Ministry Of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University Of Basra
Collage of Engineering
Petroleum engineering department

Modern study of Petroleum

Reservoirs Management

prepared by
Sajad Falah Radha

July 19, 2020

I
Summary
In this research, we will identify the reservoir management, know the details of the
modern study, and know the purpose (aim) of the study of the reservoir management.
Relying in this report on scientific and practical scrutiny to explain the work of
programs and how to take a data and information to interpretation of it and drawing
some maps and chart that including the result of research and what we have reached.
Present and discus the results that we have reach in this project. The report is also talk
on a detailed search on the field of Buzurgan and knowledge of the nature of each well
and its petrophysical properties by studying the porosity and permeability of a group
of wells in the formation of Mishrif and thus know the productivity of each well. This
study relied on core samples taken and studied from several wells in this field and also
talk about the cutoff porosity. In one part of this report, we will talk about the
mechanism of work of the Didger and interactive prophecies programs (IP), and in
particular, we will convert the contouring maps of the field of Buzurgan from graphic
format to digital for working on them later in other programs. As for the IP program,
we will review the petrophysical properties of each well and work to extract saturation
and read the logs of wells and their interpretation.in the addition we learn how can we
draw a geological map for the field.

I
Table of content

Content Page number

summary 1
Table of content 11
Table of figures and tables
CHAPTER ONE : Introduction
1.1 Introduction of Reservoir Management 1
1.2 Aim of study 2
1.3 Area of study 3
1.4 Buzurgan Oil Field 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Technical approach for Reservoir Management 6
2.2 Technical approach for modern study of reservoir 9

2.3 Technical approach for Didger program 19

2.4 Technical approach for IP program 27
2.5 Technical approach of contour map 34

CHAPTER Three: Result And Discussion

3.1 Results of Mishrif formation 35
3.2 Relationship between porosity and permeability in Mishrif 40
formation
3.3 Digitizing Results 43
3.4 Discussion: 54
CHAPTER Four: Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Integrated reservoir management 56
4.2 Cutoff porosity and net formation thickness 56
4.3 Formation evaluation and digitize process 57
4.4 Contour map 57
4.5 Reference 58

II
Table of figure and tables

Content Page number

CHAPTER ONE : Introduction
Figure 1: Area of study 4
Figure.2: Buzurkan field Mishrif formation 5
CHAPTER TWO : Technical approach
Figure 3: Reservoir management cycle of work. 6
Figure 4: Reservoir life process. 8
Figure 5: Core Description. 9
Figure 6: Porosity and Permeability Table. 10
Figure 7: Cross-Plot Types. 11
Figure 8: Excel sheet Cross-Plot & Trend line. 12
Figure 9: Cutoff porosity. 13
Figure 10: porosity. 14
Figure 11: Absolute and effective Porosity 15
Figure 12: Factor effect on porosity-permeability 18
Figure 13: step 1 in Didger interface 19
Figure 14: step 2 in Didger interface 20
Figure 15: step 3 in Didger interface 21
Figure 16: step 4 in Didger interface 22
Figure 17: step 5 in Didger interface 22
Figure 18: step 6 in Didger interface 23
Figure 19: step 7 in Didger interface 23
Figure 20: step 5 in Didger interface 24
Figure21: step 6 in Didger interface 24
Figure 22: step 6 in Didger interface 25
Figure 23: step 6 in Didger interface 25
Figure 24: step 7 in Didger interface 26
Figure 25: step 7 in Didger interface 26
Figure 26: step 1 in IP interface 27
Figure 27: step 2 in IP interface 27
Figure 28: step 3 in IP interface 28
Figure 29: step 4 in IP interface 29
Figure 30: step 5 in IP interface 30
Figure 31: step 6 in IP interface 30
Figure 32: step 7 in IP interface 31
Figure 33: step 8 in IP interface 31
Figure 34: step 9 in IP interface 32
Figure 35: step 10 in IP interface 32
III
 Content Page number
Figure 36: step 11 in IP interface 33
Figure 37: step 12 in IP interface 33
Figure 38: step 13 in IP interface 34
CHAPTER Three: Result And Discussion
Table 1: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 1 35
Table 2: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 2 35
Table 3: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 3 35
Table 4: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 4 36
Table 5: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 5 36
Table 6: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 6 36
Table 7: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 7 37
Table 8: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 9 37
Table 9: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 10 37
Table 10: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 11 37
Table 11: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 14 38
Table 12: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 15 38
Table 13: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 18 38
Table 14: layers of mishrif formation 39
Figure 39. well BU-1 40
Figure 40. well BU-2 40
Figure 41. well BU-3 40
Figure 42. well BU-4 40
Figure 43. well BU-5 41
Figure 44. well BU-6 41
Figure 45. well BU-7 41
Figure 46. well BU-9 41
Figure 47. well BU-10 42
Figure 48. well BU-11 42
Figure 49. well BU-12 42
Figure 50. well BU-15 42
Figure 51. well BU-18 43
Figure 52: map after digitize 43
Figure 53: BU -1 logs and cross plot 44
Figure 54: BU -2 logs 45
Figure 55: BU -7 logs and cross plot 46
Figure 56: BU -9 logs and cross plot 47
Figure 57: BU -10 logs 48

