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Revista Mexicana de  Ingeniería  Química (ISSN 1665-2738) publishes original research articles, with the
aim of promoting rapid communication of relevant research in the several disciplines within Chemical
Engineering and its interfaces with other engineering disciplines. The contents of the journal are
directed to researchers, academics, students and decision makers.

The covered topics are:

Thermodynamics; Catalysis, kinetics and reactors; Simulation and control; Transport phenomena;
Safety; Process engineering; Biotechnology; Food engineering; Sustainable development;
Environmental engineering; Materials; Applied mathematics and Education.

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Citation Index®; Journal Citation Reports, Science Edition, 2018 Impact factor: 1.068, 5 year impact
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21/2/2020 Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019 | Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química

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Home / Archives / Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019

Published: 2019-06-01

Biotechnology
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21/2/2020 Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019 | Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química

A NEW MULTI-STRESS RESISTANT Wickerhamomyces anomalus: ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND

BIOETHANOL FERMENTATION POTENTIAL
I.U. Haq, A. Nawaz, Z. Manzoor, A.U. Rehman, H. Mukhtar, M.N. Aftab, Y. Arshad
841-849

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COCOA SHELL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENDOGLUCANASE BY Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110
IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
P.C. Oliveira, A.R. de Brito, A.B. Pimentel, G.A. Soares, C.S.V. Pacheco, N.B. Santana, E.G.P. da Silva, A.G. de A.
Fernandes, M.L.O. Ferreira, J.R. Oliveira, M. Franco
777-787

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21/2/2020 Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019 | Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química

Vaccinium leucanthum SCHLECHTENDAHL FRUIT, A NEW SOURCE OF DIETARY FIBER AND

ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS
J.A. Sánchez-Franco, A. Ayala-Niño, R. Cariño-Cortés, A.D. Hernández-Fuentes, A. Castañeda-Ovando, R.G.
Campos-Montiel, A. Román-Guerrero, R. Jiménez-Alvarado
901-911

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USE OF HYDROLYSATE FROM AGAVE BAGASSE FOR BIO-HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN MICROBIAL

ELECTROLYSIS CELLS
R. García-Amador, S. Hernández, I. Ortiz, B. Cercado
865-874

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21/2/2020 Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019 | Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química

CO-DIGESTION OF Agave angustifolia Haw BAGASSE AND VINASSES FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION
FROM MEZCAL INDUSTRY
A.V. Gómez-Guerrero, I. Valdez-Vazquez, M. Caballero-Caballero, F. Chiñas-Castillo, R. Alavéz-Ramírez, J.L.
Montes-Bernabé
1073-1083

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APPLICATION OF SYNERGISTIC PHENOMENA FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE USING

FUNGAL CONSORTIUM UNDER SUBMERGED FERMENTATION
R. Abdullah, S. Akram, M. Iqtedar, A. Kaleem, F. Saleem, T. Iftikhar
1207-1216

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In vitro SIMULTANEOUS ACCUMULATION OF MULTIPLE HEAVY METALS BY Prosopis laevigata

SEEDLINGS CULTURES
L. Buendía-González, F. Cruz-Sosa, M.E. Rodríguez-Huezo, C.E. Barrera-Díaz, C. Hernández-Jaimes, J. Orozco-
Villafuerte
1167-1177

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BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF MIXTURES OF AMMONIUM, PHENOL, CRESOL ISOMERS, AND SULFIDE

IN A SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR
L.I. Suárez-García, F.M. Cuervo-López, A.-C. Texier
1189-1202

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INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL laccase PRODUCING FUNGAL SPECIES AND ITS SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY
BY WET AND DRY LAB
M. Aftab, A. Tahir, T. Asim, A. Nawaz, Y. Saleem
1233-1243

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IRON BINDING AND ANTITHROMBOTIC PEPTIDES RELEASED DURING THE FERMENTATION OF

MILK BY Lactobacillus casei SHIROTA
F. Guzmán-Rodríguez, L. Gómez-Ruiz, G. Rodríguez-Serrano, S. Alatorre-Santamaría, M. García-Garibay, A. Cruz-
Guerrero
1161-1165

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TIME-EFFICIENT pH-BASED METHOD TO QUANTIFY THE ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE AND HALO-

ALKALINE PROTEASES
R.B. Martínez-Pérez, M.A. Camacho-Ruiz, I. Estrada-Alvarado, V. Armenta-Pérez, R.M. Camacho-Ruíz
1063-1071

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Food Engineering

EFFECT OF A CORN STARCH COATING OBTAINED BY THE COMBINATION OF EXTRUSION PROCESS

AND CASTING TECHNIQUE ON THE POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF TOMATO
P.R. Fitch-Vargas, E. Aguilar-Palazuelos, M.O. Vega-García, J.J. Zazueta-Morales, A. Calderón-Castro, A. Montoya-
Rodríguez, C.I. Delgado-Nieblas, I.L. Camacho-Hernández
789-801

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WATER AND PHYTOCHEMICALS DYNAMIC DURING DRYING OF RED HABANERO CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum chinense) SLICES
J.A. Olguín Rojas, L.A. Vázquez-León, M.A. Salgado-Cervantes, G. Fernandez-Barbero, A. Díaz-Pacheco, M.A.
García-Alvarado, G.C. Rodriguez-Jimenes
851-864

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EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVE AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL COMPOUNDS DURING SOY MILK

