221 - 23047 PDF

Faculty of engineering - Shoubra
Benha University
Research Article / Research Project / Literature Review
in fulfillment of the requirements of
Department Civil Engineering Department
Division Second year civil
Academic Year 2019-2020 Second term
Course name Structural Analysis 2(B)
Course code CVE 221
Title: -
Analysis Methods for Plane Statically Indeterminate
Structures
By:
Name Edu mail B.N

1 Andrew Adel Zaky androw170235@feng.bu.edu.eg 47
23047 ‫رقم الجلوس‬
Approved by:
Examiners committee Signature

Prof. Dr. Gehan Abdel Rahman Hamdy
Prof. Ibrahim Mahfouz
Dr. Ibrahim Mahdy Bazan
Prof. Anwar Badawy
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering - Shoubra
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Research objectives
 Analysis of indeterminate structures (one-dimensional structures, two-
dimensional structures).
 Solving by superposition method with examples.
 Solving by three moment equation with examples.
 Solving by virtual work method with examples.
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Table of contents
Subject / section Page
Introduction 3/4
Degree of static indeterminacy 5/7
Superposition method 7
Examples on superposition method 8/13
Three moment equation 13
Examples on three moment equation 13/24
Virtual work 24/25
Examples on virtual work 26/35
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Introduction
 What is meant by statically indeterminate structures?

Structures that can't be statically analyzed using the equations of equilibrium and the
conditional equations. Statically indeterminate structures indicate that there is at least
one more unknown reaction force, so the equilibrium conditions are insufficient to
determine the reactions and the internal forces of a structure.
 Types of indeterminate structures:
Externally Internally Externally and internally
indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate
 Externally indeterminate structures:

If the equations of equilibrium are insufficient to determine the reactions, but after
acquiring the reactions we can determine the internal forces, then the structure is
externally statically indeterminate.
Externally
indeterminate
Frame
Externally
indeterminate
beam
Externally
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 Internally indeterminate structures:

If the equations of equilibrium are sufficient to determine the reactions, but we cannot
determine the internal forces, then the structure is internally statically indeterminate.
Internally Internally
indeterminate indeterminate
beam frame
Internally
indeterminate
truss
 Externally and internally indeterminate structures:

If the equations of equilibrium are insufficient to determine the reactions, also we
cannot determine the internal forces, then the structure is externally and internally
statically indeterminate.
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Literature Review
 Degree of static indeterminacy:

The first step to solve any static indeterminacy structures is the determination of the
degree of indeterminacy. From the degree of indeterminacy, we get how many
excessive forces and moments could be analyzed in the solution.
 Degree of indeterminacy for beams:

n = degree of redundancy
r = number of reactions
c = number of equations of condition
(c = 1 for a hinge, c = 1 for roller)
h = degree of indeterminacy
if r < c + 3 → the beam is unstable
if r = c + 3 → the beam is statically determinacy
if r > c + 3 → the beam is statically indeterminate
n=r-c–3
Example:
r=6
c=1
n = 6 – 1 -3
= 2 → statically indeterminate of degree 2
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r=6
c=2
n = 6 – 2 -3
= 1 → statically indeterminate of degree 1
 Degree of indeterminacy for frames:

r = number of reactions
b = number of members
(3 unknowns / member)
j = number of rigid joints
(3 eqn. / joint)
c = number of equations of conditions
n = degree of indeterminacy
if 3b + r < 3j + c → the frame is unstable
if 3b + r = 3j + c → the frame is statically determinate
if 3b + r > 3j + c → the frame is statically indeterminate
n = 3b + r – 3j – c
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Example:
b=6
r=6
j=6
c=0
3 6 + 6 > 3 6 + 0
n = 6 → statically indeterminate
 Methods of solving indeterminate structures:
Superposition 3 moment equation Virtual work
 Superposition method:
The superposition method is specified for solving indeterminate beams only.
 Steps of solving by superposition method:

Convert the original beam into number of determinate beams where each beam carries
one load only acting on the main indeterminate beam.
For illustration:
8t
2t/m
4m 4m
8t
2t/m
+
4m 4m 4m 4m
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Solving one-dimensional structure:

 Axially loaded member (from Dr. Tarek El Salakawy sheets)
A cylindrical bar with diameter 30mm is made of two materials, steel and brass, and is
held rigidly between two walls as shown. Use the principle of super position to
consider the /problem under both the 25t load together with the +30°c raise of
temperature. (Esteel = 2000 t/cm², Ebrass = 1000 t/cm² αst = 14 * 10-6 c-1, αbrass = 18 * 10-6
c-1). steel Brass
25t
 Answer:
By using superposition method: 400mm 300mm
First step solving the 25t load alone.
Rb
steel Brass
Ra Rb
25t
400mm 300mm
Ra
Ra + Rb = 25 → (1)
∆𝑠𝑡 = ∆𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
.
𝑅𝑎∗40 𝑅𝑏∗30
. =
2000∗𝐴 1000∗𝐴
2Ra = 3Rb → (2)

From 1 & 2 we get:
Ra = 15t Rb = 10t
𝑅𝑎 15
𝜎𝑠𝑡 =
. = 𝜋 = 2.1 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴 4
∗(3)2
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𝑅𝑏 10
𝜎𝑠𝑡 =
. = 𝜋 = 1.4 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴 ∗(3)2
4
𝑃∗𝐿 15∗40
∆=
. = 𝜋 = 0.042 𝑐𝑚
𝐸∗𝐴 2000∗ ∗(3)2
4
Second step solving the raise in temperature only.
steel Brass
P P
400mm 300mm
𝛥 𝑇 = 𝛼 ∗ ∆𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 = (14 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 30 ∗ 40) + (18 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 30 ∗ 30) = 0.033 𝐶

.
−𝑃∗40 −𝑃∗30
𝛥𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
. −
2000∗𝜋∗(1.5)2 1000∗𝜋∗(1.5)2
𝛥𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −7.074 ∗ 10−3𝑃 → 𝛥𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0

.
0.033 = −7.074 ∗ 10−3𝑃

P = 4.66t
Third step superposition.
steel Brass steel Brass
4.66 4.66 15 25t 10

+
400mm 300mm 400mm 300mm
steel Brass
19.67 25t 5.33
400mm 300mm
5.33
19.67
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 Torsion shaft (from Dr. Gehan sheets)
For the shown shafts, statically indeterminate in torsion, (G = 80 GPa)

a. Draw the twisting moment diagram (T.M.D.) T2 60 knm 20 knm T1
b. Draw the twisting angle diagram. 200
c. Calculate the maximum torsional shear stress. 400 mm 500 mm 100
 Answer: 400 mm
By using superposition method:
First step solving the 60 knm load alone T2 60 knm T1
T1 + T2 = 60 knm → (1) 200
𝑇1 (600) 𝑇2 (400)
. = 400 mm 600 mm
𝐺∗𝐼𝑜 𝐺∗𝐼𝑜
4
T1 = 𝑇2 → (2) 400 mm
6
From 1 & 2 we get:

T1 = 24 knm T2 = 36 knm
First step solving the 20 knm load alone T2 20 knm

T1
T1 + T2 = 20 knm → (3) 200
𝑇1 (100) 𝑇2 (900)
. = 900 mm
𝐺∗𝐼𝑜 𝐺∗𝐼𝑜 100
T1 = 9𝑇2 → (4) 400 mm
From 3 & 4 we get:

T1 = 18 knm T2 = 2 knm
Third step superposition. 38 knm 60 knm 20 knm 42 knm

T1 = 42 knm T2 = 38 knm
200
400 mm 500 mm 100
400 mm
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T.M.D: 22
42
𝜋∗1004
J= = 15.7 ∗ 107 mm4
2
𝑇∗𝑙 −38∗106 ∗400
𝜃1 =
. = −0.0012 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐺∗𝐽 80∗103 ∗15.7∗107
38
22∗106 ∗500
𝜃2 = 𝜃1 +
. = −0.00032 𝑟𝑎𝑑
80∗103 ∗15.7∗107
-0.00032 rad
-0.0012 rad
42∗106 ∗100
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
. 𝜋 = 26.75 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
∗1004
2
 Solving two-dimensional structure:

 Simple beam (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)
Using the method of superposition draw B.M.D and S.F.D

3 t/m
5m
3 t/m
+ y
5m 5m
𝑤∗𝐿4 𝑃∗𝐿3
. =
8∗𝐸∗𝐼 3∗𝐸∗𝐼
3∗(5)4 𝑦𝑏 ∗(5)3
. =
8 3
yb = 5.625 t
ya = 9.375 t Ma = −9.375 𝑡. 𝑚
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S.F.D:
9.375 t
5.625 t
B.M.D: 9.375
4.6875
 Continuous beam (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)
Using the method of superposition draw B.M.D and S.F.D
3 t/m
4m 4m
3 t/m
8m
+ 4m 4m
y
5∗𝑤∗𝐿4 𝑃∗𝐿3
. =
384∗𝐸∗𝐼 48∗𝐸∗𝐼
5∗3∗(8)4 𝑦𝑏 ∗(8)3
. =
385 48
yb = 15 t
ya = 4.5 t yc = 4.5 t
S.F.D: 15
4.5
4.5
15
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B.M.D: 6
3 3
 3 moment equation method:

The three-moment equation method is specified for solving indeterminate beams and
frames.
 Steps of solving by 3 moment equation method:

Choosing a point of unknown moment and calculate its moment value by using the
moment at a point before and a point after it, then we use the three-moment equation
𝑴𝑳 ∗𝑳𝑳 𝑳𝑳 𝑳𝑹 𝑴𝑹 ∗𝑳𝑹 𝑹𝒂𝑳 𝑹𝒂𝑹
law: + 𝟐𝑴𝒄 [ + ]+ = −𝟔[ + ]
𝑬∗𝑰𝑳 𝑬∗𝑰𝑳 𝑬∗𝑰𝑹 𝑬∗𝑰𝑹 𝑬∗𝑰𝑳 𝑬∗𝑰𝑹
Solving two-dimensional structure:

 Simple beam (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)
Using the method of 3 moment equation draw B.M.D and S.F.D 20 KN

15 KN/m
1m
2I 8m
15 KN/m
0m
+ 20 KNm
2I 8m
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120 320
320
A = 640
RaR = 320 KN
Applying 3 moment equation:

𝑀𝐿 ∗𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅 𝑀𝑅 ∗𝐿𝑅 𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑅
. + 2𝑀𝑎 [ + ]+ = −6[ + ]
𝐸∗𝐼𝐿 𝐸∗𝐼𝐿 𝐸∗𝐼𝑅 𝐸∗𝐼𝑅 𝐸∗𝐼𝐿 𝐸∗𝐼𝑅
8 20∗8 320
0 + 2Ma[0 + ] + = −6[0 + ]
2 2 2
Ma = −130 𝐾𝑁𝑚
ya = 78.75 KN yb = 41.25 KN Xa = 20 KN
N.F.D:
20
S.F.D: 78.75
20
41.25
B.M.D: 130
20
20
65
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 Continuous beam
using the method of 3 moment equation draw B.M.D and S.F.D
43.375 KN/m’
25.875 KN/m’
5m 5.5 m
Using 3 moment equation:
225.9115 225.9115 179.3735 179.3735
A= 451.823 A= 358.747
Applying 3 moment equation:

𝑀𝐿 ∗𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑅 𝑀𝑅 ∗𝐿𝑅 𝑅𝑏𝐿 𝑅𝑏𝑅
. + 2𝑀𝑏 [ + ]+ = −6[ + ]
𝐸∗𝐼𝐿 𝐸∗𝐼𝐿 𝐸∗𝐼𝑅 𝐸∗𝐼𝑅 𝐸∗𝐼𝐿 𝐸∗𝐼𝑅
5 5.5 225.9115 179.3735
0 + 2Mb[ + ] + 0 = −6[ + ]
1 1 1 1
Mb = − 115.8 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
130 130
216.875
142.3125
82.4375 134.4375 94.8 47.5125
yb = 134.4375+ 94.8 = 229.2375 KN
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S.F.D:
94.8
82.4375
47.5125
134.4375
B.M.D: 130
32.84
70.546875
 Single-bay frame (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan lectures)
using the method of 3 moment equation draw B.M.D, S.F.D, and N.F.D
6 t/m’
B 2I
B’
3m 3m
I I
4t 4t
3m 3m
6m
A A’
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Frame is symmetric in shape & loading

4t 4t
6 t/m’
A A’
3m 3m B 6m B’ 3m 3m
Applying 3 moment equation at B:

6 6 6 4∗62 6∗63
0 + 2Mb[ + ] + 𝑀𝑏′ [ ] = −6[ + ]
1 2 2 16∗1 24∗2
Mb = Mb’
Mb = − 10.28 𝑡. 𝑚
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = −10.28
.
−4 ∗ 3 + 6 ∗ 𝑥𝑎 = −10.28
.
xa = 0.28 t
N.F.D:
3.72
18 18
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S.F.D: 18
3.72 3.72
18
0.28 0.28
B.M.D:
10.28 10.28
10.28 10.28
16.72
0.85 0.85
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 Multi-story frame (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)
4t 3 t/m’ 4t
3I
B C
2I 2I
5m 5m
1 t/m’
A D
D
2I
1.5 m 8m 1.5 m
𝟒𝟖
𝟑
6
6
8 8
Frame is symmetric Ma = Md Mb = Mc
Applying 3 moment equation at A:
8 8 5 5 −1∗83
Ma∗ + 2𝑀𝑎 [ + ] + 𝑀𝑏 [ ] = −6 [ ]
2 2 2 2 24∗2
5
17Ma + 𝑀𝑏 = 64 → (1)
2

5 5 8 8 3∗83
Ma* + 2𝑀𝑏 [ + ] + 𝑀𝑏 [ ] = −6[ − 8]
2 2 3 3 24∗3
2.5Ma + 13Mb = −80 → (2)

From 1 & 2 we get:
Ma = 4.8 t.m Mb = −7.1 𝑡. 𝑚
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N.F.D:
2.38
20 20
2.38
S.F.D:
12
4
12
2.38 2.38
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B.M.D: 13.1 13.1
6 6
7.1 7.1
10.9
4.8 4.8 4.8

4.8
3.2
 Multi-bay frame
2 t/m’ 2 t/m’
E
B 2I C 2I
6m I I
I
A
F
6m 6m
D
Frame is symmetric
Mb = Me Ma = Mf
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B C
18 18
A= 36
A

6 6 6 18
0 + 2Mb[ + ] + 𝑀𝑐 [ ] = −6 [0 + ]
1 2 2 2
18Mb + 3Mc = −54 → (1)

Applying 3 moment equation at C:
6 6 18
Mb[ ] + 2Mc[ + 0] + 0 = −6 [ + 0]
2 2 2
3Mb + 6Mc = −54 → (2)

From 1 & 2 we get:
Mb = −1.636 𝑡. 𝑚 Mc = −8.182 𝑡. 𝑚
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = −1.636
.
6Xa = −1.636
Xa = −0.2767 𝑡
∑ 𝑀𝑑 = −1.636
.
Xd = −0.2767 𝑡
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
.
Xd = 0
Ya = Yb = Yc = 8 t
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N.F.D:
0.2767 0.2767
8 8 8
S.F.D:
8
4
4
8
0.2767 0.2767
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B.M.D:
1.636 1.636
1.636 1.636
5.727 5.727
 Virtual work method:

If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under the action of a system of forces and it
remains in equilibrium while it is subjected to small virtual deformation, then the work
done by external forces (We) is equal to the work done by the internal forces (Wi)
during the virtual deformation.
We = Wi
𝑵𝟐 𝑴𝟐 𝑸𝟐
Wi = ∑𝒍𝟎 ∗ ∆𝑳 + ∑𝒍𝟎 ∗ ∆𝑳 + ∑𝒍𝟎 ∗ ∆𝑳
𝑬∗𝑨 𝑬∗𝑰 𝑮∗𝑨𝒓
1) In case of beams and frames:

The effect of shear force and normal are very small and can be neglected.
𝑴𝟏 ∗𝑴𝒐 𝟏
W = ∑𝒍𝟎 ∗ ∆𝑳 = ∑𝒍𝟎 𝑴𝟏 ∗ 𝑴𝒐 ∗ 𝒅𝒍
𝑬∗𝑰 𝑬∗𝑰
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2) In case of trusses:
There is no B.M.D or S.F.D, so the work done is:
𝑵𝟏 ∗𝑵𝒐
W = ∑𝒍𝟎 ∗ ∆𝑳
𝑬∗𝑨
 For beams and frames

 Steps of solving by virtual work method for externally
indeterminate structure of one degree:
I. Redraw the given structure after applying a virtual unit load (force or moment)
where we want to find the deformation (displacement or rotation)
II. Calculate the internal loads for the virtual loaded structure.
III. Calculate the internal loads for the real structure.
IV. Substitute in virtual work law and calculate the required deformation.

indeterminate structure of more than one degree:
I. Converting the Redundant structure where we apply the virtual loads into
several systems equal to the number of degrees of indeterminacy.
II. Solve the equations together and find x1 and x2
𝛿10 + x1𝛿11 + 𝑥2 𝛿12 = 0
.
𝛿20 + x1 𝛿21 + 𝑥2 𝛿22 = 0

.
III. According to the degree of indeterminacy, there will be equations.
 Steps of solving internally indeterminate structure

I. Convert the system into main and redundant systems where the main system
must be stable and determinate (Fixed → Hinge + moment)
II. After converting the rigid member into a hinge, only a moment will exist.
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Examples:
 Simple cantilever
2 t/m’
For the given structure calculate yB and 𝛼𝐵
B
2 2
𝑤∗𝑙 2∗6 6m
= = 36
2 2
L=6
1t
We = Wi
6 𝑀1 ∗𝑀𝑜 1 1 𝑤∗𝑙2 3 324
1*yB = ∫0 𝑑𝑡 = ( ∗𝑙∗ ∗ ∗ 𝑙) =
𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼 3 2 4 𝐸∗𝐼
M = 1 t.m V = 1 t.m
1 t.m
6 𝑀1 ∗𝑀𝑜 −1 1 𝑤∗𝑙2 −72
1*𝛼𝐵 = ∫0 𝑑𝑡 = ( ∗ ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 1) =
𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼 3 2 𝐸∗𝐼
 Simple beam
For the given structure calculate ya
10 t 10 t 3t
2 t/m’
a
3m 3m 4m 2m
18.8 16.2
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47.4 46.8
2.25 2.25
1t
3m 3m 4m 2m
0.7 0.3
1.2
2.1
1 2 2 2.1 1 2 1
ya = ∗ 47.4 ∗ 3 ∗ ∗ 2.1 + ∗ 2.25 ∗ 3 ∗ + ∗ 46.8 ∗ 3 ( ∗ 1.2 + ∗ 2.1) +
2 3 3 2 2 3 3
1 2 1 2 2.1+1.2 1 1
∗ 47.4 ∗ 3 ( ∗ 2.1 + ∗ 1.2) + ∗ 2.25 ∗ 3 ( ) − ∗ 6 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 1.2 +
2 3 3 3 2 2 3
1 2 415.05
∗ 46.8 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 1.2 =
2 3 𝐸∗𝐼
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 Single-bay frame determinate (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)
For the given structure calculate the vertical deflection at point b and the horizontal
movement of the point at c (E = 200 t/cm2, b = 25 cm and d = 70 cm)
3 t/m’
𝑏∗𝑑 3 25∗703
I= = = 714583.33 𝑐𝑚4 b
12 12
E*I = 14291.7 t.m2 3m
6t
c
3m
6 14.25
4m 4m
9.75 1
18
18 18
2
24
18
1 1 2 5
yb = [ ∗ 2 ∗ 8 ∗ 9 + ∗ 24 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 2] = 16.23 𝑚𝑚
14291.7∗10−3 2 3 8
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18 6 3
3
18 18
6
1
24
18
1 1 2 3+6 1
Xc = [ ∗ 18 ∗ 3 ∗ ∗ 3 + ∗ 3 ∗ 18 + ∗ 18 ∗ 8 ∗ (3 + 2) +
14291.7∗10−3 2 3 2 2
2
∗ 24 ∗ 8 ∗ 4.5] = 86.3 𝑚𝑚
3
 Single-bay frame externally indeterminate (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan lectures)
By using virtual work method solve the following structure. 2t