IV
 content Page number

Figure 58: BU -11 logs 48

Figure 59: BU -12 logs and cross plot 49

Figure 60: BU -13logs and cross plot 50

Figure 61: BU -16 logs and cross plot 51

Figure 62: BU -18 logs 52

Figure 63: BU -21 logs 53

V
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Introduction of Reservoir Management

Everything in the life need a management to do the best work with good profit and
to continuous this work to very long time so that the concepts of reservoir
management require deep, many and complex studies , they are considered one of
the most important studies in the oil industry . all these result and studies are
accurate whenever they contribute to increasing production and achieving high
profits . so we can defined the reservoir management in two definition ,first one is
Reservoir management can be interpreted as the judicious use of various main
available to a business man in order to maximize his benefits (profits) from a
reservoir. And the second one is Reservoir management is a program of evaluation,
planning, and implementation that begins at discovery and continues throughout life
of field, and this integrated program is key to successful operation. In simply terms,
reservoir management means development long strategies the duration of
production through which fluid movement is controlled deferent during the reservoir
to achieve maximum output of the field hydrocarbon and reduce the production of
hydrocarbon fluid spam. This production strategies may be include determining:
• production rate from certain wells in the reservoir
• stop wells for certain period
• drilling new wells in certain location
• maintaining reservoir pressure
• apply certain production methods

In the addition In this report we will complete what we started in the previous report
and in this report we will study the field of Buzurgan (Mishirif Formation) and identify
the supervisor class and in particular the study will focus on a group of wells selected
from the field and according to the data that we have According to the parameters given
by the permeability and porosity readings of each well. After what we talked about
in reservoir management in previous reports, today, we will talk about the
programs of Didger and IP, with the development of computer technology,
1
it became necessary to process data and images digitally and to extract the
coordinates and points from them. And for the purpose of shortening the
time and processing the data accurately, the urgent necessity of the Dakar
program appeared, as it is able to convert maps from graphic form to digital
for the purpose of using them in other programs. There was also an urgent
need to explain the work of the logs and to amend them and calculate the
water and oil saturation to calculate the quantities of oil that can be extracted
from the ground. Also, it is possible to calculate the quantities of drilling
fluid used and forecast the quantities of cement for the purpose of cemented
the casing later and all these operations and petro-physical calculations in
addition to the permeability and porosity can work by IP program. The
purpose of using these programs is to facilitate the arrangement and
modification of data for use in other programs like Petrel. We study on
Buzurgan field especially in Mishrif formation, and we will took 12 well.
After that we need to learn about the contour map and how this map can
help us to identify the location of the well and the formation, also tell us the
heights of these formation.

1.2 Aim of study

The main goal of the reservoir management is to optimize the investment of oil
reservoir and increasing their profit. To achieve this many of methods and
approaches will be discussed during this report. To convert the maps (contour map)
from the graphic form to digital form by using Didger program and to view the logs
interpretation of wells of Buzurgan field by interactive petrophesices (IP) program.
Also in this report, we will learn a little about contour maps, how to draw them, and
other important things.

2
1.3 Area of study

The Buzurgan field is located South of Iraq in Missan province. Buzurgan is situated
near the Iraq-Iran border, about 300 km Southeast of Baghdad and 40 km Northeast
of Amara city. The structure, which is composed of two domes runs along a NW-SE
direction. 33 boreholes have been drilled in Buzurgan field. In this study 21 boreholes
in Buzurgan field (Bu1, Bu-2, Bu-3, Bu-4, ... .... Bu-21) have been studied.