FERMENTATION WITH Lactobacillus plantarum BAL-03-ITTG AND Lactobacillus fermentum BAL-
21-ITTG
C. Mendoza-Avendaño, R. Meza-Gordillo, S.L. Ovando-Chacón, M.C. Luján-Hidalgo, M.A. Ruiz-Cabrera, A.
Grajales-Lagunes, V.M. Ruiz-Valdiviezo, F. Gutiérrez-Miceli, M. Abud-Archila
967-978

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SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER, Microcystis aeruginosa, AND

MICROCYSTIN-LR BY PRE-OXIDATION AND COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION PROCESSES
J.L. Sandoval-Reyes, R.M. Ramírez-Zamora
889-900

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INFLUENCE OF PAPRIKA (Capsicum annuum L) ON QUALITY PARAMETERS AND BIOGENIC AMINES

PRODUCTION OF A RIPENED MEAT PRODUCT (CHORIZO)
R.P. Carmona-Escutia, J.E. Urías-Silvas, M.D. García-Parra, E. Ponce-Alquicira, S.J. Villanueva-Rodríguez, H.B.
Escalona-Buendia
949-966

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Quality and novel indicators of commercial life in Valencia oranges (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
D.A. Macías-Ojeda, C. Cervantes-Arista, C. Pelayo-Zaldívar, H.B. Escalona-Buendía, I. Alia-Tejacal, J.A. Mendoza-
Espinoza, L.L. Rodríguez Verástegui, F. Díaz de León-Sánchez
979-994

 pdf

OPTIMIZATION OF β-CAROTENE FROM ‘ATAULFO’ MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) BY-PRODUCTS

USING ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
G. Mercado-Mercado, E. Montalvo-González, J.A. Sánchez-Burgos, R.M. Velázquez-Estrada, E. Álvarez-Parrilla,
G.A. González-Aguilar, S.G. Sáyago-Ayerdi
1051-1061

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MICROENCAPSULATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF PALM

(Acrocomia aculeata) WINE
M.C. Luján-Hidalgo, I. E. Rustrian-Castellanos, C. Arias-Castro, F. A. Gutiérrez-Miceli, M. A. Rodríguez-Mendiola,
N. A. Mancilla-Margalli, M. Abud-Archila
1245-1259

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MICROENCAPSULATION OF BIOCOMPOUNDS FROM AVOCADO LEAVES OILY EXTRACTS

C.P. Plazola-Jacinto, V. Pérez-Pérez, S.C. Pereyra-Castro, L. Alamilla-Beltrán, A. Ortiz-Moreno
1261-1276

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Catalysis, kinetics and reactors

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MODELLING OF CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS IN A TUBULAR REACTOR

M. Romero-Flores, M.V. Sillas-Moreno, E. Trejo, A. Montesinos-Castellanos
803-812

 pdf

Transport phenomena

EFFECT OF THE ROTATING REFERENCE FRAME SIZE FOR SIMULATING A MIXING STRAIGHT-BLADE
IMPELLER IN A BAFFLED STIRRED TANK.
A.D. De La Concha-Gómez, J.J. Ramírez-Muñoz, V.E. Márquez-Baños, C. Haro, A.R. Alonso-Gómez
1143-1160

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NON-ISOTHERMAL MATRIX BLOCKS HEATING UNDER CONSTANT HEAT FLUX

R.G. Suarez-Suarez, S.H. Hejazi, C.E. Scott
1211-1221

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Environmental Engineering

DEGRADATION OF DDT, ENDRIN, AND ENDOSULFAN IN POLLUTED-SOILS BY ZERO-VALENT IRON

(Fe0) AND ZERO-VALENT IRON-COPPER (Fe0-Cu0) TREATMENT
I. Ortiz, A. Velasco
875-888

 pdf

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21/2/2020 Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019 | Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química

EFFECT ON DISCOLORATION BY NONTHERMAL PLASMA IN DISSOLVED TEXTILE DYES: ACID BLACK

194
C. Torres-Segundo, J. Vergara-Sánchez, P.G. Reyes-Romero, A. Gómez-Díaz, M.J. Rodríguez-Albarrán, H.
Martínez-Valencia
939-947

 pdf

PHOTODEGRADATION OF ERIONYL DYE IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM BY SUNLIGHT AND PALLADIUM

CATALYSTS
G. Pérez-Osorio, F. Hernández-Aldana, J.C. Mendoza Hernández, J. Arriola-Morales, M. Castillo-Morales, S.N.
Gutiérrez-Martin, J.M. Gutiérrez-Arias
1027-1035

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BIOREMEDIATION METHODS ASSISTED WITH HUMIC ACID FOR THE TREATMENT OF OIL-
CONTAMINATED DRILL CUTTINGS
M.L. Interiano-López, V.A. Ramírez-Coutiño, L.A. Godinez-Tovar, E. Zamudio-Pérez, F.J. Rodríguez-Valadez
929-937

 pdf

REMOVAL OF CONGO RED DYE USING ELECTROCOAGULATED METAL HYDROXIDE IN A FIXED-BED

COLUMN: CHARACTERIZATION, OPTIMIZATION AND MODELING STUDIES
S.I. Suárez-Vázquez, J.A. Vidales-Contreras, J.M. Márquez-Reyes, A. Cruz-López, C. García-Gómez
1133-1142

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CFD ASSISTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC FLOCCULATORS

C.E. Llano-Serna, J.A. Coral-Portillo, J. Fontalvo-Alzate, O.A. Prado-Rubio
995-1015

