

{ o ,
o
} .

)
'
or IR I { His ) I x -4 o
, y
-
- o

ay
1¥
12
 PROBLEM 5.
(a) [4] Find all the critical points of the function

f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy 2 15x + y 3 15y.

(b) [4] Classify the critical points whether they are local maximum, local minimum or saddle points.
(c) [2] Are there any absolute maxima or minima in the domain of f (x, y)?

'

3×43 y
'

(a) Of = C -
15 , Gxy -13g -15 > =
@o >
,

545=5
{ ×Z2xy
⇒ x=o
2g
-

or x
⇒ ⇒
-

Hy -15=5

If x=0 y
-

-
I 55
,

't
'
⇒ II ⇒ 12
If
x =

4g
=
5 g
x=2y
.

y
.

Hence critical points ( 0155 ) 10 -55 ) C 2

(
are
I 1 -2
1)
, ,
, ,
-

, ,

¢
(b) D=
III.
t.IT/--/bfyf?+fy/--36x436xy-36y2--36Cx4xy-yy

ftp://
Hence D fxx

:#
to :
( 2 I ) 5 70
so min
,

( -2 ,
- I
) 5 20 co max
,

(c) No , along y
-

-0
,
as X -3 I , FC → I
O
* Dis unbounded .

13
PROBLEM 5. (cont’d)

14
 PROBLEM 6.
Let F (x, y, z) be a function where the first and second partial derivatives exist with Fz 6= 0.
Consider the equation F (x, y, z) = 0 such that z is implicitly a function of x and y.
@z @z
(a) [2] Express and in terms of the partial derivatives of F .
@x @y
@2z
(b) [6] Find the formula for in terms of the first and second partial derivatives of F .
@x@y
(c) [2] Ivan believes that by part (b) and the symmetry of variables,

@2z @2z
= .
@x@y @y@x
Do you agree? Explain.

II
'
C as ¥ ,
=
-

FI ,
Ey =
-

④ ¥ LEE
) Et EI ) -

=
Fz #Fg ) -
Fy ICE )
-

-1¥

=
Fz ( Fgx t
Fyz Ex ) -

Fy ( Fzx t Fez 3¥ )
I
-

=
Fz ( Fyx
.

Fyz FIT ) -

Fy ( Fzx -

Fzz EI )

#
-

= -

FE Fyx t Fe Fz Fyz
,
t Fy Fz Ex -

Fx Fy Fzz
-

's
Fz

(c) NO since we do not assume second derivatives of F continuous

, are
,

so Fxy F Fyx etc .

15
PROBLEM 6. (cont’d)

16
 PROBLEM 7.
Let r(t) be the curve
r(t) = h2 cos3 t, 2 sin3 t, 23i, 0  t  ⇡.
(a) [4] Find |r0 (t)|. Simplify your answer.
(b) [4] Find the arc length function s(t) from the point (2, 0, 23).
(c) [4] Find the arc length parametrization rarc (s). Express your answer without using sin and cos.

boss 't sunt ban 't cost >

)fit =L
O
(a)
-
,
,

36 't sit
'

HIT
'
3 boss 't suit t
'
sin
IF
=

= 36ns 't sink ( ask t sink )

=
36 ask sin 't

13 shall
16 sine OK :

trHtt
'
=
cost I

(b) SHI
J! I bcssusinu
I du
=

When OE te IL ,
Css u smh 30 ⇒ SH ) -

I! bsnanndn =3 sink
)! =3 sink

tfqtfa.su
When get E IT
,
ash Sth n EO ⇒ SH )
=) Gcsshsinudn smh du

=
3sinful
! ! - 3 sinn
/
I

=3 3 suit -13 6 sin 't

-

= -

3
.

3sih4 o e te

{
: .
SH ) =

6 -
35in 't Iz et E a
.

: )
"
:÷
'

(
ok : sur .

,
.

17
 PROBLEM 7. (cont’d)

3
Co ) For 0ft EEL ,
⇒ o E SE

't
5=3 suit =3 3ns
-

"

ant =
⇐ I
"
.
us -1=4-5 ,
⇒

" ⇒ ESE 6
ELE 3
For Iz I

!
fast
to
6- 35in 't = 31-3654
S =

"2 '

(I
k
⇒ sit -
-

( 2- 5) ,
cost -
-

•.
-

1)
~
> 0
.

%
Hln 2151%

f
3
( 24 f)
's
" 23 > OES
-

,
,

games , =

212-51%123
"
(-215-1) , ) 3 E SE 6
.

18
PROBLEM 7. (cont’d)

19
 PROBLEM 8.
Let A = (7, 0), B = (0, 7) be two fixed points on the plane. In this question, you need to find two
points P, Q on the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin, such that the value

f (P, Q) := |AP |2 + |P Q|2 + |QB|2

is maximum and minimum respectively.

(a) [4] Let P = (x, y) and Q = (u, v) be the unknown coordinates. Write down the constrained sys-
tem, and hence all the equations you need to solve using the method of Lagrange multipliers.
(b) [2] From the equations you wrote above, show that

xv = 7y + uy = 7u + uy,

and conclude that y = u.

(c) [4] Hence find all the solutions (P, Q) to the system of equations.
(d) [2] Without evaluating f (P, Q), determine which solutions in part (c) give you the maximum
and minimum respectively by drawing a diagram instead.

(a) constrained system :

nitty ft 75
'

1mm fcx ) Cx7) t 't Cx v 't Cv

y
= u
y air
- - - -

Max , ,

Tty
'
4 gcx.gl
{
= c-
to
subject
u 't v2 =
4 c- h Chiu )

method of Lagrange multipliers solve

By ,
need to :

:÷÷÷
e:
"

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷
" D

: :
zu
y -7 V
4J
-

=p

b)
}
Dy Xxy Zxy 7g ay
-
=

×v=7ytuy
= - -

} 4=7
?
② X*y =2×y ⇐
y
-
-
w a -
u
x
=

S 'm

Zur XV

}
=
=µuv , +
-

xv=
ay
a

zur ya
④ gu
.
=
-

h
the
-
-

20
 PROBLEM 8. (cont’d)
'
'
n' Iv
by Key 4 ⇒ x
(c) Since
-

tu -
-

- -

y=u ,

xv=7ytuy
:

By

If x' 2y't7y
'
7 ⇒ 4=0
v
yty
=
x
- -
-

"

4 -

y
'

ly -14 ) Ry
-
l
) =
0

x=±¥/I¥
y
-
-
-
4 or y
-
-

fine
↳

.÷ .

If F
yf=7ytyC⇒
x= V
7y= 4 ⇒
y
-

,
-
- -
-
-

" I
* ±
⇒

Sothe solutions are

( Pi ,Q ) ,
=
( ¥ ,
t ) , LE ,
# )

( R ,
a ) =
f -

EE ,
El , (E ,
-

Ez )

( Pz , Qs ) =
( 6¥ I .
-

) ,
f- I , -6¥ )

( Qa ) f- IF I ) f¥ 6¥ )
-

Py ,
= ,
, ,

21
 PROBLEM 8. (cont’d)

\¥#
^

B Con )
-

•
d)
-

!
÷
.

Be
•

A -4710 )
" •
p,

•
•
Q
3 Q2

We see from the diagram that C Pi iQ , ) gives the minimum

,

while ( Pz ,
Q2 ) gives the maximum .

–End of Paper–

22