1.4 Buzurgan Oil Field

is one of the Iraqi oil fields, it is located south-east of Iraq near the Iraqi-Iranian
borders, about 60 kilometers to the south-east of Al-Emara City, the center of
Missan Governorate. The structure elongates from the northern-west to the
southern-east, consist of two-dome, the southern dome is larger and higher than
the northern dome. The structural contour maps on Mishrif formation show that
BUZURGAN oil field is an anticline fold with 60 KM long and 8 KM width.The
first exploration wells (BU-1) was drilled in the north dome in 1969, the second
exploration wells (BU-3) was drilled in the south dome in 1976. After the research
and studies which focused on Mishrif formation, the decision of production was
taken 1975 by drilling a well in the south dome followed by another one in the
north dome 1976. Mishrif formation consists of six units: MA, MB11, MB12,
MB21, MC1 and MC2. Above the Mishrif formation is Alkaseeb formation (it
represent as a cap rock for Mishrif) and under it Alromila formation. The Mishirif
structure is divided into three segments: north dome, south dome, and saddle. Now
we ask and answer some of important question about the Buzurgan Oil Field.
• MB21 consider very important Because it has these properties:
1- Good permeability (less 10 md).
2- The average porosity (13.3-17.6).
3- Contain the most of oil and high amount of reserve.

3
• The main driving forces of Buzurgan fieldare water drive and formation expansion.
the main divisions of Buzuragan field is
1. Mishrif formation.
2. Alkaseeb formation.
3. Alromila formation.

Figure 1: Area of study

4
Figure 2: Buzurkan field Mishrif formation

5
CHAPTER TWO
Technical approach
2.1 Technical approach for Reservoir Management
In this section we will talk about the processes of the reservoir management and what
these processes include and what we need to developed the field and what the recovery
methods that will used in this field and what is the classes of it .and in this section we
will talk about the elements of reservoir management, and also took one of the Iraqi
field to study it, in more precisely we will talk about one of the production formation
(Mishrif formation). We will talk about the contour map and how we draw it, as well
as talk about the program that we will use it in our work . All these information we will
discuss it in question and then we will answer it. And finally we will talk about what
the final well report mean (FWR). But before answering the question we show the
branch and reservoir management personnel and all of these we called Synergy as
shown if figure 3.

Figure 3: Reservoir management cycle of work.

6
The reservoir management processes is

1. Setting strategy.
2. Developing plan.
3. Implementing.
4. Monitoring.
5. Evaluating.
6. Completing.

The process of petroleum reservoir management can be approached by considering the

overall steps in management activity, and these steps include the following:
1- Setting goals and objectives.
2- Creating a plan of operations to achieve the goals and objectives.
3- Monitoring and control of operations to achieve the quality intended.
4- Auditing to verify that goals and objectives have been achieved.

The data and step we need to develop a field is:

1- Development and depletion strategies.
2- Environmental considerations.
3- Acquisition and analysis data.
4- Geological and numerical model studies.
5- Production and reservoir forecasts.
6- Facilities requirements.
7- Economic optimization.
8- Management approval.

7
The well cycle (Reservoir life process):

Figure 4: Reservoir life process.

In the technical approach we use the data management to do many technical thing like
maximize profits, minimizing capital investments and also to predict the behavior of
reservoir. And Make history match, as well as use the best for production at proper
time.

Another important aspect of reservoir management deals with the methods utilized to
recover petroleum reserves. And these recovery methods are:

1. Natural energy sources.

2. External energy sources.
3. Combination energy sources.

The elements of reservoir management:

1. Reservoir knowledge.
2. Management or Business environment.
3. Technology.

8
2.2 Technical approach for modern study of reservoir

Through data that taken by (core analyses, core discretion ,logging ) for each well we
get porosity and permeability for each depth of the Mishirif Formation as shown in the
figures above to discuss the behavior of this layer and the extent to which it contains
hydrocarbons through permeability and porosity appropriate to retain oil. We convert
this data from porosity and permeability of a specified depth to data scheduled in the
program (Exile) then we convert this tabulated data into a (cross-plot).

Figure 5: Core Description.

9
 Figure 6: Porosity and Permeability Table.

2.2.1 Working methods of (cross-plot)

Cross plot: A two-dimensional plot with one variable scaled in the vertical (Y)
direction and the other in the horizontal (X) axis. The scales are usually linear but may
be other functions, such as logarithmic. Additional dimensions may be represented by
using color or symbols on the data points. These plots are common tools in the
interpretation of petro physical and engineering data.. When interrupting points from
both axes, they will appear as scattered points as in the case of a porosity and
permeability diagram. The importance of this scheme is to facilitate the study and
knowledge of specific wells by looking at the drawing without the need for readings .
There are many varieties of cross plot. Some of them enforce permeability VS.
Porosity, density VS. Porosity, including what is intended to display the gradient
stratification and other species that are related to water saturation and oil, In this report
we will talk about Porosity and permeability Cross-plots of these data are used to:

10
 1. Determine the most effective pore systems for oil storage versus drainage,
2. Identify reservoir heterogeneity,
3. Predict potential untested compartments,
4. Infer porosity and permeability trends where core-plug data are not available
5. Match digenetic processes, pore types, mineralogy, and other attributes to
porosity
6. Permeability distribution.

