Name:- Ahmad Sajjad

GEN-01
Roll no:-1708881006
A.I.T-SAP

AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR POOR INDIA

Abstract: - This research paper aims to study the rural housing problem in India. Based on the learnings, the research
paper tries to propose an accessible and sustainable model to alleviate the housing needs problem.
Keywords: Schemes, Customers, Execution of work.

INTRODUCTION:-
Housing is an arduous problem across the world, especially in developing countries like India. Apart from being one of
the three basic necessities of life, adequate housing helps to address an important social determinant of health and
prevent diseases, injury and death, provides security and increases household and National income. It has become a top
priority for the Government and the society at large to address this issue. This would lead to a shortage of 25 Million
housing units – 99% of it being in the Economically Weaker Section and the Low Income Housing space. Rural areas
of India in general are in great distress today because of continued apathy and neglect from the policy makers and
scholars. Farm sector, non-farm sector, basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity, water, irrigation facilities;
development of agro-processing industries etc. have been left lurching for prioritization.
Lack of public funds during the early planning era has compelled the policy makers to adopt the overarching
philosophy of the growth pole theory, with the hope that the benefit of the urban-centric development will percolate
into rural hinterland progressively. Unfortunately, that didn’t happen. Not only the physical infrastructure, but also
social infrastructures such as education and health have remained ignored. Thus, the rural areas have been bypassed by
the successive economic revolutions that have made India a vibrant economic superpower (Bhide Et Al 2009). The
overall result is immensely debilitating.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Housing Situation in Rural India

Housing being one of the most basic needs of humanity demands focused attention of the policy makers. But, before
critically analyzing the Government’s plans, policies and programmes; in this section, to portray the situation in
perspective. The housing situation of Rural India is discussed in general and that of the deprived sections in particular.
With this, this paper attempts to argue why rural housing requires more focused policy direction and
programmes.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Housing Stock and its Condition

Census of India 2011 has enumerated a number of census houses, their condition and uses to which they were put.
Table 1 presents the number of Census Houses which are classified as occupied, vacated and locked houses. At the time
of the Census (2011), there were a total of 331 million houses (66.7 percent) in India, out of which 221 million (66.7
percent) were in rural areas and 110 million (33.3 percent) were in urban areas. Of the total census houses, 306 million
(92.5 per cent) were occupied and 24.7 million (7.5 per cent) were vacant. Besides, 1.3 million houses were occupied
but found to be locked. Thus, out of the total 331 million census houses, the census provides information on the
condition and usage for only 304.9 million (92.2 per cent) houses (Table 1). Out of these 304.9 million houses, 236
million houses (77.4 percent) were used for residential purposes, 8.5 million houses (2.8 per cent) were used as
residence-cum-other use and remaining 60 million houses (19.8 percent) were used as institutional purposes such as
shop, office, school, college, hotel, lodge, guest house, hospital, factory, places of worship etc.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha,
2016)

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What is affordable housing? Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable for those with
income below the average household income. In India, affordable housing is provided for low income people, middle
income people and economically weaker sections who have considerably low levels of income (urban areas).
Affordable housing is a key issue in developing countries like India where the majority of the population is not able to
buy houses because of the high market price. Affordable housing in rural and urban housing sector need differently
tailored policies as land is the main constraint in the urban areas.(Tojo Jose, no date)

Need for the promotion of affordable housing in India : As our country is going through an economic
transition characterised by demand for better housing facilities, there is a widening gap between the demand for houses
and its availability. Both in the urban and rural areas, there is a lack of proper housing facilities. As per the Report of
the Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage (2012), there is a huge gap in demand and supply of
urban housing both in the urban and rural areas. According to the Technical Group Report, two low income categories –
economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income group (LIG) accounted for 96 per cent of the total housing
shortage in India. Given the need for houses and the increasing trend of urbanisation, housing facilities in urban areas
have to be expanded. With the current progress of urbanisation, around 40% of the country's population is expected to
live in urban areas by 2030. In the context of the estimation of affordable housing needs, housing shortages are
calculated (Planning Commission methodology) by adding:
a) excess of households over housing stock,
b) the number of households residing in unacceptable dwelling units
c) those residing in unacceptable physical and social conditions due to overcrowding and congestion factor
and
d) the houseless households.
Hence, it means that there is obsolescence (of houses), congestion factor and homeless factor in estimating new housing
demand.(Tojo Jose, no date)