4 t/m’
2t
3I
2t
4 t/m’ I I
6m
2t
1.5 m
9m 1.5 m
2 0
6 6
12
6
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..
40.5
𝟐 𝟐
12 𝟑 𝟑
4
1
3
4 1
1 −1 8 1 1 2
𝛿10 =
. ( ∗ 12 ∗ 6 ∗ ) + ( ∗3∗9∗2− ∗ 40.5 ∗ 9 ∗ 1.5)
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3𝐸𝐼 2 3
−208.5
𝛿10 =
.
𝐸𝐼
1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 2
𝛿11 =
. ( ∗4∗6∗ )+ ( ∗ 3 ∗ 9 ∗ 2) + ( ∗ 3 ∗ 4.5 ∗ 2 + ∗ 1 ∗ 1.5 ∗ )
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 2 2 3
55
𝛿11 =
.
𝐸𝐼
−𝛿10
M= = 3.79 𝑡. 𝑚
𝛿11
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 Multi-story frame internally indeterminate (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan lectures)
By using virtual work method solve the following structure. 2t

3 4 t/m’
12
2t
4I
12 12
6m
I
I
72
3m
2I B
6 2
A
6
12 m 1.5 m
𝟐 22.25
27.75
𝟑
𝟐
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟗 𝟗
𝟏
𝟏 𝟗
1
𝟗
𝟏
𝟑 1
𝟏 1 𝟏
𝟑 1 𝟗
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1 −1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2
𝛿10 =
. ( ∗ ∗ 3 ∗ 4 − ∗ ∗ 6 ∗ 8) + ( ∗ ∗ 12 ∗ 1 − ∗ ∗ 12 ∗ 8 − ∗
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 4𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 3
1 1 −1 5
72 ∗ ∗ 12) + ( ∗ 6 ∗ 12 ∗ )
3 2𝐸𝐼 2 9
−83
𝛿10 =
.
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 2
𝛿11 =
. ( ∗ ∗3∗ + ∗ ∗6∗ )+ ( ∗ ∗ 12 ∗ ) + ( ∗9∗1∗ )+
𝐸𝐼 2 3 9 2 3 9 4𝐸𝐼 2 3 9 𝐸𝐼 2 3
1
1 1 2 7 1+3 1
( ∗ ∗ 12 ∗ ∗ ∗ 12 ∗ )
2𝐸𝐼 2 3 9 2 3
7.33
𝛿11 =
.
𝐸𝐼
−𝛿10
M= = 11.32 𝑡. 𝑚
𝛿11
 For trusses
indeterminate trusses
Same method of solving as frames, but trusses is affected by normal force not bending.
 Steps of solving by virtual work method for internally

indeterminate trusses
For solving internally indeterminate truss, we remove one of the link members of the
given structure and take in consideration the internal force.
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 Externally indeterminate truss 30 t 30 t
For the shown truss, find the internal forces 4.5 t 5

