LAVA FLOW

A product of the quiet effusion of molten rock or magma from beneath a volcano. Having a
temperature that ranges 700 to 1200 C .

Lava flow is not worrisome because it has extremely low speed, and because of that it seldom
cause deaths directly but it is a threat and harmful to the property and the environment. We study lava
flows not only for the dangers they bring but also for the wealth of knowledge they give us about the
nature and activity of volcanoes.

Generation of Magma

The heat comes from the sinking of the materials that make up the core. The radioactive decay
contributes also to the heat inside the earth.

Lava Effusion and Explosive Eruptions

As magma rises to the surface where the pressure is less, gases dissolved in the magma expand.
The volume of the gas expands as pressure is reduced.
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS = TEPHRA QUIET ERUPTIONS = LAVA

The amount of gas involved: type of material comes out in the volcano, type of landform a
volcano made of and viscosity of magma (depends on the composition and temperature of magma)
HIGH VISCOSITY = HIGHER SILICA CONTENT
VISCOSITY INCRESEAS = DECREASING MAGMA TEMPERATURE

TYPES OF LAVA FLOW

BASALTIC LAVA = LOW VISCOSITY

c: thin flows with smooth surface

ANDESITIC LAVA = INTERMEDIATE

c: viscous nature, its surface is comprised with smooth sided fragments and its flow are called
block lava flows

RHYOLITIC LAVA = HIGH

c: associated with violent eruption involving pyroclastic flows

SHEET FLOW
c: surface textures ranging from ropy to striated and also associated with violent eruptions

PILLOW LAVA
c: pillow shaped rock, formed by the sudden cooling of lava that is deposited undersea.

EFFECTS OF LAVA FLOW

Bring damage or total destruction to land and property by burying, crushing or burning
everything in their paths. Not just cars and house but also vegetation.

MITIGATING LAVA FLOWS

Stay away from lava flow zones

VOLCANI GASES

VOLCANO GENERATION

Gas = volcano work

A. Typhoon

 Typhoon is a severe weather disturbance characterized by strong winds and heavy rains which
revolve around a central low pressure area.
 It is the most powerful tropical cyclone and it is consisted of three types according to their
sustained-wind speed
1. Tropical Depression – its wind can speed up to 62kph
2. Tropical Storm – its wind can speed up to 63-11 kph
3. Typhoon – its wind can speed greater than 118kph; if came from the northeast Pacific
and it is called “Hurricane” but if came from the Northwest Pacific it is called “Super
Typhoon”
 The term “typhoon” came from the Chinese word “tai fung” which means strong winds and its
local name here in the Philippines is “bagyo”

Here in the Philippines we are abundant of tropical depression with a yearly average of 19 entering
and 6 to 9 making land fall which affect mostly all the area of the Philippines.

Effects of Tropical Cyclones

 Strong winds
 Storm Surge
 Heavy rains

Measure for Mitigating the destructive effects of typhoon

1. Determining areas prone to typhoon-related disasters

2. Implementing legislation involving land use planning, zoning, and building standards
3. Weather forecasting and monitoring
4. Effective public typhoon warning system (PWS)
 PWS #1 – winds of 30- 60 km/h are expected within the next 36hrs
 PWS #2 – winds of 61- 120 km/h are expected within the next 24hrs
 PWS #3 – winds of 121- 170 km/h are expected within the next 18hrs
 PWS #4 – winds of 171-220km/h are expected within the next 12hrs
 PWS #3 – winds more than 221 km/h are expected within the next 12hrs

B. Storm Surge

 Storm surge- increase of sea water level due to intense winds and lowered atmospheric
pressure

Factors that influence the build- up of water level During a Storm surge

1. Storm Intensity (Wind speed)

- related to the wind speed of a storm

- the stronger the winds associated, the higher the storm surge formed
 2. The pressure effect

- influenced by atmospheric pressure that results in a higher storm surge level

- lowered atmospheric pressure and wind speed are causes of storm surge formation

3. Size

- a larger diameter will form a higher storm surge as a result of longer duration and also
with larger area coverage it becomes difficult of the surge to escape

4. Storm forward speed

- a higher velocity will produce a higher surge form and a lower velocity is more efficient
in producing a higher and broader storm surge

5. Angle of approach to coast

- the angle by which the tropical cyclone hits the amount if surge formed. When it hits
the coast perpendicularly it will more likely form a higher storm surge

6. The effect of the earth’s rotation

- tendency for ocean currents deflected as the earth’s rotation called Coriolis Effect.
When tropical cyclone form in Northern hemisphere the surged will the largest in forward
portion and also in Southern hemisphere forms a largest surge in left- forward portion.