Why Low Cost Housing Construction Required?:- For any nation whether developed or developing this
is mandatory for them to make their rural areas a major priority for concern. Prosperity of a nation lies in the fact that
their rural and backward areas are developed enough to fulfill the necessities of the residents living there. So, it is more
of a duty of the government and in charge authorities to look out for them and make sure that the rural housing is
developed and constructed well. With the advancements in technology and development in the construction sector this
is now possible to build Speedy and Low Cost Housing for Rural.

Are Low Cost Houses Safe? There is a myth in the minds of many people; they think that whenever
construction is accompanied with low cost the material used will always be of a low-grade quality. Well this is not the
case always. It depends on the intellect of the builder or civil engineer you are working with. He should have the ample
amount of knowledge to take such decisions which will cut the cost of the whole project. So, you should always choose
wisely when it comes to your builder or any construction company that you are trusting with the low-cost housing
project for rural areas.

Initiatives for affordable housing:- The expenditure involved in implementing the project in a span of 3 years
from 2016-17 to 2018-19 is Rs.81975 crore. It is proposed that one crore households would be provided assistance for
construction of pucca house under the project during the period from 2016-17 to 2018-19. The scheme would be
implemented in rural areas throughout India except Delhi and Chandigarh. The cost of houses would be shared between
Centre and States.

The details are as follows:-

Implementing the rural housing scheme of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana -Gramin.

a) Providing assistance for construction of 1.00 crore houses in rural areas over the period of 3 years from

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 2016-17 to 2018-19.
b) Enhancing the unit assistance to Rs. 1,20,000 in plain areas and to Rs. 1,30,000 in hilly states/difficult areas
/IAP districts.
c) Meeting the additional financial requirement of Rs 21,975 crore by borrowing through National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to be amortised through budgetary allocations after 2022.
d) Using SECC-2011 data for identification of beneficiaries.
e) Setting up of a National Technical Support Agency at national level to provide technical support in
achieving the target set under the project.

Magnitude of the housing problem: The magnitude of the problem of housing in India is quite wide. The
problem has both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. According to the 1991 census, the housing shortage was 18.5
million dwelling units, out of which 13.7 million for rural areas and 4.8 million for urban areas 41.6. % was living in
pucca houses, 30.9% was living in semi-pucca houses and 27.5% was living in kutcha houses.(Housing – Meaning,
Role and Magnitude of Housing Problem in India, no date)

The following table shows the shortage of housing in rural and urban areas:

Fig 1.population and housing shortages in india

The table indicates that rural housing shortage increased from 3.4 million in 1961 to 20.6 million in 2001. Urban
housing shortage increased from 0.9 million units to 10.4 million units during the same period. Thus total shortages
of housing increased from 4.3 million to 31.0 million dwelling units. The rate of housing construction in the country is
around 3 houses per thousand populations per year as against the required rate of 5 houses per thousand populations.

Qualitative aspect of Housing Problem: Qualitatively speaking the state of housing in India is miserable.
About 80% houses in rural areas do not have basic amenities like safe drinking water, bathroom, toilets etc. Ninth Five
year Plan has recorded the inter State variation in housing shortage. There is a large concentration in a few States. For
example Bihar accounted for one third of the housing scarcity followed by Andhra Pradesh, Assam, U.P. and West
Bengal. In 2000, about 48.7 million people were living in urban slums in unhealthy conditions. According to the Ninth
Five-Year Plan, 18.77 million houses are kutcha houses. They are thatched houses made of mud, straw and bamboo.
These are unable to face natural disasters like cyclones and floods etc.(Housing – Meaning, Role and Magnitude of
Housing Problem in India, no date)

Quantitative aspect of Housing Problem: quantitatively speaking, there is acute shortage of housing in rural
and urban areas in India. Presently, there is a shortage of 310 lakh houses in India. Out of which 206 lakh houses are in
rural areas and 104 lakh houses in urban areas.

