Romblon State University

College of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Odiongan, Romblon

Name: Ian R. Sombilon Course/Year: BSME V

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Date: August 16, 2019

1. Open loop control systems (non-feedback control systems)

That is, in this type of system, sensing of the actual output and comparing of this output
(through feedback) with the desired input does not take place. The system on its own is not in a
position to give the desired output and it cannot take into account the disturbances. In these
systems, the changes in output can be corrected only by changing the input manually.

Closed loop control systems (feedback control systems)

A closed loop control system is a system where the output has an effect upon the input
quantity in such a manner as to maintain the desired output value. An open loop control system
becomes a closed loop control system by including a feedback. This feedback will automatically
correct the change in output due to disturbances. This is why a closed loop control system is
called as an automatic control system.

2. Closed Loop and Open Loop Control System Advantages and Disadvantages

Open Loop Control System:

Control System in which output quantity has no effect on the input quantity is called
Open Loop Control System. Open Loop Control System has no facility to correct automatically
the error generated in the output. From output of the system no feedback is given back to the
input for correction. In Open loop control system the output can be varied by varying the input.
But due the external disturbance system output may change. Any variation in the output from
the desired once again attained by varying the inputs manually.

Advantages:
 Open loop system is simple and economical
 Construction of open loop system is easier
 Open loop systems are generally stable
Disadvantages:
 Open loop systems are inaccurate and unreliable
 The changes in the outputs due to external disturbance are not corrected automatically

Closed Loop Control System:

Control system in which the output has an effect on the input quantity in such a manner
that the input quantity will adjust itself based on the output generated is called Closed loop
Control System. Open loop control system can be modified in to closed loop control system by
providing a feedback. This feedback automatically corrects the changes in the output due to
external disturbance. Hence closed loop control system is called automatic control system.

Advantages:
 Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the presence of non-linearity’s
 The sensitivity of the system may be made small to make the system more stable
 The closed loop systems are less affected by noise.
Disadvantages:
 Closed loop control systems are costlier and complex
 The feedback in the closed loop system may lead to oscillatory response
 The feedback reduces the overall gain of the system
 Stability is the major problem in the closed loop system and more care is needed to
design a stable closed loop system

3. Requirements of a Good Control System

a) Accuracy: Accuracy must be very high as error arising should be corrected. Accuracy can be
improved by the use of feedback element.

b) Sensitivity: A good control system senses quick changes in the output due to an environment,
parametric changes, internal and external disturbances.

c) Noise: Noise is an unwanted signal and a good control system should be sensitive to these
types of disturbances.

d) Stability: The stable systems has bounded input and bounded output. A good control system
should response to the undesirable changes in the stability.

e) Bandwidth: To obtain a good frequency response, bandwidth of a system should be large.

 f) Speed: A good control system should have height speed that is the output of the system
should be fast as possible.

g) Oscillation: For a good control system oscillation in the output should be constant and must
follow Barkhausein's Criteria.

Is an automatic electric iron an open loop or closed loop system?

An Automatic Electric Iron is an example of closed loop control system it’s because
heating elements are controlled by output temperature of the iron. The thermostat is the most
important item. It uses a bimetallic strip to operate the switch which is connected in series with
resistance or heating element. The bimetallic strip is a simple element which converts a
temperature change into mechanical displacement.

4. Concept of Superposition for Linear System

The superposition principle also known as superposition property, states that, for
all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses
that would have been caused by each stimulus individually. So that if input A produces
response X and input B produces response Y then input (A + B) produces response (X + Y).
A function that satisfies the superposition principle is called a linear function.
Superposition can be defined by two simpler properties; additivity and homogeneity
This principle has many applications in physics and engineering because many physical
systems can be modeled as linear systems. For example, a beam can be modeled as a linear
system where the input stimulus is the load on the beam and the output response is the
deflection of the beam. The importance of linear systems is that they are easier to analyze
mathematically; there is a large body of mathematical techniques, frequency domain linear
transform methods such as Fourier, Laplace transforms, and linear operator theory, that are
applicable. Because physical systems are generally only approximately linear, the superposition
principle is only an approximation of the true physical behaviour.
The superposition principle applies to any linear system, including algebraic
equations, linear differential equations, and systems of equations of those forms. The stimuli
and responses could be numbers, functions, vectors, vector fields, time-varying signals, or any
other object that satisfies certain axioms. Note that when vectors or vector fields are involved, a
superposition is interpreted as a vector sum.

EXAMPLES:
 In electrical engineering, in a linear circuit, the input (an applied time-varying voltage signal) is
related to the output (a current or voltage anywhere in the circuit) by a linear transformation.
Thus, a superposition (i.e., sum) of input signals will yield the superposition of the responses.
The use of Fourier analysis on this basis is particularly common. For another, related technique
in circuit analysis, see Superposition theorem.
 In physics, Maxwell's equations imply that the (possibly time-varying) distributions
of charges and currents are related to the electric and magnetic fields by a linear transformation.
Thus, the superposition principle can be used to simplify the computation of fields which arise
from a given charge and current distribution. The principle also applies to other linear differential
equations arising in physics, such as the heat equation.
 In mechanical engineering, superposition is used to solve for beam and structure deflections of
combined loads when the effects are linear (i.e., each load does not affect the results of the
other loads, and the effect of each load does not significantly alter the geometry of the structural
system).Mode superposition method uses the natural frequencies and mode shapes to
characterize the dynamic response of a linear structure.
 In hydrogeology, the superposition principle is applied to the drawdown of two or more wells
pumping in an ideal aquifer.
 In process control, the superposition principle is used in model predictive control.
 The superposition principle can be applied when small deviations from a known solution to a
nonlinear system are analysed by linearization.
 In music, theorist Joseph Schillinger used a form of the superposition principle as one basis of
his Theory of Rhythm in his Schillinger System of Musical Composition.