Figure 7: Cross-Plot Types.

We can draw cross-plot:

1. After opening Excel program and create spreadsheets.

2. We draw a diagram that contains two axes X (porosity) and Y(permeability)

3. The X axes is linear scale and y is algorithmic scale.

11
 4. Then we select the data for the X axis and then we determine the data on the Y
axis.

5. After the intersection points appear on the drawing, we do the trend line.

6. The trend line passes the most number of convergent points.

Figure 8: Excel sheet Cross-Plot & Trend line.

2.2.2 Cut-Offs:

"In petroleum engineering" are limiting points at which the processing of flowing of
fluid is stopped.
Every layer has cutoffs for (Petro physical properties= porosity, permeability and
saturation).
Porosity cutoff is simply defined as less porosity of rock that the fluid can move in it.
The useful of cutoffs is to eliminate those rock volumes that don’t contribute
significantly to the reservoir evaluation product.
Properties of production zone should be:

1. Porosity > cut off.

2. Permeability> cut off.
3. Water saturation< cut off.
And the core analysis report should include the following:
1. Depth.
2. Porosity (horizontal, vertical).
12
3. Permeability (H, V).
4. Density (H, V).

• In the exact result how do you determine porosity cutoff , By cross plot method
between (Ø and K) as follow:
1- Get data (Ø and K) for every well and put in excel sheet then determine
interval of (mb21, mc1, mc2)
2- Plot between (Ø and K) just horizontal values putt the k values on y-axis
with logarithmic scale as the following figure.
3- Take best fit line and by (0.01 md) of permeability (k) read porosity cutoff.

Figure 9: Cutoff porosity.

2.2.3 Rock Properties

2.2.3.1 POROSITY
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage capacity (pore volume) that is
capable of holding fluids. Quantitatively, the porosity is the ratio of the pore volume
to the total volume (bulk volume). This important rock property is determined
mathematically by the following generalized relationship:

13
Where ∅ = porosity.

Figure 10: porosity.

As the sediments were deposited and the rocks were being formed during past
geological times, some void spaces that developed became isolated from the other void
spaces by excessive cementation. Thus, many of the void spaces are interconnected
while some of the pore spaces are completely isolated. This leads to two distinct types
of porosity, namely:
• Absolute porosity.
• Effective porosity.

A. Absolute porosity
The absolute porosity is defined as the ratio of the total pore space in the rock to that
of the bulk volume. A rock may have considerable absolute porosity and yet have no
conductivity to fluid for lack of pore interconnection. The absolute porosity is generally
expressed mathematically by the following relationships:

Where ∅a =absolute porosity.

14
B. Effective porosity
The effective porosity is the percentage of interconnected pore space with respect to
the bulk volume

Figure 11: Absolute and effective Porosity.

NOTE:
The effective porosity is the value that is used in all reservoir engineering calculations
because it represents the interconnected pore space that contains the recoverable
hydrocarbon fluids.
Porosity may be classified according to the mode of origin as original induced. The
original porosity is that developed in the deposition of the material, while induced
porosity is that developed by some geologic process subsequent to deposition of the
rock. The intergranular porosity of sandstones and the intercrystallite and oolitic
porosity of some limestone typify original porosity. Induced porosity is typified by
fracture development as found in shale and limestone and by the slugs or solution
cavities commonly found in limestones. Rocks having original porosity are more
uniform in their characteristics than those rocks in which a large part of the porosity is
included. For direct quantitative measurement of porosity, reliance must be placed on
formation samples obtained by coring.
15
So,
We can classify the porosity into:-
• Primary porosity – Amount of pore space present in the sediment at the time
of deposition, or formed during sedimentation. It is usually a function of the
amount of space between rock-forming grains.
• Secondary porosity – post depositional porosity. Such porosity results from
groundwater dissolution, recrystallization and fracturing.

Porosity is measured in two ways:-

• The first is through the pulp that is taken from the well (through the weight of
the hybrid in the air and then recorded a certain liquid is pumped through it and
also recorded its weight and by calculating the difference between the two
weight is calculated porosity.
• Second by logs Sonic log is used to calculate the primary porosity The DINSTY
and NITRON log calculate total porosity, By subtracting the primary porosity
value from the total, the secondary porosity is calculated.

