230 CHAPTER 2 Functions

(c) Solve y  1x  2 for x, noting that y  0.

1x  2  y
x  2  y2 Square each side

x  y 2
2, y  0 Add 2

In Example 8 note how f 1 reverses the Interchange x and y:

effect of f. The function f is the rule
y  x 2
2, x0
“subtract 2, then take the square root,”
whereas f 1 is the rule “square, then Thus f 1
1x2  x
2,
2
x0
add 2.”
This expression shows that the graph of f 1 is the right half of the parabola
y  x 2
2 and, from the graph shown in Figure 10, this seems reasonable. ■

2.8 Exercises
1–6 ■ The graph of a function f is given. Determine whether f 11. h1x 2  x 2  2x 12. h1x 2  x 3
8
13. f 1x 2  x 4
5
is one-to-one.
1. 2.
14. f 1x 2  x 4
5, 0
x
2
y y

15. f 1x2  16. f 1x 2 

1 1
x2 x
0 x 0 x
17–18 ■ Assume f is a one-to-one function.
17. (a) If f 122  7, find f 1 17 2 .
(b) If f 1 13 2  1, find f 112 .

3. y 4. y 18. (a) If f 152  18, find f 1 118 2 .

(b) If f 1 14 2  2, find f 122 .
19. If f 1x 2  5  2 x, find f 1 13 2 .

0 x 0 x 20. If g1x 2  x 2
4x with x  2, find g 1 15 2 .

21–30 ■ Use the Inverse Function Property to show that

f and g are inverses of each other.
21. f 1x 2  x  6, g1x 2  x
6

22. f 1x2  3x, g1x 2 

5. y 6. y x
3
x
5
23. f 1x 2  2 x  5; g1x2 
2
0 x 0 x
3x
24. f 1x 2  ; g1x2  3  4x
4

25. f 1x 2  ,
1 1
g1x2 
x x
26. f 1x 2  x 5, g1x 2  1
5
7–16 ■ Determine whether the function is one-to-one. x
7. f 1x 2  2 x
4 8. f 1x2  3x  2 27. f 1x 2  x 2  4, x  0;
9. g1x 2  1x 10. g1x 2  0 x 0 g1x 2  1x
4, x  4
 SECTION 2.8 One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 231

28. f 1x2  x 3
1; g1x2  1x  1 2 1/3 61. f 1x 2  2
x 62. f 1x2  2  12 x

63. g1x 2  1x
3 64. g1x2  x 2
1, x  0
29. f 1x 2 
1
, x  1;
x1
65–68 ■ The given function is not one-to-one. Restrict its
g1x 2 
1, x  0
1 domain so that the resulting function is one-to-one. Find the
x inverse of the function with the restricted domain. (There is
30. f 1x2  24  x 2,
more than one correct answer.)
0
x
2;
65. f 1x 2  4  x 2 66. g1x 2  1x  1 2 2
g1x 2  24  x , 2
0
x
2
y y
31–50 ■ Find the inverse function of f.
31. f 1x 2  2x
1 32. f 1x 2  6  x
33. f 1x 2  4x
7 34. f 1x 2  3  5x
1
35. f 1x2  36. f 1x 2 
x 1
, x 0 1
2 x2 0 1 x
x2
37. f 1x 2  38. f 1x 2 
1 0 1 x
x
2 x
2
1
3x 67. h1x2  1x
22 2 68. k1x 2  0 x  3 0
39. f 1x 2  40. f 1x2  5  4x 3
5  2x y y
41. f 1x 2  12
5x 42. f 1x2  x 2
x, x   12
43. f 1x 2  4  x 2, x0 44. f 1x2  12x  1
45. f 1x 2  4
1x 46. f 1x2  12  x 3 2 5
3
1
47. f 1x2  1
11
x 0 1 x
1
48. f 1x 2  29  x 2, 0
x
3
49. f 1x 2  x 4, x  0 50. f 1x2  1  x 3
_1 0 x