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 Who is eligible to get a house and what is the selection procedure ? SECC data will be used for
selection of beneficiaries.Universe of eligible beneficiaries includes all the households living in kutcha houses, subject
to the exclusion process. Households having motorized two, three, four wheelers or motorized fishing boats,
mechanized three or four wheeler agricultural equipment, Govt. employee, income tax payee, any member earning Rs
10,000 per month, having refrigerator, landline phone etc are excluded .After this inclusion and exclusion criteria, the
list of households have been prioritized within each category based on houselessness, followed by the number of the
rooms.
Govt. of India has generated GP wise ranked priority list of eligible households under SC/ST and other categories and
uploaded this list in AwaasSoft MIS. This list has now been circulated in the GPs for verification.
GPs are verifying the facts based on which the household has been identified as eligible. If the inclusion has been done
based on wrong facts or if the households have constructed pucca houses, the Gram Sabha shall delete the names of
such families. The list of deleted households will form part of the Gram Sabha resolution .(‘Housing _ Panchayat &
Rural Development _ Government Of Assam, India’, no date)

Programmes for Rural Housing

Akin to the plans and policies, the rural housing schemes too have suffered neglect In terms of low fund allocation,
poor utilization, lack of monitoring and ultimately absence of a holistic rural housing policy. Some schemes, such as
house site-cum-construction, housing scheme for the SC/ST, subsidized housing for the rural poor and community
development programme. were launched but they did not give the desired result due to poor planning and approach.
The only scheme which has made some impact is the Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). The critical review of some of the key
housing programmes are discussed in the subsequent sections.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Indira Awas Yojana:- Indira Awas Yojana was initiated in 1985-1986 for the development of housing units for
the scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) and free bonded labourers in rural areas. The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
(JRY) was later incorporated in 1989 and it is still operational. It was launched as a sub-scheme of the Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) started in 1983.

Bharat Nirman Programme

Bharat Nirman Programme was launched in 2005 to boost rural infrastructure development. It covers six components -
rural infrastructure, irrigation, roads, housing, telecommunications, power and water supply. The basic idea was similar
to Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana. It aims to provide the basic amenities in rural areas to bridge the rural-urban
gap. Launched by the UPA-I government in 2005, it targeted to create 6 million rural houses for the poor. Allocation of
financial resources was prioritised to the states with higher incidence of shelterlessness. It exceeded its target as it
constructed 7.1 million houses. But, at the same time, the backlog increased to 12 million houses, which it proposed to
cover in the next 5 years (GOI, 2009).(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMGAY):- PMAY-G aims to provide a pucca house with basic
amenities to all houseless and households living in kutcha and dilapidated houses by 2022. The immediate objective is
to cover 1.00 Crore households living in kutcha house/dilapidated houses in three years from 2016-17 to 2018-19 and
ensure construction of quality houses. To address the gap in rural housing and in view of Governments’ commitment to
provide “Housing for All” by 2022, the scheme of IAY has been re-structured into Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana –
Gramin (PMAY-G) w.e.f. 1st April, 2016.

Indira Awaas Yojana has been restructured to Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin Commitment of
Government: Housing for all by 2022 Unit assistance of house - Rs 1.30 Lakh Mandatory: Toilet for Rs.12,000/- from
SBM or MGNREGA and 95 days of unskilled wage for Rs 17290 under MGNREGA. Minimum unit size 25 sq.mt
including area for hygienic cooking excluding toilet.