2.2.3.2 PERMEABILITY
The ability, or measurement of a rock's ability, to transmit fluids, typically measured
in decries or milidarcy (md) . Formations that transmit fluids readily, such as
sandstones, are described as permeable and tend to have many large, well-connected
pores. Impermeable formations, such as shales and siltstones, tend to be finer grained
or of a mixed grain size, with smaller, fewer, or less interconnected pores. Absolute
permeability is the measurement of the permeability conducted when a single fluid, or
phase, is present in the rock. Effective permeability is the ability to preferentially flow
or transmit a particular fluid through a rock when other immiscible fluids are present
in the reservoir (for example, effective permeability of gas in a gas-water reservoir).
The relative saturations of the fluids as well as the nature of the reservoir affect the
effective permeability. Relative permeability is the ratio of effective permeability of a
particular fluid at a particular saturation to absolute permeability of that fluid at total
16
saturation. If a single fluid is present in a rock, its relative permeability is 1.0.
Calculation of relative permeability allows for comparison of the different abilities of
fluids to flow in the presence of each other, since the presence of more than one fluid
generally inhibits flow.

2.2.3.3 Relationship between Porosity and Permeability

In general, there is no direct relationship between porosity and permeability, but the
relationship depends on many other factors such as grain size, grain packing and others.
The permeability of the rock depends on the effective porosity. The more the effective
porosity, the greater the permeability and the more effective porosity increases with
the grain size in sandy grades with well sorted grain packing, but the increase of
permeability with the increase of effective porosity is not permanent and this
relationship is not always correct as it can reduce the size of the granules and residues
Porosity is constant but permeability decreases, coefficient of tortuosity affect
permeability, the value of this coefficient is equal to one, if the fluid paths within the
porous medium are straight, meaning that the permeability is high. and the permeability
decreases by increasing the value of this coefficient (i.e. Increase the fluid path
tortuosity Inside the porous medium), in the limestone reservoir rocks the relationship
between the active porosity and permeability is very variable and does not depend on
the type and degree of classification, we may find a rock that has a porosity of a few
but the size of the connected pores is large and for this reason that its permeability is
high and there are reservoir rocks calcareous pores between the granules.

2.2.3.4 Factors effecting permeability and porosity

Porosity and permeability influenced by void percentage and grain packing. Particle
size distribution and formation type, however, does not influence porosity, although it
has some influence on permeability. Cement-matrix content has little influence on
porosity. A highly significant relationship was found to exist between effective
porosity and permeability. Both porosity and permeability decrease with increasing
depth from the surface.

17
 Figure 12: Factor effect on porosity-permeability.
2.2.4Core analysis

Cores are a fundamental source of information for exploration, evaluation,

development, and production of any hydrocarbon field. Cores are a unique source of
some data types such as rock textural parameters or permeability. They can be
calculated or estimated based on other data sources and cannot be gained directly from
those data. Some others, such as porosity, are calibrated against core analysis results.
Cores are direct samples from the reservoir rocks that can be tested, analyzed, and
viewed by the researcher. A core analysis project starts from the coring plan, coring,
and core preservation, and continues with three main phases including routine,
geological, and special core analysis. Various experts are involved in a core planning
task. They consider all variables including requirement, cost, and risk to decide the
different aspects of coring and core analysis. After coring, cores are transferred to the
laboratory. Core analysis starts with the core gamma logging Basic petrophysical
parameters using single-phase fluid are measured on the cores in the routine stage. This
step also includes core handling and preparation for routine, special, and geological
analysis. Final data are compared with the wire line logs and distributed to the inter
well space.

18
 2.3 Technical approach for Didger program

In order to convert the contour map of Buzurgan field from the graphical format to
digital, to work on it later as this map consists of two north and south domes where
we will announce the steps of work with pictures in Didger program with detail:

2.3.1 Step of work for didger program:

1- Open the program.

Figure 13: step 1 in Didger interface

19
2-File New Raster Digitizing

Figure 14: step 2 in Didger interface

20
3- After that we insert the contour map.

Figure 15: step 3 in Didger interface

21
4- Before we start working on the map, we must calibrate the contouring map, then we
do the following steps:
• Image----Calibrate image
• Surface x and surface y (automatically generated by the program).
• world x and world y (these are entered by the user which represent the length and
width lines of the earth)

Figure 16: step 4 in Didger interface

Figure 17: step 5 in Didger interface

22
Figure 18: step 6 in Didger interface

Figure 19: step 7 in Didger interface

23
5- Then we select Next, then we select thin plate spline.