7. The rainfall effect

- water levels can rise quickly due to volumes of rainwater from watersheds in higher
elevation areas

8.Geometry of coastal area (bathymetry, topography, shape, and local features)

Bathymetry- appearance of ocean or sea bottom resulting from the variation in depth

Topography-influence due to wide, low- lying areas and a few meters above sea level.

Shape of the coastline- when a tropical cyclone is higher hits a concave coastline affect
the behavior of storm surge due to funneling effect a space of water being dumped by strong
winds

Man-made and natural local features- affect the flow of water of water and behavior
like the sea walls, breakwaters, mangroves, coral reefs and etc.

9. Timing

- timing play an important role such as when storm surge coincides with high
astronomical tide this resulting surge is higher

Storm Surge Risk- Reduction Measures

1. Storm surge prediction, hazard map preparation, and zoning

2. Construction of storm surge barriers

3. Wetland protection What to do in the Event of an Implementing Storm Surge

 Keep listening to official warnings of storm surge through television or radio.

 Find the nearest safe high ground where you can evacuate an area that high in
elevation.
 Bring only what is important and essential
 Your planned route of evacuation should avoid streams, drainage channels, and others
conduits.
 Example of Storm Surge On November 8, 2013 typhoon Yolanda was already
being closely monitored by her. The people were prepared for the arrival
and has evacuated but most people were not prepared for the storm. Due
to the strong winds their houses are damage and reported more than 6000
dead, more than 1000 missing and almost 30000 injured

C. Thunderstorm

• is a type of weather disturbance that is violent and do not last long. • associated with
cumulonimbus clouds

• involves lightning and thunder, strong winds, intense rainfall, tornadoes and hail (occur
occassionally).

• occurs in equatorial regions

• happen mostly in the afternoon or evening during summer because of a certain atmospheric
condition that is related to a maximum dytime heating.

3 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FORMATION OF THUNDERSTORMS:

1. Moisture (water vapor)

2. Unstable, rapidly rising mass of warm air

3. Strong upward current of air (updraft)

THUNDERSTORM LIFE CYCLE

1. Developing or Cumulus Stage - upward growth of a cumulus cloud due to the continuous updraft and
supply of moisture. It lasts up to 10 minutes. Accompanied by occasional lightning and very little rain.

2. Mature Stage - initiation of strong downward current of air (downdraft) and by precipitation. It lasts
up to 10 to 20 minutes. Produces heavy rain, frequent lightning and thunder, tropical cyclones, and
occasionally hail.

3. Final or Dissipating Stage - when updrafts are prevented by the cool air of the dominant downdrafts in
the lower portion of the cloud. It lasts less than an hour. Causes very minimal damage.

HAZARDS
 LIGHTNING - is an abrupt, natural, visible high-voltage electrical discharge which takes place
when positive and negative charges join within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the
ground. It is usually followed by thunder.

Thunder - acoustic effect of sudden expansion of air caused by the heat released during a
lightning strike.

Lightning Strike - if lightning hits an object on the ground.

Cloud-to-Ground Lightning - refers to the most dangerous type of lightning. Involves negative
charge from cloud coming in contact with the positive charge on the ground.

Effects of lightning

1. Humans - has estimated annual death of 2000 people.

• Directly- cause harm to people through contact between the main lightning channel and the
person's body of the conductor the person if touching.

Causes: severe external and internal burns, exposure of flesh and bones, damage to
organs, damage to nervous system, electrocution.

• Indirectly- causes harm when electric charges from the ground flow to a person's body
through his or her feet instead of flowing toward the lightning channel.

Causes: electric shock, electrocution, induce surges withing nervous system, disturbs
normal function of body.

• Secondary effects- these are effects like fires and explosions.

Causes: injuries to casualties

2. Infrastructure- lightning strikes produces acid rain and may also cause fires. Acid rain causes
deterioration of building made of concrete and weakens the structure. Fires causes damage to wood
and other flammable structure.

3. Technology - when lightning strikes hits overhead power and telephone cables, satellite dishes, and
antennas, it could result on power surges which leads to damaging various electronic devices and
appliances.

4. Environment - lightning strikes that hits forest can cause wildfires. Thus is because of the flammable
material and little precipitation. It also produce heat and pressure wates that damages the tissues of
small plants. Acid rain may also increase the acidity of soil and aquatic environment which causes death
of organisms.

Safety Rules Danger Indoors

1. STAY INDOORS

2. 3 Seconds delay of lightning and thunder = 1kl

3. Avoid staying nearby or watching through windows and glass doors.

 4. Avoid contact with conductors

Danger Outdoors

1. GO OUTDOORS only after at least 30mins from the last thunder roar.

2. Avoid open vehicle and unenclosed structures when seeking shelter.

3. Do not use an umbrella.

4. Avoid coming close to metal and non-metal isolated objects.

5. Avoid direct contact with water.

 HAIL - type of solid precipitation.