Salient Features of PMAY-G:-

a) Providing assistance for construction of 1.00 crore houses in rural areas over the period of 3 years from
b) 2016-17 to 2018-19.
c) The minimum unit (house) size enhanced from the existing 20 sq.mt. to 25 sq.mt including a dedicated area for

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 d) hygienic cooking.
e) Enhancement of unit assistance from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1.20 lakh in plains and from Rs 75,000 to Rs.1.30 lakh in
f) hilly states, difficult areas and IAP districts.
g) The cost of unit (house) assistance is to be shared between central and state governments in the ratio 60:40 in
h) plain areas and 90:10 for north-eastern and hilly states.
i) Identification of beneficiaries using SECC-2011 data. The identification and selection of the beneficiaries shall be
done by the community through the Gram Sabha, from the SECC 2011 list, based on the housing deficiency and
other social deprivation parameters.
j) Setting up of National Technical Support Agency at national level to provide technical support in achieving the
k) target set under the project. The beneficiaries of PMAY-G in addition to being provided financial assistance
l) shall also be offered technical assistance in the construction of the house.(‘Aims and Key Features of PMAY-G _
Prime Minister’s Schemes प्रधानमंत्री योजना’, no date)
m) .If the beneficiary so chooses, he/she will be facilitated to avail loan from Financial Institutions for an amount
of upto Rs 70,000.
n) Meeting the additional financial requirement by borrowing through National Bank for Agriculture and
o) Rural Development (NABARD) to be amortised through budgetary grant after 2022.(‘Aims and Key Features of
PMAY-G _ Prime Minister’s Schemes प्रधानमंत्री योजना’, no date)

The GP may also prepare a list of households.

Whom to contact?

Gaon Development District State

Panchayat Block

Gaon Panchayat Block Project Joint Director & State Nodal Officer (PMAY-G),Office
Secretary Development Director, of Commissioner, Panchayat & Rural Development
Officer DRDA Department, Assam

The construction of houses will be completed in 18 (eighteen) months from the release of first installment.Fund will be
released to beneficiaries in three installments. The houses will be constructed by the beneficiaries. No contractor is
allowed to be engaged.

Housing Agencies: Assessing their Role for Rural Housing

One of the basic reasons for housing shortages in rural areas is the lack of finance and housing sites. The houses for the
poor have to be cheap so that they could afford it. In order to address the problem, the Government of India has
established a few national agencies expected to act as a catalyst. In the following section, we review their role.

National Housing Bank (NHB)

National Housing Bank (NHB) is the apex financial institution to provide rural housing in India. It was established in
1988 under the NHB Act of 1987 to provide housing finance to the urban and the rural poor. It is a wholly owned
subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. The NHB does not finance rural housing directly; instead, it promotes housing
finance institutions at the local and regional levels. It includes refinance schemes funded by Government of India such
as Rural Housing Fund (RHF), Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Refinance Scheme (GJRHFS) and Productive Housing in
Rural Areas (PHIRA).The NHB is of the view that institutional credit can be made effective by the adoption of
different approaches to cater to the needs of different income groups. The higher income group can be served by raising
resources through the open market and delivering credit with minimum necessary prudential regulations by the

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 regulator. For the BPL families, the institutional credit has to be provided taking into account the employment and
poverty alleviation programmes which have an element of subsidy. The middle income group comprising almost half of
the population has to be provided financial assistance by the NHB through its refinance schemes (Vora, 1999).(Kumar,
Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Rural Housing Fund: The scheme was launched in 2008. Despite having more than 70 per cent of the total
housing shortages in rural areas, only 10 percent of the total housing finance is allocated for rural housing. In order to
provide Affordable Housing for All, a sum of Rs. 1200 crore was allocated for rural housing during the 2008 budget of
the Central Government to enhance its refinance operations in the rural housing sector. The Rural Housing Fund was
meant for the people falling under the weaker section of the society. Primary Lending Institutions (PLI) were expected
to utilize the Refinance Assistance and assist the weaker sections to have a shelter of their own by providing need-based
housing loans to them. PLIs are also encouraged to avail of refinance from NHB under its other scheme to enable
‘leverage’ of RHF so that the principal objective of increasing/upgrading housing stock in the rural areas is
served.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Empowered committee.
There shall be an Empowered Committee chaired by Secretary (RD) to approve the Annual Action Plan. The
Empowered Committee shall consist of the of following members:-
Joint Secretary (Rural Housing).

a) Adviser (Niti Aayog).

b) Representative of HUDCO.
c) Secretary dealing with Rural Housing, of the state concerned.
d) Representative of I.F.D f) The Committee may invite experts as required to assist it in its meetings.(Guideline,
1985)