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Process engineering

PRODUCTION OF 1,3-PROPANEDIOL FROM CRUDE GLYCEROL: BIOPROCESS DESIGN AND

PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
S. Espinel-Ríos, J.E. Ruiz-Espinoza
831-840

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21/2/2020 Vol 18 No 3 (2019): September-December, 2019 | Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química

SIMULATION AND SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF CELLULOSE PRODUCTION VIA IONIC

LIQUIDS
C.A. Vasquez, M. Marulanda, M. Sánchez, J.C. Cruz
1037-1050

 pdf

VOLUMETRIC POWER INPUT AS A RELIABLE PARAMETER FOR SCALE-UP FROM SHAKE FLASK TO
STIRRED-TANK BIOREACTOR: PRODUCTION OF A RECOMBINANT GLYCOPROTEIN BY Streptomyces
lividans
R.A. Gamboa-Suasnavart, L.D. Marín-Palacio, L. López-Griego, M.S. Córdova-Aguilar, N.A. Valdez-Cruz, M.A.
Trujillo-Roldán
1085-1099

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Materials

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CONDUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF TOPOLOGICAL INSULATORS OF Bi2Se3 BY THE P-N

HETEROJUNCTION OF Bi2Se3/BiOCl
M. Evaristo-Vázquez, M.L. Hernandez-Pichardo, E. Rodríguez-González
813-823

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QUANTUM WELLS BASED STRUCTURES TESTED BY PHOTOREFLECTANCE ANISOTROPY

SPECTROSCOPY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
J.V. González-Fernández, R. Díaz de león-Zapata, E. Flores-García, J. Ortega-Gallegos
825-830

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EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE PARTICLES VIA SILANIZATION

UNDER PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN/POTATO-STARCH FILMS
J.A. Gonzalez-Calderon, J. Vallejo-Montesinos, H.N. Martínez-Martínez, R. Cerecero-Enríquez, L. López-Zamora
913-927

 pdf

EVALUATION OF ELABORATION PARAMETERS OF A SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE OF CASSAVA

STARCH ON THEIR PERFORMANCE IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULATOR
A.A. Arrieta Almario, J.M. Mendoza-Fandiño, P.L. Arrieta-Torres
1203-1210

 pdf

SPHEROIDAL ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY SEMICONTINUOUS PRECIPITATION

METHOD AT LOW TEMPERATURES
S. López-Cuenca, J. Aguilar-Martínez, M. Rabelero-Velasco, F.J. Hernández-Ibarra, L.C. López-Ureta, M.A.
Pedroza-Toscano
1179-1187

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Polymers

RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF PLASMA POLYMERIZED IODINE-DOPED POLYPYRROLE PARTICLES

SUSPENDED IN SOLUTIONS OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN.
O. Fabela-Sánchez, L. Medina-Torres, J. Morales-Corona, R. Mondragón-Lozano, A. Díaz- Ruíz, H. Salgado-
Ceballos, M.G. Olayo, G.J. Cruz, C. Ríos, R. Olayo
1119-1132

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Thermodynamics

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CO2 TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR IN THE GAS COOLER DURING VARIABLE
START-UP CONDITIONS OF A TRANSCRITICAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
J.F. Ituna-Yudonago, J.M. Belman-Flores, F. Elizalde-Blancas, V. Pérez-García, O. García-Valladares, I. Carvajal-
Mariscal
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1101-1118

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Energy Engineering

36 MONTH PERFORMANCE OF 60 KWP PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN MEXICO CITY

Y. Matsumoto, C. Norberto, J.A. Urbano, R. Dorantes, H. González, N. Pitalúa-Díaz, R. Asomoza, M.L. Olvera, R.
Peña
1017-1025

 pdf

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 Vol. 18, No. 3 (2019) 1133-1142
Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química
REMOVAL OF CONGO RED DYE USING ELECTROCOAGULATED METAL
CONTENIDO
HYDROXIDE IN A FIXED-BED COLUMN: CHARACTERIZATION, OPTIMIZATION
AND
Volumen 8, número MODELING
3, 2009 STUDIES
/ Volume 8, number 3, 2009