6
4m
3 4
2A A 2A
4m
A A
A A
2A 2A 2A
1 2
A B
30 t 30 t 3m 3m 3m
-4.5
4.5 t
7.5 -36
-25.5
-32.5
-42.5
-2.5 -2
4.5 1t 1t
24 24 25.5 -1 -1 -1
N1
26 34
-0.6
1t
-0.8 -0.8
1t
-0.6
N1’
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𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝑳
𝝁 L A N0 N1 N2 NoN1 N1N1 N 1N 2 NoN2 N 2N 2
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
A-1 300 2 24 -1 0 -3600 150 0 0 0

1-2 300 2 24 -1 -0.6 -3600 150 90 -2160 54
2-B 300 2 25.5 -1 0 -3825 150 0 0 0
1-3 400 1 0 0 -0.8 0 0 0 0 256
2-4 400 1 -2 0 -0.8 0 0 0 640 256
2-3 500 1 2.5 0 1 0 0 0 1250 500
1-4 500 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3-4 300 1 -25.5 0 -0.6 0 0 0 4590 108
−11025 450 90 4320 1174

𝛿10 =
. 𝛿11 = 𝛿12 = 𝛿20 = 𝛿22 =
𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼
−11025 + 450𝑥1 + 90𝑥2 = 0 → (1)

.
4320 + 90𝑥1 + 𝑥2 (1174 + 500) = 0 → (2)

.
From 1 & 2 we get:

X1 = 25.288 X2 = −3.94
N = No + X1N1 + X2N2
-4.5
-30 7.5 -36
-23.136
-32.5 -42.5
3.152 -3.94 1.152
-1.44
-1.288 1.076 0.212
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 Internally indeterminate truss

For the shown truss, find the internal forces 1 3
2A
4m A A
2A A A 2A
2 4
A A 2A B A
20 t 20 t
20 4m 4m 4m
𝟐𝟎√𝟐 𝟐𝟎√𝟐
−𝟏
-20 -20
√𝟐
-20 -20 -20 1t

−𝟏
−𝟏
20 t 20 t √𝟐
1t √𝟐
20 20
−𝟏
No √𝟐
N1
𝝁 L A N0 N1 𝑳 𝑳
NoN1 N1N1
𝑨 𝑨
2-A 4 1 -20 0 0 0
A-B 4 2 -20 −1 1
20√2
√2
B-4 4 1 -20 0 0 0
1-3 4 2 20 −1 1
−20√2
√2
1-A 4 2 -20 −1 1
20√2
√2
3-B 4 2 -20 −1 1
20√2
√2
1-2 4√2 1 20√2 0 0 0
1-B 4√2 1 0 1 0 4√2
3-4 4√2 1 20√2 0 0 0
40√2 9.65
. 𝛿10 = 𝛿11 =
𝐸∗𝐼 𝐸∗𝐼
.40√2 + 9.65𝑥 + 4√2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = −3.69 𝑡
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Conclusions
Analysis of statically indeterminate structures is so important in our construction
filed, as statically indeterminate systems, in general, are more stable and more rigid
than determinate structures but it is harder in its calculations. Statically
indeterminate structures are also economical and enhance the deflection.
Finally, studying the analysis of indeterminate structures is indispensable for all
civil engineers as it is wildly used in our building construction field.
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References
I. Dr. Ibrahim Bazan lectures and sheets.
II. https://ocw.tudelft.nl/wp-content/uploads/Statically-Indeterminate-Beams-
.pdf
III. Structural analysis and mechanics by Dr. Sayed Abdel Salam
IV. the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB)
V. Dr. Gehan and Dr Tarek El Salakawy sheets.
VI. http://www.learnaboutstructures.com/Virtual-Work-Method
VII. Three moment equation by Dr. Yasser El Leathy.
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Abstract
 Superposition method:
The superposition method is specified for solving indeterminate beams only.
 Steps of solving by superposition method:

Convert the original beam into number of determinate beams where each beam
carries one load only acting on the main beam.
 3 moment equation method:

The three-moment equation method is specified for solving indeterminate beams and
frames.
 Steps of solving by 3 moment equation method:

Choosing a point of unknown moment and calculate its moment value by using the
moment at a point before and a point after it, then we use the three-moment
equation law
 Virtual work method:

If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under the action of a system of forces
and it remains in equilibrium while it is subjected to small virtual deformation, then
the work done by external forces (We) is equal to the work done by the internal
forces (Wi) during the virtual deformation.
38 | P a g e

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Faculty of engineering - Shoubra

Name Edu mail B.N

23047 ‫رقم الجلوس‬

Examiners committee Signature

 What is meant by statically indeterminate structures?

 Types of indeterminate structures:

Externally Internally Externally and internally

indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate

 Externally indeterminate structures:

 Internally indeterminate structures:

 Externally and internally indeterminate structures:

 Degree of static indeterminacy:

 Degree of indeterminacy for beams:

 Degree of indeterminacy for frames:

 Methods of solving indeterminate structures:

Superposition 3 moment equation Virtual work

 Steps of solving by superposition method:

Solving one-dimensional structure:

By using superposition method: 400mm 300mm

First step solving the 25t load alone.

2Ra = 3Rb → (2)

Second step solving the raise in temperature only.

𝛥 𝑇 = 𝛼 ∗ ∆𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 = (14 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 30 ∗ 40) + (18 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 30 ∗ 30) = 0.033 𝐶

𝛥𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −7.074 ∗ 10−3𝑃 → 𝛥𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0

0.033 = −7.074 ∗ 10−3𝑃

steel Brass steel Brass

4.66 4.66 15 25t 10

19.67 25t 5.33

 Torsion shaft (from Dr. Gehan sheets)

For the shown shafts, statically indeterminate in torsion, (G = 80 GPa)

b. Draw the twisting angle diagram. 200

c. Calculate the maximum torsional shear stress. 400 mm 500 mm 100

By using superposition method:

First step solving the 60 knm load alone T2 60 knm T1

T1 + T2 = 60 knm → (1) 200

From 1 & 2 we get:

First step solving the 20 knm load alone T2 20 knm

T1 = 9𝑇2 → (4) 400 mm

From 3 & 4 we get:

Third step superposition. 38 knm 60 knm 20 knm 42 knm

400 mm 500 mm 100

 Solving two-dimensional structure:

Using the method of superposition draw B.M.D and S.F.D

 Continuous beam (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)

Using the method of superposition draw B.M.D and S.F.D

 3 moment equation method:

 Steps of solving by 3 moment equation method:

Solving two-dimensional structure:

Using the method of 3 moment equation draw B.M.D and S.F.D 20 KN

Applying 3 moment equation:

using the method of 3 moment equation draw B.M.D and S.F.D

Using 3 moment equation:

225.9115 225.9115 179.3735 179.3735

Applying 3 moment equation:

yb = 134.4375+ 94.8 = 229.2375 KN

 Single-bay frame (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan lectures)

Frame is symmetric in shape & loading

Applying 3 moment equation at B:

 Multi-story frame (from Dr. Ibrahim Bazan sheets)

Applying 3 moment equation at B:

2.5Ma + 13Mb = −80 → (2)

B.M.D: 13.1 13.1