 Hailstone- a piece of layered, rounded or irregularly-shaped ice produced
during thunderstorms.
 Hailstorm- when thunderstorm produces hail.

Formation • Formed when high amount of moist warm air ascends very quickly into
thunderstorm clouds with proportion above freezing level.

Factors Favoring Hail

1. Lower temperature

2. Stronger updrafts

3. Shorter distance between the clouds and high grounds.

Hazards Caused by Hailstorms

• Create dents or abrasions on automobiles
• May initiate corrosion and it may leak
• Cracking or breakage of glass
• Pose hazards to aircraft operation
• Destroys sensitive crops

 TORNADOES & WATERSPOUTS - narrow, funnel of cylindrical shaped, and intensely rotating
columns of wind that form during thunderstorms and extend from the base of a cumulonimbus
cloud down to earth's surface. Ipo-ipo or buhawi.

Formation • Formed when instability occurs in lower atmosphere due to encounter of warm, moist
winds and cool, dry winds coming from different directions and speeds.

Safety Tips According to NOAA, "Get in, Get down, Cover up"

 DOWNBURST -relatively small, localized sources of violently descending strong winds that travel
along straght-line paths during thunderstorms.

Formation • Formed when the thunderstorm cloud is not able to contain the weight of precipitation.
It rapidly falls and creates acceleration of a downdraft that nears the earth's surface.
 Damages
• May cause aircrafts to nosedive or crash.
• Destroy unstable structures.
• Vehicles may be blown away.
• Damages vegetation’s.

 FLASH FLOOD - severe, slow-moving thunderstorms pouring a large amount of precipitation over
a very limited areal extent. Common in highly populated urban areas.

Formation • Formed when rain-falls on a low-lying area where there is low infiltration and where
drainage channels doesn't have enough capacity to allow large amount of water to run-off from the
area.

Damages
• Destroy vegetation
• Damage vehicles, small buildings, and bridges
• Causes widespread soil erosion
• Landslides

D. Flooding

 is the abnormal rise of water level in rivers, coastal areas, plains, and highly urbanized centers
which may be a result of natural phenomena, human activities or both.
 flooding can cause damage to property and can result to loss of lives.
 flooding duration can be as short as few minutes but can take as long as several days or even
weeks to subside.

Primary Flood Types and Causes

•Riverine - when the level of water flowing through rivers increases and goes beyond the
average water level, or worse, further encroaches levels,

 the type of flooding is riverine. - extreme and sustained rainfall is one cause of riverine
flooding where large amount of precipitation can cause flooding because the volume of
water input can sometimes be too much for the capacity of rivers to drain the water and
for the ground to absorb the water.

•Estuarine and coastal - occur when the seawater encroaches low-lying land that is usually still
above sea level flooding in these areas can be a result of storm surge. Flooding can also be caused by
unusually high tides. Astronomical high tide is a short-term sea-level rise caused by the gravitational pull
of the sun and the moon on the earths water coastal and estuarine areas, the lowest portions of land,
are the most susceptible of high tide

•Urban flooding – usually occurs in highly populated areas set on relatively low-lying areas like
valleys and plains.

 -is largely result of saturation of the ground due to too much rainfall and the presence
of large areas of impermeable surfaces like concrete pavements and rooftops. - is
largely due to man-made causes.
 •Catastrophic flooding – may result from ground failure and/or major infrastructure failure.

 an example of infrastructure failure, which usually accompanies ground failure but can
also be result of engineering design miscalculation, is the breakage of dams and levees
which hold back large volume of water.
 sudden release of large volumes of water from behind dams and levees can inundate
communities downstream and cause loss of lives and damage to properties.

•Flash floods – a rapid, short-lived, and violent arrival of large volume of water which can be
caused by intense localized rainfall on land that is saturated or unable to absorb water.

 may occur due to the collapse of infrastructure such as dams. - are most deadly because
of the time they happen without warning

Destructive Effects of Flooding

1 Primary effect – which result from direct interaction of humans and their property with flood
waters. primary effects of flooding include loss of lives and damage to amenities and loss of access to
basic necessities. damage to infrastructures.

2 Secondary effect – short term, immediate, but indirect consequences of flooding. May include
power loss, domestic and potable water shortage.

3 Tertiary effect – long term indirect consequences of flooding. economic hardships at the local
and national levels. flooding may also significantly affect wildlife habitat in rural places