51–54 ■ A function f is given. 69–70 ■ Use the graph of f to sketch the graph of f 1.
(a) Sketch the graph of f. 69. y 70. y
(b) Use the graph of f to sketch the graph of f 1.
(c) Find f 1.
51. f 1x2  3x  6 52. f 1x2  16  x 2, x  0
1

53. f 1x 2  1x
1 54. f 1x 2  x 3  1
0 1 x

1
55–60 ■ Draw the graph of f and use it to determine whether
the function is one-to-one. 0 1 x

55. f 1x 2  x  x
3
56. f 1x 2  x
x
3

x
12 Applications
57. f 1x 2  58. f 1x 2  2x 3  4x
1
x6 71. Fee for Service For his services, a private investigator
59. f 1x2  0 x 0  0 x  6 0 60. f 1x2  x # 0 x 0 requires a $500 retention fee plus $80 per hour. Let x repre-
sent the number of hours the investigator spends working on
61–64 ■ A one-to-one function is given. a case.
(a) Find the inverse of the function. (a) Find a function f that models the investigator’s fee as a
(b) Graph both the function and its inverse on the same screen function of x.
to verify that the graphs are reflections of each other in the (b) Find f 1. What does f 1 represent?
line y  x. (c) Find f 1(1220). What does your answer represent?
232 CHAPTER 2 Functions
72. Toricelli’s Law A tank holds 100 gallons of water, which
drains from a leak at the bottom, causing the tank to empty
in 40 minutes. Toricelli’s Law gives the volume of water
remaining in the tank after t minutes as
V1t 2  100 a 1  b
t 2
40
(a) Find V 1. What does V 1 represent?
(b) Find V 1 1152 . What does your answer represent?
73. Blood Flow As blood moves through a vein or artery, its
velocity √ is greatest along the central axis and decreases as
the distance r from the central axis increases (see the figure
below). For an artery with radius 0.5 cm, √ is given as a
function of r by
√1r 2  18,50010.25  r 2 2
(a) Find √1. What does √1 represent?
(b) Find √1 130 2 . What does your answer represent?
r represent?
74. Demand Function The amount of a commodity
sold is called the demand for the commodity. The
demand D for a certain commodity is a function of the
price given by
D1 p2  3p
150
1 1
(a) Find D . What does D represent?
(b) Find D1 130 2 . What does your answer represent?
75. Temperature Scales The relationship between the
Fahrenheit (F) and Celsius (C ) scales is given by
F1C 2  95 C
32
(a) Find F 1. What does F 1 represent?
(b) Find F 1 186 2 . What does your answer represent?
76. Exchange Rates The relative value of currencies
fluctuates every day. When this problem was written, one
Canadian dollar was worth 0.8159 U.S. dollar.
(a) Find a function f that gives the U.S. dollar value f 1x 2
of x Canadian dollars.
(b) Find f 1. What does f 1 represent?
(c) How much Canadian money would $12,250 in U.S.
currency be worth?
77. Income Tax In a certain country, the tax on incomes
less than or equal to €20,000 is 10%. For incomes
more than €20,000, the tax is €2000 plus 20% of the amount
over €20,000.
(a) Find a function f that gives the income tax on an
income x. Express f as a piecewise defined function.
(b) Find f 1. What does f 1 represent?
(c) How much income would require paying a tax of
€10,000?
78. Multiple Discounts A car dealership advertises a 15%
discount on all its new cars. In addition, the manufacturer
offers a $1000 rebate on the purchase of a new car. Let x
represent the sticker price of the car.
(a) Suppose only the 15% discount applies. Find a function
f that models the purchase price of the car as a function
of the sticker price x.
(b) Suppose only the $1000 rebate applies. Find a function
g that models the purchase price of the car as a function
of the sticker price x.
(c) Find a formula for H  f ⴰ g.
(d) Find H 1. What does H 1 represent?
(e) Find H 1 113,000 2 . What does your answer
79. Pizza Cost Marcello’s Pizza charges a base price of $7
for a large pizza, plus $2 for each topping. Thus, if you
order a large pizza with x toppings, the price of your pizza is
given by the function f 1x 2  7
2x. Find f 1. What does
the function f 1 represent?
Discovery • Discussion
80. Determining when a Linear Function Has an Inverse
For the linear function f 1x 2  mx
b to be one-to-one,
what must be true about its slope? If it is one-to-one, find its
inverse. Is the inverse linear? If so, what is its slope?
81. Finding an Inverse “In Your Head” In the margin notes
in this section we pointed out that the inverse of a function
can be found by simply reversing the operations that make
up the function. For instance, in Example 6 we saw that the
inverse of
x
2
f 1x 2  3x  2 is f 1 1x 2 
3
because the “reverse” of “multiply by 3 and subtract 2” is
“add 2 and divide by 3.” Use the same procedure to find the
inverse of the following functions.
2x
1
(a) f 1x 2  (b) f 1x 2  3 
1
5 x
(c) f 1x 2  2x 3
2 (d) f 1x 2  12x  52 3
Now consider another function:
f 1x 2  x 3
2x
6
 CHAPTER 2 Review 233