REMOCIÓN DEL COLORANTE ROJO CONGO USANDO HIDROXIDO METÁLICO

ELECTROCOAGULADO EN UNA COLUMNA DE LECHO FIJO:
213 Derivation and application of the Stefan-Maxwell equations
CARACTERIZACIÓN, OPTIMIZACIÓN Y ESTUDIOS DE MODELADO
S.I. Suárez-Vázquez(Desarrollo y aplicación de las 2ecuaciones de Stefan-Maxwell)
1 , J.A. Vidales-Contreras , J.M. Márquez-Reyes2 , A. Cruz-López1 , C. García-Gómez2 *
Stephen Whitaker
1 Univ. Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Cd. Universitaria, Av. Universidad S/N, C. P. 66455,
San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.
2 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Agronomía, Francisco Villa S/N, C. P. 66050 General Escobedo,
Biotecnología / Biotechnology
Nuevo León, México.
245 Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo
Received: October 1, 2018; Accepted: November 5, 2018.
intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos
Abstract (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil
The reuse of a Metal Hydroxide Sludge generated by an electrocoagulation process was used as an adsorbent for the removal
of Congo red dye in a fixedand bed
sediments)
column. The obtained adsorbent was characterized by N2 physisorption, Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy and S.A.
scanning electron microscopy-EDS
Medina-Moreno, S. Huerta-Ochoa,measurements. Continuous
C.A. Lucho-Constantino, L. column experiments
Aguilera-Vázquez, were carried out
A. Jiménez-
with a Central Composite González
Design (CCD) to study parameters
y M. Gutiérrez-Rojas such as adsorbent mass (4-8 g), initial concentration of Congo red
(20-50 mg·L−1 ) and feed flow (20-50 mL·min−1 ) in the breakthrough time, breakthrough volume and saturation time. The high
259 Crecimiento, sobrevivencia y adaptación de Bifidobacterium infantis a condiciones ácidas
value of the correlation coefficient and the low value of p (<0.0001) indicates the adequacy of the response surface of quadratic
models developed for the variable
(Growth,responses inadaptation
survival and the optimization process. The
of Bifidobacterium capacity
infantis of adsorption
to acidic conditions)under conditions optimized
in the operation of the column was estimated at 3.57 mg·g−1 . In addition, it was found that the Thomas, Bohart-Adams and
L. Mayorga-Reyes, P. Bustamante-Camilo, A. Gutiérrez-Nava, E. Barranco-Florido y A. Azaola-
Yoon-Nelson models adjusted adequately to the column data obtained.
Keywords: Adsorption, dye, Espinosa
congo red, EMHS, central composite design, fixed-bed column.
Resumen 265 Statistical approach to optimization of ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the
La reutilización de un lodopresence
de hidróxido metálico generado por un proceso de electrocoagulación se utilizó como un adsorbente
of Valfor® zeolite NaA
para la eliminación del colorante Rojo Congo en una columna de lecho fijo. El adsorbente obtenido se caracterizó por mediciones
de fisisorción de N2 , espectroscopia infrarroja
(Optimización de transformada
estadística de Fourier
de la fermentación y microscopía
etanólica electrónica
de Saccharomyces de barrido
cerevisiae - EDS. Se
en presencia de llevaron
a cabo experimentos continuos en columna con
zeolita Valfor® zeolite NaA)
un diseño compuesto central (CCD) para estudiar parámetros como la masa
adsorbente (4-8 g), la concentración inicial de Rojo Congo (20-50 mg·L−1 ) y el flujo de alimentación (20-50 mL·min−1 ) en
G. Inei-Shizukawa,
el tiempo de ruptura, el volumen de rupturaH.yA.elVelasco-Bedrán, G. F. Gutiérrez-López
tiempo de saturación. El alto valorand
delH.coeficiente
Hernández-Sánchez
de correlación y el bajo
valor de p (<0.0001) indican la idoneidad de los modelos cuadráticos de superficie de respuesta desarrollados para las variables
respuestas en el proceso de optimización.
Ingeniería de procesos La capacidad
/ Process de adsorción en condiciones optimizadas en el funcionamiento de la
engineering
columna se estimó en 3.57 mg·g−1 . Además, se encontró que los modelos de Thomas, Bohart-Adams y Yoon-Nelson se ajustaron
271 Localización de una planta industrial: Revisión crítica y adecuación de los criterios empleados en
adecuadamente a los datos de la columna obtenidos.
Palabras clave: Adsorción,esta decisión rojo congo, EMHS, diseño central compuesto, columna de lecho fijo.
colorante,
(Plant site selection: Critical review and adequation criteria used in this decision)
J.R. Medina, R.L. Romero y G.A. Pérez
1 Introduction pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics, where a large
amount of this dye is released into the aquatic system,
particularly in dyeing and finishing processes (Mall
Congo Red (CR, sodiumsalt of benzidinediazo-bis-1- et al., 2005). CR contains an aromatic structure with
naphtylamine-4-sulfonic acid) is a highly toxic water- rings of benzene and naphthalene, which gives it high
soluble diazo anionic dye (Namasivayam and Kavitha optical, thermal and physicochemical stability, which
2002). It is widely used in different industries such makes it difficult to degrade by conventional methods
as textiles, plastics, rubbers, printing, leather, paper, (Mittal et al., 2009).
* Corresponding author. E-mail: celestino.garciagm@uanl.edu.mx
https://doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbi/revmexingquim/2019v18n3/SuarezV
issn-e: 2395-8472