Figure 20: step 5 in Didger interface

6- In the countering map we found closed line we used polygon. Also, we an
open line and we used polyline. (we can select this order from the icons on the left of
program or from the menu bar Digitize)

Figure21: step 6 in Didger interface

24
We noticed that the countering line values ranged from 3820 to 3940.

Figure 22: step 6 in Didger interface

Figure 23: step 6 in Didger interface

25
7- From file we choose Export with golden software data to send the map to surfer
program. Then we open the surfer program to insert the map.

Figure 24: step 7 in Didger interface

Figure 25: step 7 in Didger interface 26

2.4 Technical approach for IP program

1. Open the application (IP) then we select the area of saving data and bring the data.

Figure 26: step 1 in IP interface

2. Now the interface of IP is appeared.

Figure 27: step 2 in IP

interface
27
3. From the menu bar we chose well layer and then select create new well and we
put the name and the depth of the well.

Figure 28: step 3 in IP

interface

28
4. From the menu bar we chose input/output layer and then we chose load data
command and then chose LAS/LBS load and then we select the las file that we need
from the data file.

Figure 29: step 4 in IP

interface

29
5. After we gathered all data of the well which we work on it.

Figure 30: step 5 in IP

interface
6. From the tool bar we chose the log plot tool, then from file chose program default plot
and select triple combo, and then the logs will be appeared.

Figure 22: step 5 in IP

interface

Figure 31: step 6 in IP

interface

30
7. Now from the tool bar we chose the clay volume calculate tool and then we select the
logs which we need to calculate the clay volume and press run.

Figure 32: step 7 in IP

interface
8. The logs will appear in two truck to shown the gamma ray (GR) log and volume of
clay from gamma ray (VCLGR).

Figure 33: step 8 in IP

interface

31
9. From the tool bar we select the water saturation tool then the window of the
water saturation analyses we click OK ,

Figure 34: step 9 in IP

interface
10. Now we set the temperature with the depth, now click Run.

Figure 35: step 10 in IP

interface
32
11. Now the logs of the well will be appeared.

Figure 36: step 11 in IP

12. interface
From tool bar we select cross plot tool then put the value of x, y, z1, z2 and
click OK.

Figure 37: step 12 in IP

interface

33
13. The cross-plot chart appeared.

Figure 38: step 13 in IP interface

1.3 Technical approach of contour map

The steps below explain the working method to drawing a contour mapping for each
layer of reservoir layers in Buzurgan oil field:

1. We take a white sheet and drop the wells position on it from the original field map
of 21 wells.
2. We define the well numbers and write them on the wells that have been dropped.
3. We take the depths of the tops of the formation to be drawn (like Mc2 for BU1 =
4015.5)
4. Then we subtract the depth from the KB (like 4015.5 – 55(KB) = 3960).
5. We drop the depths that were extracted after the subtraction processes and we drop
them on the wells that are put on the sheet.
6. Now we choose the suitable contour interval (like 20).
7. Find the lower depth and start draw from less of this depth, make dashed circles.
8. Draw the circles to the last depth by increasing 20 degree ( circle 1 = 4020 meter
depth and circle 2 = 4040).
9. After we finish drawing the circles, we put the depths number on the sheet.
10. We put the key of map and the name of the formation.
11. We repeat the point for the all formation (6 formation).
34
CHAPTER THREE
Result and discussion
3.1 Results of Mishrif formation
BU-1:

Table 3: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well1

Mishrif Top Bottom Cutoff porosity Permeability

formation unit Depth Depth (%) (md)
MA1 3749 3771.6 1.98 2

MB11 3804.5 3841.7 1 1.5

MB12 3855.7 3864 0.95 0.2

MB21 3877.3 3954.3 5.5 0.2

MC1 3954.3 4015.5 7.8 2

BU-2:
Table 4: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 2

Mishrif Top Bottom Permeability

Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth Depth (md)
MB21 3904 3983.8 1.8 0.2

BU-3:
Table 5: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 3

Mishrif Top Bottom Permeability

Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth Depth (md)
MC1 3910.5 4002.6 10.5 7
MC2 4002.6 4037 15.5 5

35
BU-4:
Table 6: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 4

Mishrif Top Bottom

Cutoff porosity (%) Permeability(md)
formation unit Depth Depth
MB12 3832 3836 12.5 1.1
MB21 3848 3936 2.5 0.3
MC1 3936 4017.8 8 2