Role of Gram Panchayat

a) Under the scheme of PMAY-G, Gram Panchayats have been given the most critical role to play in the actual
implementation of the scheme. These include the following:-
b) The GP finalises the priority list of the eligible beneficiaries prepared based on SECC-2011 database through Gram
Sabha
c) b) The GP through Gram Sabha prepares the list of additional beneficiaries who though eligible have been left out
from the list of eligible beneficiaries.
d) The GPs should ensure maximum participation in the Gram Sabha held to finalize the Permanent Waitlist and the
annual select list of beneficiaries.
e) They should arrange the meeting of beneficiaries either at the level of the Village Panchayat or for a cluster of
Village Panchayats, depending on the number of beneficiaries, and facilitate the orientation of beneficiaries on
different aspects of the scheme.
f) The Gram Panchayats with the help of the Gram Sabha would identify families who cannot construct houses on
their own and help in identifying NGOs/Civil Society Organizations of repute to handhold such beneficiaries to
construct the houses in time.
g) The GPs assist in identifying common land and other land including Govt land for allotment to the landless
beneficiary.
h) The GPs may facilitate the beneficiaries in accessing materials required for construction at reasonable rates and
also the trained masons needed for construction. h) The Gram Panchayats would ensure convergence with other
schemes of the Centre and State so that the beneficiary of PMAY-G avails the benefits of these schemes.
i) They should discuss the progress of the scheme in their scheduled meetings.
j) They should also proactively assist the social audit teams to conduct Social Audit. k) The Gram Panchayat should
identify and monitor the local level functionary.(Guideline, 1985)

CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE.
Unit Assistance to the Beneficiary:- Under PMAY-G the beneficiary is provided a unit assistance of Rs.1.20 lakh
in plain areas and 1.30 lakh in hilly states, difficult areas and IAP districts for house construction.

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a) Difficult areas: Those areas where due to reasons of poor availability of materials, poor connectivity, adverse geo-
morphological and climatic conditions the cost of construction is higher. The classification of an area as difficult
within a State, is to be done by the State Governments. Such classification shall be based on an existing
classification in the State under some other provision or through the use of a methodology based on objective
criteria. The Empowered Committee for the programme shall approve the state classification. For assigning the
difficult areas a Village Panchayats, may be treated as the smallest unit.
b) Hilly States: The States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are included in this category.
c) IAP Districts: Districts taken up under Integrated Action Plan of Ministry of Home Affairs.(Guideline, 1985)

Mode of Construction:- The house shall be constructed or got constructed by the beneficiary himself/herself
under PMAY-G. No contractor should be engaged by the State in construction of houses. If any case of construction
through a contractor comes to notice, the Ministry of Rural Development, it will have the right to recover the releases
made to the State for those PMAY-G houses. The house should also not be constructed by any Government
department/agency other than where specifically mentioned. The construction of the house should be completed in 18
months from the release of the first instalment. House construction can have only the following 7 stages / levels viz.,a)
House sanctioned b) Foundation c) Plinth d) Windowsill e) Lintel f) Roofcast g) Completed.(Guideline, 1985)

Sustainable Rural Housing Technologies

Sustainable rural housing technology is a method of housing construction that involves the use of cheap, environment
friendly and locally sourced materials such as bamboo, bagasse boards, fly ash based bricks, mud and lime for building
cost effective, comfortable and calamity resistant houses which provide adequate standards of living. It integrates the
use of local construction techniques suitable for the climatic and geographical conditions of a region with the elements
of modern architecture and technology, as, easy-to-use construction machinery, prefabricated components, use of
agricultural and industrial byproduct-based construction materials, and advanced architectural features that enhance the
quality and sustainability of the houses.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

The labour intensive nature of construction activities involving locally sourced materials and indigenous building
techniques can play an instrumental role in generating employment opportunities.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Organizations such as BMTPC and NBCCL are responsible for promoting sustainable housing technologies in India
through technology dissemination and distribution of cheap and sustainable construction materials. Presently rural
housing in India is severely lacking on the technical front. The housing construction patterns have changed
considerably over the years and more and more people are now opting for brick and concrete based pucca houses over
the mud and thatch kutcha houses. Local labourers and artisans undertaking the construction activities have negligible
technical know how about cost effective and environment friendly building materials and construction
techniques.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