Publicado por la Academia Mexicana de Investigación y Docencia en Ingeniería Química A.C. 1133
 Suárez-Vázquez et al./ Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química Vol. 18, No. 3 (2019) 1133-1142
The discharge of industrial effluents containing
this type of dyes influences the natural appearance of
the rivers, causes toxicity and has a negative impact on
aquatic life due to interference with the transmission
of sunlight that decreases the action of photosynthesis
(Mendoza-Basilio et al., 2017, Inguez-Fern et al.,
2011). Therefore, there is a need to design efficient
methods for the removal of CR from aqueous effluents
(Cervantes-Avilés et al., 2017).
Various physical, chemical and biological
methods such as adsorption, flocculation/coagulation,
sonochemical, photochemical, precipitation,
membrane, electrochemical, catalytic or ozonation
(Kumari et al., 2016; Annadurai et al., 2002) (Lachheb
et al., 2002; Shan et al., 2015; Lei et al., 2016;
Lin et al., 2015) have been widely used in the
elimination of CR from residual effluents, but their
effectiveness or economic advantage remains currently
a major problem. Adsorption is considered superior
to other techniques because it is economical, with
high performance and easy operation (Téllez-Pérez
et al., 2017). The investigations are directed to use
low cost adsorbents such as the reuse of agricultural
or industrial waste (Aldana-Espitia et al., 2017), in
this sense a candidate is an Electrocoagulated Metal
Hydroxide Sludge (EMHS), which is obtained from
an electrocoagulation process, where aluminum or
iron electrodes are oxidized that release hydroxides
from these metals. These materials are considered
a waste that can cause environmental and public
health affects if not properly managed. The EMHS
can be used to remove effluent dyes by electrostatic
attraction or surface complexation, what becomes
the motivation of this investigation. When the
implementation of an adsorption process is required
for the treatment of considerable quantities of effluent
and the implementation on an industrial scale, the
use of fixed bed columns of continuous flow can
satisfy this need (Corral-Escarcega et al., 2017).
The response surface methodology (RSM) is a
mathematical and statistical techniques tool with the
purpose of developing, optimizing and improving
industrial products and processes. This strategy
is based on experimental designs which are used
to determine the significant factors that affect an
experiment, among them are a three-level factorial
design, central composite design (CCD) and Box-
Behnken (Bezerra et al., 2008). The objective of this
work was to investigate the suitability of the reuse of
Electrocoagulated Metal Hydroxide Sludge (EMHS)
as an adsorbent and to examine the ability to adsorb the
CR dye in aqueous solution by continuous operation.
1134 www.rmiq.org
Experiments were carried out in a fixed-bed column
to investigate the effect of the column parameters
(initial CR concentration, adsorbent mass and feed
flow). The column study was optimized using the
response surface methodology. Two different models
were applied, the BDST and the Thomas model for
the column study.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Adsorbent material
The adsorbent used in this study was obtained
from a pilot electrocoagulation (EC) plant using
aluminum electrodes. For this proposes, well water
was treated to remove silica at a concentration
of 49.63 ± 1.8 mg L−1 , and the electrocoagulation
process was able to decrease the concentration to
6.93±5.85 mg L−1 when a current of 140 A,
conductivity of 750 mS cm−1 and a flow rate of
35 L min−1 was used. The waste sludge obtained
after EC was clarified, sedimented, centrifuged, dried,
crushed and finally a particle size of 35-40 mesh
(geometric diameter of 0.4018 mm) was selected for
the experiments.
2.2 CR solutions
The stock solution of Congo Red (Molecular
weight = 696.665 g·mol−1 , Molecular formula =
C32 H22 N6 Na2 O6 S2 ) was prepared by dissolving 1 g of
CR powder in 1 L of distilled water. All CR solutions
for the experiments were prepared by diluting the
stock solution (1 g·L−1 ). Prior to the addition of
EMHS, the initial pH of the experimental solution was
adjusted to the desired experimental conditions with
the appropriate amounts of solutions of 0.1 M HCl or
0.1 M NaOH. The concentration of CR in the sample
was analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer
(Genesys 10S, ThermoFisher Scientific, USA) at a
maximum wavelength of 497.5 nm.
2.3 Characterization of the adsorbent
The identification of the phases present in the
adsorbent material was carried out by means of the X-
ray diffraction (XRD) technique using an Empyrean
Panalytical Ltd. equipment equipped with Cu Kα
radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å).
 Suárez-Vázquez et al./ Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química Vol. 18, No. 3 (2019) 1133-1142
Additionally, the average crystallite size (d s ) was
calculated using the Scherrer equation (Luo et al.,
2016):
Kλ
ds = (1)
β cos θ
where d s corresponds to the average crystallite size, K
is the Scherrer constant (0.89), K corresponds to the
wavelength of the X-rays (1.54 Å), β is the broadening
at half of the maximum intensity (FWHM) and θ is the
Bragg angle. On the other hand, the morphology of
the particles as well as the elemental composition of
the adsorbent material were analyzed by the scanning
electron microscopy technique coupled with a detector
for microanalysis by energy dispersion by X-rays
(SEM-EDS) JEOL 6510 LV, JEOL Ltd. For SEM
analysis the sample was placed over carbon conductive
tape and then sputtered with Au-Pd in order to prepare
a conductive sample. The SEM images were taken by
high vacuum mode using secondary electron analysis,
while EDS spectra were carried out at 20 kV and
14 mm of work distance.
The surface characterization was carried out by
means of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
technique coupled to a total attenuated reflectance
device (ATR-FTIR) in the range of 630 cm−1 to
4000 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1 . To perform the
analysis, the samples were mixed with KBr in a 1: 100