BU-5:
Table 7: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 5

Mishrif Bottom
Top Depth Cutoff porosity (%) Permeability(md)
formation unit Depth
MB12 3825 3912 12 3

BU-6:
Table 8: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 6

Mishrif
Bottom
formation Top Depth Cutoff porosity (%) Permeability(md)
Depth
unit
MB21 3795.5 3878.5 0.1 5.3
MC1 3878.5 3960 0.061 0.4
MC2 3960 3995 0.138 10.01

36
BU-7:
Table 9: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 7

Mishrif Top Bottom Permeability

Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth Depth (md)
MB21 3840.5 3926.5 2.1 9.95

BU-9:
Table 10: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 9

Mishrif Bottom Permeability

Top Depth Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth (md)
MC1 3954.3 4015.5 1.75 3

BU-10:
Table 11: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 10

Mishrif Top Bottom

Cutoff porosity (%) Permeability(md)
formation unit Depth Depth
MB21 3821.5 3903 2.5 0.055
MC1 3903 3988.5 10.5 3
MC2 3988.5 4017.5 3 0.075

BU-11:
Table 12: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 11

Mishrif Top Bottom Permeability

Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth Depth (md)
MB12 3804.5 3819 2.75 0.05
MB21 3825 3916.5 2 2
MC1 3916.5 4006.5 2 0.6

37
BU-14:
Table 13: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 14

Mishrif
Top Bottom Cutoff
formation Permeability(md)
Depth Depth porosity(%)
unit
MC1 3893.5 3961 2.1 0.05

BU-15 :
Table 14: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 15

Mishrif Top Bottom Permeability

Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth Depth (md)
MC1 3954.3 4015.5 1.5 0.05

BU-18:
Table 15: Mishrif formation Sub-divisions unit of Well 18

Mishrif Bottom Permeability

Top Depth Cutoff porosity (%)
formation unit Depth (md)
MB11 3756.5 3790.5 4.3 1.01
MB12 3802 3811 16.6 2.8
MB21 3921 3984 0.2 0.118
MC1 3984 4029 4.9 0.2

38
Table 14: layers of mishrif formation

Layers of Cutoff Average Average Average water

mishrif porosity porosity permeability saturation
MA 0.05 9.64 1.81 0.38

MB11 0.033 10.586 4.961 0.43

MB12 0.042 12.6 17.15 0.48

MB21 0.062 16.428 29.323 0.28

MC1 0.041 13.103 35.22 0.45

MC2 0.052 10.78 17.022 0.5

39
3.2 Relationship between porosity and permeability in Mishrif formation

Figure 39. well BU-1

Figure 40. Well BU-2

Figure 41. well BU-3 Figure 42. Well BU-4

40
 y = 0.1e0.2218x
BU6
100000

10000

1000

100
K

10

0.1

0.01
0 20 40 60 80
PHI

Figure 44. Well BU-6 Figure 43. Well BU-5

Figure 46. Well BU-9

Figure 45. Well BU-7

41
 Figure 47. Well BU-10 Figure 48. Well BU-11

Figure 49. Well BU-14 Figure 50. Well BU-15

42
 Figure 51. Well BU-18

3.3 Digitizing Results

Figure 52: map after digitize 43

Figure 53: BU -1 logs and crossplot
44
interface
Figure 54: BU -2 logs
interface

45
Figure 55: BU -7 logs and crossplot
interface

46
Figure 56: BU -9 logs and crossplot
interface 47
Figure 35: BU -10 logs
interface

Figure 57: BU -10 logs

interface

Figure 58: BU -11 logs

48
interface
Figure 59: BU -12 logs and crossplot
interface

49
Figure 60: BU -13 logs and crossplot
interface
50
Figure 61: BU -16 logs and crossplot
interface 51
Figure 62: BU -18 logs
interface