These pucca structures are constructed without any technical support as there is a severe shortage of trained
professionals and engineers in the rural areas. Such pucca houses made without technical guidance can pose an
environmental risk and may jeopardize the life of their inhabitants due to their vulnerability to natural calamities like
storm, flood and earthquake.The communication gap between the rural sector and the Research & Development (R&D)
authorities greatly hinders the dissemination of technologies that have been developed to promote economical and
environment friendly housing.

There is a lack of linkage between the government housing schemes such as PMGAY (previously IAY) and the
building research institutions such as BMTPC (Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council) and NBCC
(National Building Construction Corporation Limited) which are responsible for providing cost effective and innovative
housing solutions through transfer of technology and distribution of cheap and environment friendly construction
materials. A large portion of the rural population is illiterate which makes it nearly impossible for them to gain access
to the technical information regarding sustainable and low cost housing.

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 Skill Development:-

Skill impartation is also very important because often houses remain incomplete and unsustainable due to the lack of
trained skilled labourers. Lack of proper skill is also a major reason behind the poor quality of houses. It also needs to
be noted that giving focus on rural housing will generate large employment opportunities in the rural non-farm sector as
currently shortages are enormous. The Government and non-government agencies may train construction workers in
short courses approved by the Technical Education Council. Gradually, such training may be made mandatory and
upgraded with new knowledge and skill. Initially such training may also be made a part of the school
curriculum.(Kumar, Deka and Sinha, 2016)

Beneficiary Selection under PMAY (G) Deals with making available theGramPanchayat-wise list of eligible
beneficiaries as per SECC- 2011 database, generating priority list of beneficiaries, search Panchayats / villages, and
beneficiaries from SECC database

Fund Management:-Captures receipt of funds from the Centre and the State and transfer of funds to the district,
blocks and transfer of assistance to the beneficiaries.

Electronic Fund Management System:- Captures the details of the State Nodal Bank account, freezing of the
bank account details of the beneficiaries, setting the signatory level and activation / deactivation of DSCs, and
generation of order sheets.

Progress of Construction:- Captures the details of the images of different levels of construction of houses taken,
verified and uploaded on AwaasSoft using “AwaasApp”.

Beneficiary Management:- Facilitates registration of the beneficiary, uploading photograph of the beneficiary,
allowing for capturing of personal details, Bank/Post Office Account number and capturing Aadhaar number,
MGNREGA Job Card Number etc.

Inspection / Verification of Houses :- Deals with the regular inspection of houses at the level of Gram
Panchayat and Block Panchayat. It also provides space for noting verification of houses by officials and monitors

Online Submission of proposal:- Allows the States to submit their proposals online to the Ministry of Rural
Development. It includes options for the preparation of an Audit report, Utilization Certificate and other documents.
The system calculates the amount to be released. Personnel Module Captures profile of officials engaged in
IAY(Guideline, 1985)

References:-

1. ‘Aims and Key Features of PMAY-G _ Prime Minister’s Schemes प्रधानमंत्री योजना’ (no date).
2. Guideline, D. (1985) ‘Five Year Plan (1974-1979). Another scheme introduced in the 4’, pp. 1–77.
3. ‘Housing _ Panchayat & Rural Development _ Government Of Assam, India’ (no date).
4. Housing – Meaning, Role and Magnitude of Housing Problem in India (no date). Available at:
http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/housing-meaning-role-and-magnitude-of-housing-problem-in-
india/2311 (Accessed: 21 April 2020).
5. Kumar, A., Deka, A. and Sinha, R. (2016) Rural Housing in India: Status and Policy Challenges. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.16047.43687.
6. Tojo Jose (no date) ‘What is affordable housing? What are the government measures to promote it? – Indian
Economy’. Available at: https://www.indianeconomy.net/post/affordable-housing-govt-measures-promote/.

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