ratio and pressed to form a thin circular capsule.
Finally, the textural properties of the adsorbent
were characterized by the N2 physisorption technique
using an Auto-sorb 3B Quantachrome Instruments.
Additionally, the specific surface area was calculated
using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method.
2.4 Column adsorption
Adsorption experiments were carried out on a fixed
bed column of cylindrical borosilicate glass material,
with an internal diameter of 2 cm and 70 cm in
height. The study was carried out at room temperature
(24 ± 1°C) with a natural initial pH of the CR dye
of 6.38 ± 0.23. A glass wool filling was placed
at the bottom of the column as a support for the
packed adsorbent to avoid material loss and achieve
a good distribution of the fluid during the operation.
At the beginning, the columns were washed with
distilled water for one hour to eliminate air bubbles.
Subsequently, the solution of the CR dye of known
concentration was pumped in a continuous downward
flow through the column using a variable flow
peristaltic pump. Samples were collected at the exit
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of the column at particular time intervals and the
concentration of CR in the effluent was analyzed as
mentioned above. The experiment was stopped when
the concentration of CR in the effluent was equal to
90% of the initial concentration
2.5 Experimental analysis
A CCD was used to determine the factors that
affect the adsorption in a fixed bed, and to
obtain the optimized values that will give the best
CR elimination. Three independent variables were
selected, such as, mass of adsorbent (m), initial
concentration of CR dye (C0 ) and feed flow (Q), since
they are significant factors that affect an adsorption
process in a column process. The variable responses
were breakthrough time (tb ), breakthrough volume
(Vb ) and saturation time (t s ). The breakthrough
time was established as the time required for the
concentration of the dye in the effluent stream to
reach 50% of the concentration of the feed. The
breakthrough was the volume treated at tb and was
estimated using the following equation:
Vb = Q ∗ tb (2)
where Q is the flow velocity of the dye solution
trough the column (ml·min−1 ). The saturation time
was considered when the exit CR concentration was
90% of the initial CR concentration. A two-level
randomized factorial CCD was designed for the three
independent variables using Design-Expert software
(trail version 7, Stat-Ease, Inc., MN). A total of 20
experiments were performed according to the CCD
matrix.
2.6 Dynamic models
The description of the dynamic behavior of the
adsorbate adsorption on the adsorbent is important
for the design of a continuous adsorption process
in a fixed bed column. To predict the breakthrough
curves and to determine the characteristic parameters
of the column, mathematical models have been
developed for use in the design of continuous fixed bed
adsorption columns. In this work, the Thomas, Bohart-
Adams and Yoon-Nelson models were used to predict
the effectiveness of the column process.
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3 Results and discussion
3.1 Characterization of EMHS
Fig. 1a shows the X-ray diffractograms obtained
from the adsorbent material. The EMHS shows
peaks characteristics of boehmite, AlO(OH) with
orthorhombic structure according to the card ICDD
01-074-2897. Also from the diffractograms shown in
Fig. 1a, the crystallite sizes of the adsorbent material
were calculated using the peak signal (020) located at
14,421 in 2θ as previously reported (Luo et al., 2016)
resulting in an average of 3.3 nm in the crystallite
size. Fig. 1b shows the ATR-IR spectra of the EMHS.
In these spectra a broad peak is observed above
3000 cm−1 (3200 - 3600 cm−1 ) in addition with a weak
peak located at 2050 cm−1 attributed to the vibrations
by tension and flexion of the OH and a combination
band with water respectively (18-19). Within the
width of this peak, the point of greatest absorbance
located at 3311 cm−1 is identified, which, associated
with the shoulder at 1064 cm−1 , corresponds to the
vibrational modes of stress and deformation of the
OH respectively, both peaks are characterstic of the
boehmite (Koichumanova et al. 2015; Hajjami et al.,
2016) confirming the formation of this phase. This
Figure also shows a remarkable peak at 954 cm−1
attributed to the Si-OH bond (Hajjami et al., 2016;
Zhang et al., 2018). The presence of Si is attributed to
the type of well water used in the electrocoagulation
process where the EMHS was generated.
Fig. 1. Characterization of EMHS: a) X-ray diffraction, b) ATR-FTIR c) SEM, and d) elemental analysis.
1136 www.rmiq.org
In Fig. 1c and 1d SEM-EDS analysis is presented.
Fig. 1c shows the particle size distribution of the
adsorbent material in addition to the presence of
heterogeneous morphology with a rough surface.
Additionally, in Fig. 1d the elemental analysis of
the adsorbent material is presented confirming the
presence of Al and O mainly followed by a 9.5 wt% of
Si which coincides with the notable peak at 954 cm−1
observed in Fig. 1b.
Finally, based on adsorption-desorption N2
isotherms, the textural properties (namely, the
absorption efficiency of nitrogen, the specific surface
area, the total pore volume and the average pore
diameter) of the EMHS are summarized in Table
1. This value of surface area and pore volume
are considerably higher than boehmite prepared in
previous reports for similar application (Granados-
Correa and Jiménez-Becerril 2009; Dubey et al. 2017)
or even another materials as, acid activated sepiolite
fibers, recently reported for its good performance
in the adsorption of Congo red attributed to its
high surface area and pore volume (Zhang et
al. 2018). According with these previous reports
boehmite prepared in this work by electrocoagulation
process possess acceptable textural properties for its
application as adsorbent material.
Table 1. Textural properties of EMHS.
Textural Property Value
Surface Area 302 m2 .g−1
Average Pore Size 98.16 Å
Total Pore Volume 0.74 cc.g−1
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Table 2. Experimental range and levels of independent variables in column studies.