52
Figure 63: BU -21 logs
interface

53
3.4 Discussion:
After careful studies and examination of the above information and data, the following
has been identified .It is clear from the lithology interpretation of a Mishrif formation
in the Buzurgan field that the ma layer contains a very small percentage of porosity
and also contains sandstone in some wells that also clay in varying proportions as in
well 15, 13, 17 As for mb11 this layer contains Porosity and sandstone is higher than
the MA layer, but in well 15 it contains a ratio of clay.. MB21 is the best reservoir
within the Mishrif formation as it contains a high percentage of porosity compared to
other layers and it has a high proportion of sandstone but in well 15, 17 it contains a
percentage of clay. As for the layer of cm1, cm2, the porosity is very small, as they
contain a percentage of clay in well 17.15. In well 2. It is clear from the lithology
drawing that it does not contain porosity... Well 6 MA does not contain porosity, MB
11 and MB12 contains a high percentage of silt and a small percentage of clay, whereas
MC 21 contains little porosity and mc1 whose porosity is less compared to mb21 and
MC 2 the porosity is minimal very. in well 18, in Mishrif formation there is a high
percent of silt and in mB21 there is a good percent of sandstone ,in BU 1 there is a
good percent of sandstone in MA , MB 21 , mC1 in BU 6 there is sandstone only in
mb21 and small amount in mc1 , in BU 7 there is missing in data for the formation
above MB 21 and there is a good percent of sandstone in MB21 layer ,in BU 19 high
percent of silt and there is sandstone in MB 21 and small percent in MC 1 and MC 2.
It is possible to conduct other studies and compare the two studies to more closely
check the results. Therefore, we cannot take a single study and rely on it.

54
 CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Integrated reservoir management
What, How and When to collect data?

To answer this question, we must follow an integrated approach of data collection

involving all functions from the beginning. Before collecting any data, we should asked
the following questions:

• Are the data necessary, and what are we going to do with these data? What decisions
will be made based on the results of these data collection?

• What are the benefits of these data, and how do we devise plan to obtain the necessary
data at the minimum cost? f the work team work as one person to arrive to one goal,
the process of reservoir management will success

4.2 Cutoff porosity and net formation thickness

In producing petroleum reservoirs, a lower limit of porosity and permeability exists
below which oil production is not economically significant. The reasons are that the
volume of oil contained in low porosity rock is limited, and the rock is not conducive
to flow due to relatively low permeability that is generally associated with low
porosity. The limiting value is known as cutoff porosity. Typical porosity cutoff points
are found to be around 5% in conventional oil reservoirs. Hence, only the portion of
the geologic formation showing greater porosity is considered in reservoir performance
predictions. An implicit fact is that the geologic intervals with higher porosity have
better permeability. However, it must be mentioned that many tight and unconventional
reservoirs have lower porosity and are often produced through a network of natural and
induced fractures. The concept of cutoff porosity leads to the introduction of net
thickness as opposed to gross thickness of a geologic formation in estimating oil and
gas reserves. Net thickness represents the portion of the hydrocarbon-bearing
formation that can be produced by conventional means where porosity is relatively
high. Typical values of the net to gross thickness ratio are in the range of 0.65–0.85.

56
4.3 Formation evaluation and digitize process
As a result from this chapter, first we learnt how to use Didger software to digitize
contour lines from an old image contour maps and use the data (X,Y,Z) to plot it in
Surfer program. Second, we use IP software to plot Buzergan field wireline logs, and
how to use the software formulas to calculate water Saturation, V.Shale and lithology.
A cross plot has been plotted between bulk density and porosity to check our results
with the trends.

4.4 Contour map

We use contour maps as inputs for many petroleum software such as the Petrel software
or any other software for sketch the reservoir's geological model. Where these maps
are converted from the graphic format to the digital format and then used as inputs into
the software where it is easy to interpret. Usually software like (Didger, Surfer) are
used to complete the process of converting maps from image to digital before they are
entered into the Petrel software. But in recent versions of the Petrel software, this
process is automatically done inside the software.

These maps are used to draw the geological model of the reservoir, where contour maps
are the basis for many formation evaluation process or development plans, in addition
to petro physical properties data that are collected from reservoirs using wells logs or
wells test or core analysis. And then distribute these petro physical properties to the
geological model, and thus determine or distribute the best sites for the wells,
determine the depth of the reservoir, the depth of the wells, the distance between a well
and a well, and also determine the thickness of the layers, which layers are produced,
and the type of lithology in each layer. Also, when developing development plans for
reservoirs, where the best sites for drilling injection wells are identified, for example.
Or when predicting the performance of the reservoir, when drawing the dynamic
model.

57
4.5 Reference
• Integrated-Petroleum-Reservoir-Management, Abdus Stter ,Textbook
• Reservoir Engineering Handbook (Fourth Edition, 2010) - Tarek Ahmed.pdf.
• Modern Petroleum Reservoirs Management, Dr. AL-Delaimi shallal N.M.
• Enhanced Oil Recovery SPE Textbook Series, Green &Willhite1998
• Donaldson Erle Enhanced Oil Recovery Fundamentals
• Latil M. Enhanced Oil Recovery

58