Is it possible to use the same sort of simple reversal of oper- instance, to solve f ⴰ g  h for the unknown function f,
ations to find the inverse of this function? If so, do it. If not, we perform the following steps:
explain what is different about this function that makes
this task difficult. fⴰgh Problem: Solve for f
1 1
82. The Identity Function The function I1x2  x is called fⴰgⴰg hⴰg Compose with g1 on the right
the identity function. Show that for any function f we have f ⴰ I  h ⴰ g 1 g ⴰ g1  I
f ⴰ I  f, I ⴰ f  f, and f ⴰ f 1  f 1 ⴰ f  I. (This means
f  h ⴰ g 1 fⴰIf
that the identity function I behaves for functions and
1
composition just like the number 1 behaves for real numbers So the solution is f  h ⴰ g . Use this technique to solve
and multiplication.) the equation f ⴰ g  h for the indicated unknown function.
83. Solving an Equation for an Unknown Function In (a) Solve for f, where g1x 2  2x
1 and
Exercise 65 of Section 2.7 you were asked to solve equa- h1x 2  4x 2
4x
7
tions in which the unknowns were functions. Now that we (b) Solve for g, where f 1x2  3x
5 and
know about inverses and the identity function (see Exercise h1x2  3x 2
3x
2
82), we can use algebra to solve such equations. For

2 Review

Concept Check
1. Define each concept in your own words. (Check by referring 7. Suppose the graph of f is given. Write an equation for each
to the definition in the text.) graph that is obtained from the graph of f as follows.
(a) Function (a) Shift 3 units upward
(b) Domain and range of a function (b) Shift 3 units downward
(c) Graph of a function (c) Shift 3 units to the right
(d) Independent and dependent variables (d) Shift 3 units to the left
(e) Reflect in the x-axis
2. Give an example of each type of function.
(f) Reflect in the y-axis
(a) Constant function
(g) Stretch vertically by a factor of 3
(b) Linear function
(h) Shrink vertically by a factor of 13
(c) Quadratic function
(i) Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2
3. Sketch by hand, on the same axes, the graphs of the (j) Shrink horizontally by a factor of 12
following functions.
(a) f 1x 2  x (b) g1x 2  x 2
8. (a) What is an even function? What symmetry does its
(c) h1x 2  x (d) j1x 2  x 4
3
graph possess? Give an example of an even function.
(b) What is an odd function? What symmetry does its graph
4. (a) State the Vertical Line Test. possess? Give an example of an odd function.
(b) State the Horizontal Line Test. 9. Write the standard form of a quadratic function.
5. How is the average rate of change of the function f between 10. What does it mean to say that f 13 2 is a local maximum
two points defined? value of f ?
6. Define each concept in your own words. 11. Suppose that f has domain A and g has domain B.
(a) Increasing function (a) What is the domain of f
g?
(b) Decreasing function (b) What is the domain of fg?
(c) Constant function (c) What is the domain of f/g?