Notation Variable Unit Range and levels (coded)
-α -1 0 1 +α
X1 Adsorbent dose g 2.64 4 6 8 9.36
X2 Initial mg.L−1 9.77 20 35 50 60.23
concentration
X3 Flow rate mL·min−1 9.77 20 35 50 60.23

Table 3. Experimental conditions and results for the adsorption of CR on EMHS.

Run m (g) C0 Q tb Vb ts
(mg.L−1 ) (mL.min−1 )
1 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 8 280 15
2 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 8 280 14
3 8.00 (+1) 50.00 (+1) 50.00 (+1) 10 500 33
4 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 60.23 (+α) 3 180.96 18
5 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 8 280 15
6 8.00 (+1) 20.00 (-1) 50.00 (+1) 22 1100 36
7 9.36 (+α) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 15 525 35
8 2.64 (-α) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 4 140 7
9 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 7 245 15
10 4.00 (-1) 20.00 (-1) 50.00 (+1) 8 400 22
11 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 9.77 (-α) 68 664.36 122
12 4.00 (-1) 20.00 (-1) 20.00 (-1) 40 800 82
13 4.00 (-1) 50.00 (+1) 20.00 (-1) 16 320 48
14 8.00 (+1) 20.00 (-1) 20.00 (-1) 72 1440 128
15 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 8 280 16
16 6.00 (0) 9.77 (-α) 35.00 (0) 25 875 58
17 6.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 35.00 (0) 7 245 14
18 8.00 (+1) 50.00 (+1) 20.00 (-1) 25 500 66
19 4.00 (-1) 50.00 (+1) 50.00 (+1) 6 300 18
20 6.00 (0) 60.23 (+α) 35.00 (0) 2 70 12

3.2 Column adsorption studies

The experimental ranges together with the levels
of variables that were evaluated in the continuous
flow system are shown in Table 2. The results are
obtained by performing continuous flow adsorption
experiments according to the CCD matrix which are
presented in the Table 3.
3.3 Development of the model and its
validation
The response variables breakthrough time (tb ),
breakthrough volume (Vb ) and saturation time (t s ) are
expressed as a function of independent variables in
coded terms, in a multiple regression model with the
following equations:
tb = 7.52 + 5.67X1 − 9.06X2 − 15.84X3 − 4.12X1 X2
− 2.88X1 X3 + 7.13X2 X3 + 1.63X12 + 3.05X22
+ 10.82X32
(3)
Vb = 260.19 + 173.36X1 − 254.37X2 − 115.18X3
− 120X1 X2 + 10X1 X3 + 90X2 X3 + 75.95X12 (4)
+ 125.41X22 + 107.79X32
t s = 14.5 + 10.26X1 − 13.21X2 − 28.55X3 − 3.37X1 X2
− 4.37X1 X3 + 11.13X2 X3 + 4.39X12 + 9.34X22
+ 21.72X32
(5)

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It was observed that, X1 , X2 , X3 , X2 X3 , X22 and
X32 were significant terms in the model for tb . The
value F = 26.11 with a low probability value p-
value < 0.0001 and a R2 = 0.9592 indicated that
the regression model was statistically significant for
tb . For the model of Vb , the variables X1 , X2 , X3 ,
X12 , X22 and X32 were significant. The model showed
a value F = 9.20 with a low probability value p-
value 0.0009 and a R2 = 0.8923. In the case of the
model t s , the variables X1 , X2 , X3 , X2 X3 , X12 , X22
and X32 had statistical significance with a high value
F = 47.94, low probability value p-value < 0.0001
and R2 = 0.9743, made the model t s , statistically
significant.
Fig. 2. Experimental versus predicted values for a)
breakthrough time, b) breakthrough volume, and c)
saturation time.
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Therefore, the ANOVA analysis indicated the
applicability of the models to predict the response
variables (tb , Vb and t s ) for the continuous adsorption
of CR in a fixed bed column by EMHS within the
limits of the experimental range evaluated. The good
fit of the models was also verified by the correlation
coefficient between the experimental values and the
values predicted by the models of the response
variables (Fig. 2), where it is observed that the points
are close on a straight line of 45 degrees, which
confirms the fit to the models.
3.4 Combined effect of process variables
3.4.1 Effect of adsorbent dose and initial
concentration in breakthrough time
The combined effect of the adsorbent dose and initial
concentration of CR in the breakthrough time is
shown in the contour plot of Fig. 3a. With the
experimental range evaluated, it is observed that the
breakthrough time decreased with the increase of the
initial concentration of the CR dye and increased
with the gain of the adsorbent dose. This behavior
is due to the fact that an increase in the amount
of adsorbent bed generates a greater availability of
active sites for the adsorption process. In this way the
CR dye contaminant molecules experienced a longer
contact time with the adsorbent material, making the
breakthrough time longer.
3.4.2 Effect of adsorbent dose and flow rate in
breakthrough time
The effect composed of the flow velocity and the
amount of adsorbent is a significant role in the
breakthrough time, therefore, Fig. 3b represents a
contour diagram showing the combined effect of
these two variables with the breakthrough time for
the continuous adsorption of CR by EMHS. The
breakthrough time increased with a decrease in the
flow velocity, while it increased with an increase in
the adsorbent dose. This effect can be observed by
increasing the residence time of a process, thus giving
a longer contact time to the polluting molecules in the
column.
3.4.3 Effect of initial concentration and flow velocity
in breakthrough time
The contour graphic of Fig. 3c shows the simultaneous
effect between the initial CR concentration and the
flow velocity with the breakthrough time.
 Suárez-Vázquez et al./ Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química Vol. 18, No. 3 (2019) 1133-1142
Fig. 3. Response surface contour plots for
breakthrough time as a function of the independent
variables: a) Adsorbent dose and Initial concentration,
b) Adsorbent dose and Flow rate, and c) Initial
concentration and Flow rate.
Considering the experimental range, the
breakthrough time decreased with increasing both
the initial CR concentration and the flow velocity in
the system. This is due to the fact that an adsorbent
material has a number of active sites, which saturate in
a shorter time due to the greater presence of molecules
at the entrance of the process. In the same way,
increasing the flow rate decreases the residence time
of the CR solution through the column, which means
that the contaminating molecules do not have enough
time to capture the available sites on the adsorbent
surface.
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Fig. 4. Desirability ramp for numerical optimization.
3.5 Optimization
To maximize the response variables, a numerical
optimization was used. As a standard, the objectives
for each independent variable were selected “in
the range”, while the desired objectives in terms
of breakthrough time, breakthrough volume and
saturation time, were defined as “maximize”. The
desirability ramp for the numerical optimization
diagram is presented in Fig. 4 from the results,
a breakthrough time of 67.71 min, a breakthrough
volume of 1312.2 mL and a saturation time of 120.83
min can be predicted with a desirability of 0.929
with the following optimal conditions: adsorbent dose
of 8 g, initial concentration of 20 mg.L−1 and a
flow rate of 20 mL.min−1 . In order to confirm
the adequacy and reproducibility of the statistically
optimized conditions, these results were compared
with the profile obtained in run 14 of the experimental
matrix, which satisfies the optimized conditions, Fig.
5. As a result, a breakthrough time of 72 min, a
breakthrough volume of 1440 mL and a saturation
time of 128 min, therefore, the values are very close
to those predicted in this study obtained. The results
suggest that the developed system is an attractive and
powerful alternative solution for the improvement of
the CR continuous adsorption system by EMHS.
3.6 Modeling the data in column
3.6.1 Thomas model
The Thomas model is one of the most commonly used
models to describe the performance of a column and
the prediction of breakthrough curves.
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Table 4. Dynamic parameters for the CR adsorption according Thomas, Bohart-Adams and Yoon-Nelson models.
Thomas Bohart-Adams Yoon-Nelson
kT h =0.00413mL.min−1 .mg−1 KBA = 7.1 × 10−4 L.mg−1 .min−1 kY N =0.0826 min−1
q0 =3.57 mg.g−1 NBA =9.01 mg.L−1 τ =75.86 min
R2 =0.9611 R2 =0.9795 R2 =0.9611

This model follows Langmuir’s adsorption- were obtained from the slope and the intersection,
desorption kinetics and assumes a negligible axial respectively, of a linear graph of ln C0C−C
0
t
against t.
dispersion in the adsorption of the column, since the
driving force of the speed obeys to the reversible
kinetics of the second order, considering that the
3.6.3 Yoon-Nelson model
adsorption is not limited by the chemical reaction,
but is controlled by mass transfer in the interface
The Yoon-Nelson model assumes that the rate of
(Granados-Correa et al., 2009). The linearized
decrease of the adsorption probability for each
equation of the Thomas model can be expressed by:
adsorbate molecule is proportional to the adsorption
! probability and the adsorbate advance probability in
C0 kT h q0 m
ln −1 = − kT hC0 t (6) the adsorbent (Fu et al., 2015). The linear equation can
Ct Q
be expressed by:
where kT h (mL.min−1 .mg−1 ) is Thomas’s constant
rate; q0 (mg.g−1 ) is the absorption in equilibrium of C0
!
the adsorbate per g of the adsorbent; C0 (mg.L−1 ) ln = kY N t − τkY N (8)
C0 − Ct
is the concentration of the adsorbate at the inlet; Ct
(mg.L−1 ) is the output concentration at time t; m (g)
the mass of adsorbent, Q (mL.min−1 ) the flow rate and where kY N (min−1 ) is the velocity constant, τ (min)
t (min) the flow time. With a linear representation of is the time required to observe an advance of 50%
ln(C0 /Ct − 1) against time t, the values of kT h y q0 adsorbate. The parameters kY N y τ of the model
were determined from the slope and the intersection were obtained from the slope and the intersection,
of the graph, respectively. The experimental data of the respectively, of the graph of ln C0C−C
0
t
against t. These
column adsorption was adjusted to the Thomas model factors can be visualized in table 4.
to determine the Thomas velocity constant (kT h ) and The fitting of the obtained experimental column
the equilibrium concentration (q0 ). The results of the data to different models has been compared in terms
calculated coefficients are listed in Table 4. of R2 values. The correlation coefficients (R2 ) obtained
from the models of Thomas, Adams-Bohart and Yoon-
3.6.2 Bohart-Adams model Nelson show that they are suitable kinetic models to
describe the adsorption of CR on EMHS in a fixed bed
The Bohart-Adams model is generally used for the column.
description of the initial part of the breakthrough curve
(Yagub et al., 2014). The linearized equation can be
expressed as follows:
!
Ct KBA N0 Z
ln = kBAC0 t − (7)
C0 U
where, N0 (mg.L−1 ) is the adsorption capacity of
the column, U (cm.min−1 ) is the linear velocity,
KBA (L.mg−1 .min−1 ) is the constant of the Bohart-
Adam model and Z (cm) is the height of the bed
of the column. The Adams-Bohart adsorption model
was also applied to the experimental data for the Fig. 5. Breakthrough curve for dynamic adsorption of
description of the advance curves, and the results CR by EMHS in optimal conditions (m= 8 g, C0 = 20
are presented in Table 4. The values of kBA and N0 mg.L−1 , Q= 20 mL.min−1 )

1140 www.rmiq.org
 Suárez-Vázquez et al./ Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química Vol. 18, No. 3 (2019) 1133-1142

The value of R2 was slightly higher on Bohart- Acknowledgements

Adams than for Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models
Sincere thanks are extended to the National Council
under the same experimental conditions. Also, the
of Science and Technology (CONACYT, Spanish
time required to achieve 50% dye breakthrough
acronym) from the support provided in the form
obtained experimentally (τ) were quite closer to that
of postdoctoral fellowship No. 290941 to Celestino
obtained by Yoon- Nelson model as observed from
García-Gómez.
Fig. 5. All these findings confirmed that Thomas,
Adams-Bohart and Yoon-Nelson model fitted well to
the obtained breakthrough data. Similar observations
were reported by the adsorption of dyes in a fixed-
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